
History of the Jews
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( Yehúd`m; Ioudaismos ).
Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism , the former denotes usually the Israelites or descendants of Jacob (Israel) in contrast to Gentile races; the latter, the creed and worship of the Jews in contrast to Christianity, Mohammedanism, etc. In a separate article we will treat of Judaism as a religious communion with its special system of faith, rites, customs, etc. (See JUDAISM.) Here, we shall cover the history of the Jews since the return from the Babylonian Exile, from which time the Israelites received the name of Jews (for their earlier history, see ISRAELITES ).
This history may be divided into various periods in accordance with the leading phases which may be distinguished in the existence of the Jewish race since the Return in 538 B.C.
(1)Persian Suzerainty (538-333 B.C.)
In October, 538 B.C., Babylon opened its gates to the Persian army, and a few weeks later the great conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus, made his triumphal entry into the fallen city. One of the official acts of the new ruler in Babylon was to give to the exiled Jews full liberty to return to Juda (see Ezra 1 ). The substance of Cyrus's decree in their favour is in striking harmony with other known decrees of that monarch, with his general policy of clemency and toleration towards the conquered races of his empire, and with his natural desire to have on the Egyptian border a commonwealth as large as possible, bound to Persia by the strongest ties of gratitude. A comparatively large number of Jewish exiles (50,000 according to Ezra 2:64-65 ) availed themselves of Cyrus's permission. Their official leader was Zorobabel, a descendant of the royal family of Juda, whom the Persian monarch had invested with the governorship of the sub-province of Juda, and entrusted with the precious vessels which had belonged to Yahweh's House. There appeared also by his side the priest "Josue, the son of Josedec", probably as the religious head of the returning community. The returned exiles, who mostly belonged to the tribes of Benjamin and Juda, settled chiefly in the neighborhood of Jerusalem. They at once organized a council of twelve elders, and this council, which was naturally presided over by Zorobabel, controlled and guided the internal affairs of the community, under the suzerainty of Persia. Without delay, too, they set up a new altar, and had it ready to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles in 537 B.C. Henceforth, the ritual system was religiously carried out. The foundation of the second Temple was laid in the second month of the second year after the Return, but no further headway was made for fifteen or sixteen years, owing to the active interference and positive misrepresentations to the Persian kings by the Samaritans to whom the Jews had denied a share in the work of rebuilding the House of the Lord. Meantime, the Jews themselves lost much of their interest in the reconstruction of the Temple ; and it is only in 520 B.C. that the Prophets Aggæus and Zacharias succeeded in rousing them from their supineness. Pecuniary help came too from the Jewish community in Babylon, and also, a little later, from the Persian king. Thus encouraged, they made rapid progress and on 3 March, 515 B.C., the new Temple was solemnly dedicated. The Jewish leaders next started on the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem, and here again met with the hostility of the Samaritans, whose complaints at the Court of Persia were most successful under Artaxerxes I "Longimanus" (464-124 B.C.), who issued orders strictly forbidding the Jews to proceed with the work.
The special mission of Esdras and Nehemias in behalf of the struggling Palestinian community and their strenuous efforts to lift up its moral tone need not to be dwelt upon here (see ESDRAS; NEHEMIAS). Suffice it to say that, to whatever precise time their labours should be assigned (see CAPTIVITIES), the scribe Esdras and the satrap Nehemias left their permanent impress on their fellow- Jews. After Esdras's death, which probably occurred not long before the end of the Persian rule over in Juda in 333 B.C., little is distinctly known of the history of the Palestinian Jews. It seems, however, that under the satraps of Coele-Syria, the action of the high-priest had a very considerable influence upon their religious and civil matters alike (cfr. Josephus, "Antiq. Of the Jews ", XI, vii), and that their community enjoyed a steadily increasing prosperity, hardly marred by the deportation of a certain number of Jews to distant regions like Hyrcania, which probably occurred under Artaxerxes III (358-337 B.C.). During the Persian period, the Jews who had preferred to stay in Babylonia remained constantly in touch with the returned exiles, sending them, at times, material help, and formed a flourishing community deeply attached to the faith and to the traditions of their race. Within the same period falls the formation of the Jewish colony at Elaphantine (Upper Egypt ), which was for a while supplied with a temple of its own, and the faithfulness of which to Persia is witness by Judeo-Aramean papyri recently discovered. Lastly, the institutions of Judaism which seem to have more particularly developed during the Persian domination are the Synagogues, with their educational and religious features, and the Scribes with their peculiar skill in the law.
(2) Greek Period (333-168 B.C.)
A new period in the history of the Jews opens with the defeat of Darius III (335-330 B.C.) by Alexander the Great at Issus, in Cilicia. This victory of the young conqueror of Persia undoubtedly brought the Palestinian Jews into direct contact with Greek civilization, whatever may be thought of the exact historical value of what Josephus relates (Antiq. of the Jews, XI, viii, 3-5) concerning Alexander's personal visit to Jerusalem. Alexander allowed them the free enjoyment of their religious and civil liberties, and rewarded those of them who went to war with him against Egypt and settled in Alexandria, a city of his foundation, by granting them equal civic rights with the Macedonians. Again, when the Samaritans rebelled against him, he added a part of Samaria to Judea (331 B.C.). After Alexander's untimely death (323 B.C.), Palestine had an ample share of the troubles which arose out of the partition of his vast empire among his captains. Placed between Syria and Egypt, it became the bone of contention between their respective rulers. At first, as a part of Coele-Syria, it passed naturally into the possession of Laomedon of Mytiline. But as early as 320 B.C., it was seized by the Egyptian Ptolemy I (323-285 B.C.) who, on a Sabbath-day took Jerusalem, and carried away many Samaritans and Jews into Egypt A few years later (315 B.C.), it fell into the power of Syria ; but after the battle of Ipsus in Phrygia (301 B.C.), it was annexed to Egypt and remained so practically a whole century(301-202 B.C.). Seleucus I, who founded Antioch about 300 B.C., attracted the Jews to his new capital by granting them equal rights with his Greek subjects; and thence they gradually extended into the principal cities of Asia Minor. The rule of the first three Ptolemies was even more popular with the Jews than that of the Seleucids. Ptolemy I (Soter) settled many of them in Alexandria and Cyrene, whence they gradually spread over the whole country, and attained to eminence in science, art, and even literature, as is proved by the numerous Judeo-Greek fragments which have survived. Under Ptolemy II (Philadelphus), the Hebrew Pentateuch was first rendered into Greek; and this, in turn, led in the course of time to the complete translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. His successor, Euergetes (247-222 B.C.), is particularly credited, after a successful campaign in Syria, with having offered rich presents at the Temple in Jerusalem. Again, the annual tribute demanded by the early Ptolemies was apparently light; and as long as it was paid regularly, the Palestinian Jews were left free to manage their own affairs under their high-priests at whose side stood the Gerusia of Jerusalem, as a council of state, including the priestly aristocracy. In this wise, things went well under the high-priesthood of Simon the Just (310-291 B.C.), and that of his two brothers, Eleazar II (291-276 B.C.) and Manasses (276-250 B.C.).
Matters proved less satisfactory under Onias II (250-226 B.C.), who withheld the tribute for several years from his Egyptian suzerain. Under Onias's son and successor, Simon II (226-298 B.C.), whose godly rule is highly praised in Ecclesiasticus (chap. iv), the condition of Palestine became precarious owing to the renewed conflicts between Egypt and Syria for the possession of Coele-Syria and Judea. In the end, however, the Syrian king, Antiochus II, remained master of Palestine and did his utmost to secure the loyalty of the Jews not only of Judea, but also of Mesopotamia and Babylon. Seleucus IV (187-175 B.C.) pursued at first the conciliatory policy of his father, and the Judean Jews prospered during the opening years of Onias III (198-175). Soon, however, intestine strife disturbed the pontiff's wise rule, and Seleucus, misled by Simon, the governor of the Temple, sent his treasurer, Heliodorus, to seize the Temple funds. The failure of Heliodorus's mission led eventually to Onias's imprisonment and deposition from the high-priesthood. This deposition purchased from the new king, Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), by Jason, an unworthy brother of Onias, was the real triumph of Hellenism in Jerusalem. The man who, in turn, supplanted Jason was Menelaus, another hellenizing leader, whom craft and gold maintained in office, despite the complaints of the Jews to the Syrian monarch. At length, a popular revolt occurred against Menelaus, which Antiochus put down with great barbarity, and which resulted in his leaving Menelaus in charge of the high-priesthood, while two foreign officers became Governors of Jerusalem and Samaria respectively (170).
(3) The Machabean Age (168-63 B.C.)
The whole period which has just been described, was marked by the steady growth and widespread influence of hellenistic culture. Towards its end, the Jewish high-priests themselves not only assumed Greek names and adopted Greek manners, but became the ardent champions of Hellenism. In fact, Antiochus IV thought that the time had now come to unify the various races of his dominions by thoroughly hellenizing them. His general edict for that purpose met probably with unexpected opposition on the part of most Palestinian Jews. Hence, by special letters he ordered the utter destruction of Yahweh's worship in Jerusalem and in all towns of Judea : under the penalty of death everything distinctly Jewish was prohibited, and Greek idolatry prescribed (168 B.C.). The Holy City had recently been dismantled, and a part of it (Acra) transformed into a Syrian citadel. Now its Temple was dedicated to Zeus, to whom sacrifices were offered upon an idol-altar erected over Yahweh's altar. In like manner, in all the townships of Juda altars were set up and heathen sacrifices offered. In the dire persecution which ensued, all resistance seemed impossible. In the little town of Modin, however, an aged priest, Mattathias, boldly raised the standard of revolt. At his death (167 B.C.), he appointed his son Judas, surnamed Machabeus, to head the forces which had gradually gathered around him. Under Judas's able leadership, the Machabean troops won several victories, and in December, 165 B.C., Jerusalem was re-entered, the Temple cleansed, and Divine worship renewed.
The struggle was a hard one against the numerous armies of Antiochus V and Demetrius I, the next Syrian kings; yet it was heroically maintained, with varying success, by Judas until his death on the battlefield (161 B.C.). One of his brothers, Jonathan, became his successor in command for the next eighteen years (161-143 B.C.). The new leader was not only able to re-enter and fortify Jerusalem, but was also recognized as high-priest of the Jews by the Syrian Crown, and as an ally by Rome and Sparta. It was not given him, however to restore his country to complete independence: he was treacherously captured and soon afterwards put to death by the Syrian general, Tryphon. Another brother of Judas, Simon (143-135 B.C.), then assumed the leadership, and under him the Jews attained to a high degree of happiness and prosperity. He repaired the fortresses of Judea, took and destroyed the citadel of Acra (142 B.C.), and renewed the treaties with Rome and Lacedæmon. In 141 B.C., he was proclaimed by a national assembly "prince and high-priest for ever, till there should arise a faithful prophet ". He exercised the right of coinage and may be considered as the founder of the Asmonean, or last Jewish, dynasty. The rule of John Hyrcanus I, Simon's successor, lasted 30 years. His career was marked by a series of conquests, notably by the reduction of Samaria and the forcible conversion of Idumea. He sided with the aristocratic Sadducees against the more rigid defenders of the Theocracy, the Pharisees, the successors of the Assideans. The oldest parts of the "Sibylline Oracles" and of the "Book of Enoch" are probably remainders of the literature of his day. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Aristobulus I (Heb. name, Judas), who was the first Machabean ruler to assume the title of king. He reigned but one year, conquered and proselytized a part of Galilee. His brother Alexander Jannæus (Heb. name Jonathan ) occupied the throne twenty-six years (104-78 B.C.). During the civil war which broke out between him and his subjects he was long unsuccessful; but he finally got the better of his opponents, and wreaked frightful vengeance upon them. He also succeeded at a later date in conquering and Judaizing the whole country east of the Jordan.
On acceding to the kingdom, his widow Alexandra (Heb. name, Salome) practically surrendered the rule to the Pharisees. But this did not secure the peace of the realm, for Alexandra's death alone prevented her being involved in a new civil war. The strife which soon arose after her death (69 B.C.), between her two sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, who were favoured by the Pharisees and the Sadducees respectively, was skilfully kept up by Antipater, the ambitious Governor of Idumea and father of Herod the Great. It gradually led both brothers to submit to the arbitration of Pompey, then commanding the Roman forces in the East. The wary imperator finally decided in favour of Hyrcanus, marched on Jerusalem, and stormed the temple, whereupon a carnage ensued. This brought to an end the short era of independence which the Machabees had secured for the country (63 B.C.). It was during the Machabean Age that occurred the building of a Jewish temple at Leontopolis in the Delta, and the transformation of the Jewish Gerusia into the Jerusalem Sanhedrin . Among the literary products of the same period are to reckoned the deuterocanonical Books of the Machabees, Wisdom, and Ecclesiasticus ; and the apocryphal "Psalms of Solomon ", "Book of Jubilees", and "Assumption of Moses "; to which many scholars add the Book of Daniel and several sacred hymns embodied in our Psalter.
(4) Early Roman Supremacy (63 B.C.-A.D. 70)
The fall of Jerusalem in 63 B.C. marks the beginning of Judea's vassalage to Rome. Pompey, its conqueror, dismantled the Holy City, recognized Hyrcanus II as high-priest and ethnarch, but withdrew from his jurisdiction all territory outside of Judea proper, and strictly forbade him all further conquests. Then he proceeded homewards carrying with him numerous captives, who greatly increased, if indeed they did not begin, the Jewish community in Rome. Soon Judea became a prey to several discords, in the midst of which the weak Hyrcanus lost more and more of his authority, and his virtual master, the Idumean Antipater, grew proportionately in favour with the suzerains of the land. Upon the final defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus (48 B.C.) by Julius Cæsar, Antipater promptly sided with the victor, and rendered him signal services in Egypt. His reward was the full recognition of Hyrcanus as high-priest and ethnarch; and for himself the rights of Roman citizenship and the office of procurator over the whole of Palestine. He next proceeded to rebuild the walls of the Holy City, and to appoint two of his sons, Phasael and Herod, Governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. From this time forth Herod's fortune grew rapidly, until in the Roman capital, whither he had fled from the wrath of the Nationalist party, he reached the goal of his ambition. The Idumean Herod ascended the Throne of David, and his long reign (37-4 B.C.) forms in several respects a glorious epoch in the history of the Jews (see HEROD THE GREAT ). Upon the whole, however, it was disastrous for the Jews of Palestine. Its first part (37-25 B.C.) was chiefly spent in getting rid of the surviving Asmoneans. By their death he, indeed, made the throne more secure for himself, but also alienated the mass of his subjects who were deeply attached to the Machabean family. To this grievance he gradually added others no less hateful to the national party. The people hated him as a bloody tyrant bent on destroying the worship of God, and hated still more the Romans who maintained him on the throne, and whose suzerainty was to be thrown off at the first opportunity. It was a short time before the death of Herod that Jesus, the true King of the Jews, was born, and the Holy Innocents were massacred.
Herod's death was the signal for an insurrection which spread gradually and was finally put down by Varus, the Governor of Syria. Next followed the practical ratification of the last will of Herod by Augustus. The principal heir was Archelaus, who was appointed ethnarch of Idumean, Judea, and Samaria, with the promise of the royal title on condition that he should rule to the emperor's satisfaction. For his mis-rule, Augustus deposed him (A.D. 6), and put in his stead a Roman procurator. Henceforward, Judea continued as a part of the province of Syria, except for a brief interval (A.D. 41-44), during which Herod Agrippa I held sway over all the dominions of Herod the Great. The Roman procurators of Judea resided in Cæsaria, and went to Jerusalem only on special occasions. They were subalterns of the Syrian governors, commanded the military, maintained peace and took care of the revenue. They generally abstained from meddling with the religious affairs, especially for fear of arousing the violence of the Zealots of the time, who regarded as unlawful the payment of tribute to Cæsar. The local government was largely left in the hands of the Sadducean priestly aristocracy, and the Sanhedrin was the supreme court of justice, deprived, however (about A.D. 30), of the power of carrying a sentence of death. It was under Pontius Pilate (A.D. 26-36), one of the procurators appointed by Tiberius, that Jesus was crucified.
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Up to the reign of Caligula (37-44), the Jews enjoyed, without any serious interruption, the universal toleration which Roman policy permitted to the religion of the subject states. But when that emperor ordered that Divine honours should be paid to him, they generally refused to submit. Petronius, the Roman Governor of Syria, received peremptory orders to use violence, if necessary, to set up Caligula's statue in the Temple at Jerusalem. At Alexandria a fearful massacre took place, and it looked as if all the Jews of Palestine were doomed to perish. Petronius, however, delayed the execution of the decree, and in fact, escaped punishment only through the murder of Caligula in A.D. 41. The Jews were saved, and with the accession of Claudius, who owed the imperial dignity chiefly to the efforts of Herod Agrippa, a brighter day dawned for them. Through gratitude, Claudius conferred upon Agrippa the whole kingdom of Herod the Great, and upon the Jews at home and abroad valuable privileges. Agrippa's careful government made itself felt throughout the entire community, and the Sanhedrin, now under the presidency of Gamaliel I, St. Paul's teacher, had more authority than ever before. Yet the national party remained in an almost constant state of mutiny, while the Christians were persecuted by Agrippa. Upon Agrippa's death (A.D. 44), the country was again subjected to Roman procurators, and this was the prelude to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Jewish people. Nearly all the seven procurators who ruled Judea from A.D. 44 to 66 acted as though they sought to drive its population to despair and revolt. Gradually, the confusion became so great and so general as manifestly to presage the dissolution of the commonwealth. At length, in A.D. 66, in spite of the precautionary efforts of Agrippa II, the party of the Zealots burst into an open rebellion, which was terminated (A.D. 70) by the capture of Jerusalem by Titus, the destruction of the Temple, and the massacre and the banishment of hundreds of thousands of the unhappy people, who were scattered among their brethren in all parts of the world. According to Eusebius, the Christians of Jerusalem, forewarned by their Master, escaped the horrors of the last siege, by removing in due time to Pella, east of the Jordan. Prominent among the Jewish writers of the first century of our era are Philo, who pleaded the Jewish cause at Rome before Caligula, and Josephus, who acted as Jewish Governor of Galilee during the final revolt against Rome, and described its vicissitudes and horrors in a thrilling, and probably also in an exaggerated, manner.

(5) Last Days of Pagan Rome (A.D. 70-320)
Rome exulted over fallen Jerusalem, and struck coins commemorative of the hard won victory. The chief leaders of the defence, a long train of heavily chained captives, the vessels of the Temple, the seven-branched candlestick, the golden table, and a roll of the Law, graced Titus's triumph in the imperial city. And yet three strong fortresses in Palestine still held out against the Romans: Herodium, Machærus, and Masada. The first two fell in A.D. 71, and the third, the following year, which thus witnessed the complete conquest of Judea. For a while longer, certain fugitive Judean Zealots strove to foment a rebellion in Egypt and in Cyrenaica. But their efforts soon came to naught, and Vespasian availed himself of the Egyptian commotion to close for ever the temple of Onias in Heliopolis. At this juncture, it looked as though the distinct groups of Jewish families were henceforth destined to drift separately, finally to be absorbed by the various nations in the midst of which they chanced to live. This danger was, however, averted by the rapid concentration of the surviving Jews in two great communities, mostly independent of each other, and corresponding to the two great divisions of the world at the time. The first naturally comprised all the Jews who lived this side of the Euphrates. Not long after the fall of Jerusalem and its subsequent misfortunes, they gradually acknowledged the authority of a new Sanhedrin, which, in whatever way it arose, was actually constituted at Jamnia (Jabne), under the presidency of Rabbi Jochanan ben Zaccai. Together with the Sanhedrin [now the supreme Court (Bêth Din) of the Western communities], there was at Jamnia a school in which Jochanan inculcated the oral Law (specifically the Halacha) handed down by the fathers, and delivered expository lectures (Hagada) on the other Hebrew Scriptures distinct from the written Law ( Pentateuch ). Jochanan's successor as the head of the Sanhedrin (A.D. 80) was Rabbi Gamaliel II, who took the title of Nasi ("prince": among the Romans, "patriarch"). He also lived at Jamnia, and presided over its school, on the model of which other schools were gradually formed in the neighbourhood. He finally transmitted (A.D. 118) to his successors, the "patriarchs of the West", a religious authority to which obedience and reverence were henceforth paid, even after the seat of this authority was shifted first to Sephoris, and finally to Tiberias.
The supremacy of "Rabbinism", thus firmly established among the Western Jews, prevailed likewise in the other great community which comprised all the Jewish families east of the Euphrates. The chief of this Babylonian community assumed the title of Resh-Galutha (prince of the Captivity), and was a powerful feudatory of the Parthian Empire. He was the supreme judge of the minor communities, both in civil and in criminal matters, and exercised in many other ways a wellnigh absolute authority over them. The principal districts under his jurisdiction were those of Nares, Sora, Pumbeditha, Nahardea, Nahar-Paked, and Machuzza, whose rabbinical schools were destined to enjoy the greatest fame and influence. The patriarchs of the West possessed much less temporal authority than the princes of the Captivity; and this was only natural in view of the suspicious watchfulness which Vespasian and Titus exercised over the Jews of the Empire. A garrison of 800 men occupied the ruins of Jerusalem to prevent its reconstruction by the religious zeal of its former inhabitants, and in order to do away with all possible pretenders to the Jewish Throne or to the Messianic dignity as strict search was made for all who claimed descent from the royal House of David. Under Domitian (A.D. 81-96), the Fiscus Judaicus, or tax of two drachmas established by Vespasian for the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, was exacted from the Jews with the utmost rigour, and they were involved in the persecutions which this tyrant carried on against Christians. The reign of Nerva (A.D. 96-98) gave a brief interval of peace to the Jews ; but in that of Trajan (98-117),while the Roman legions had been withdrawn from Africa to fight against Parthia, the Jewish population of Egypt and Cyrene took up arms against the Greeks of those districts, and on both sides dreadful atrocities were committed. Thence the flame spread to Cyprus where the Jews massacred, we are told, 240,000 of their fellow-citizens. Hadrian sent forces to suppress the uprising in that island, and forbade any Jew to set his foot on its soil. Next, the revolt in Egypt and Cyrene was put down. Meanwhile the Jews of Mesopotamia, dissatisfied with the Romans who had just conquered the Parthians, endeavoured to get rid of the Fiscus Judaicus now imposed upon them. Their insurrection was soon suppressed by Lucius Quintus, who was then appointed to the government of Judea, where it is probable that disturbances were feared.
The next year (A.D. 117), Hadrian became emperor. This was a fortunate occurrence for the Jews of Babylonia, for as the new Cæsar gave up Trajan's conquests beyond the Euphrates, they came again under the milder rule of their ancient sovereigns. But it proved most unfortunate for the Jewish population of the Roman world. Hadrian issued an edict forbidding circumcision, the reading of the Law, and the observance of the Sabbath. He next made known his intention to establish a Roman colony in Jerusalem, and to erect a fane to Jupiter on the site of Yahweh's fallen Temple. At this juncture, it was announced that the Messia had just appeared. His name, Bar-Cochba, "Son of the Star", seemed to fulfil the ancient prophecy : "a star shall rise out of Jacob " ( Numbers 24:17 ). Rabbi Aqiba, the most learned and venerated of the Sanhedrists of the day, distinctly acknowledged the claims of the new Messia. Jewish warriors of all countries flocked around Bar-Cochba, and he maintained his cause against Hadrian for two years. But Roman tactics and discipline gradually prevailed. The Jewish strongholds fell one after another before Julius Severus, the Roman general; Jerusalem was taken; and at length (A.D. 135), the fortress of Bither, the last refuge of the rebels, was captured and razed to the ground. Bar-Cochba had been slain; and sometime later, Rabbi Aqiba was seized and executed, but his seven leading pupils fortunately escaped to Nisibis and Nahardea. Dreadful massacres followed the suppression of the revolt; of the fugitives who escaped death many fled to Arabia, whence that country obtained its Jewish population; and the rest were sold into slavery. To annihilate for ever all hopes of the restoration of a Jewish kingdom, a new city was founded on the site of Jerusalem and peopled by a colony of foreigners. The city received the name of Ælia Capitolina, and no Jew was allowed to reside in it or even approach its environs. The Christians, now fully distinguished from the Jews, were permitted to establish themselves within the walls, and Ælia became the seat of a flourishing bishopric.
Under Antoninus Pius (138-161), Hadrian's laws were repealed, and the active persecution against the Jews came to an end. Aqiba's disciples then returned to Palestine and reorganized the Sanhedrin at Usha, in Galilee (140), under the presidency of Simon II, the son of Gamaliel II. Simon's patriarchate was not free from the petty oppression of the Roman officials, which the Palestinian Jews particularly felt and resented. On the occasion, therefore, of the warlike preparations of the Parthians against Rome, a fresh revolt broke out in Judea during the last year of Antoninus's reign. It was speedily suppressed under the next emperor, Marcus Aurelius (161-180), and followed by a re-enactment of Hadrian's extreme measures which, however, were soon annulled or never carried out. In 165, Rabbi Juda I succeeded Simon II as president of the Sanhedrin and patriarch of the West. The most important of his acts is the completion of the Mishna oral Law (about 189), which, concurrently with the Bible , became the principal source of rabbinical study, and a kind of constitution which even now holds together the scattered members of the Jewish race. As Rabbi Juda was in office for over thirty years, he was the last Jewish patriarch who had to complain of the vexations of the pagan rulers of Rome. Under Caracalla (211-217), the Jews received the rights of citizenship; and under his successors the various disabilities by which they had been affected were gradually removed. Even such rabid persecutors of the Christians as Decius (249-251), Valerian (253-260), and Diocletian (284-305) left the Jews unmolested. During this period of peace, the patriarchs of the West frequently sent their legates to the various synagogues to ascertain their actual condition and collect the tax from which Juda III and his successors drew their income. In Babylonia, the Jewish communities and schools were flourishing under the princes of the Captivity, and except for a short space of time immediately after the conquest of the Parthians by the neo-Persians, and during the ephemeral rule of Odenathus at Palmyra, they enjoyed quiet and independence. The condition of the Jews in Arabia and China, at this time, is not known with any degree of certainty.
(6) Christian Emperors and Barbarian Kings (320-628)
The accession of Christianity to the throne of the Cæsars by the conversion of Constantine, opens a new era in the history of the Jews. The equality of rights to which the pagan emperors had admitted them was gradually restricted by the head of the Christian State. Under Constantine (306-337), the restrictions were few in number, and due to his interest in the welfare of his Christian subjects and in the promotion of the true religion. He made the passage from Christianity to Judaism a penal offence; prohibited the Jews from circumcising their Christian slaves ; protected converts from Judaism against the fiery vengeance of their former coreligionists; but never deprived them of their citizenship, and never went beyond constraining them -- with the exception of their rabbis -- to take upon themselves certain public offices which had become particularly burdensome. These laws were re-enacted and made more severe by his son Constans I (337-350), who attached the death penalty to marriages between Jews and Christians. The severity of these and other laws of Constans was but too fully justified by the dreadful excesses of the Jews in Alexandria, and by their temporary revolt in Judea. The accession of Julian the Apostate, in 361, made a new diversion in their favour. This emperor decreed the rebuilding of the Temple on Mt. Moria and the full restoration of Jewish worship, apparently with a view to secure the influence of the Mesopotamian Jews in his expedition against the Persians. The Jews were triumphant, but their triumph was short-lived; sudden flames burst forth from Mr. Moria and rendered impossible the rebuilding of the Temple ; Julian perished in his Persian War, and his successor, Jovian (363-364), reverted to Constans' policy. The next emperors, Valens and Valentinian, reinstated the Jews in their former rights, except, however, the exemption from the public services. Under Gratian, Theodosius I, and Arcadius, they likewise enjoyed the protection of the Throne; but under Theodosius II (402-450), emboldened by their long immunity from persecution, they manifested a spirit of intolerance and crime which let to violent tumults between them and the Christians in various parts of the Eastern Roman Empire, and apparently also to the prohibition of building new synagogues and from discharging any state employment. It was under Theodosius II that the patriarchate of the West, then held by Gamaliel VI, came to an end (425). Some time before (c. 375), the Jerusalem Talmud was finished, a work which, however important for Judaism, is less complete, in regard to both its Mishna and its Gemara, than the Babylonian Talmud, the compilation of which was terminated by the heads of the Babylonian schools about 499, despite the violent persecutions of the Persian kings, Jezdijird III (440-457) and Firuz (457-484). The immediate result of Firuz's persecution was the emigration of Jewish colonists in the south as far as Arabia, and in the east as far as India where they founded a little Jewish state on the coast of Malabar which lasted till 1520. Under Qubad I, Firuz's son and successor, the prince of the Captivity, Mar-Zutra II, managed to maintain for seven years an independent Jewish state in Babylonia ; but in 518, the Byzantine successors of Theodosius II enforced his anti- Jewish laws with great rigour, and, as a result, the intellectual life and former jurisdiction of the Judean Jews became virtually extinct.
In the West the Jews fared decidedly better during the fifth century than in the East. They of course suffered many evils during the invasions of the northern barbarians who flooded the Western Empire after its permanent separation in 395 from the Eastern Empire of Constantinople. In the midst of the political convulsions naturally entailed by these invasions, the Jews gradually became the masters of the commerce, which the conquerors of the Western Empire, addicted to the arts of war, had neither time nor inclination to pursue. In the various states which soon arose out of that dismembered empire, the numerous Jewish colonies do not seem for a long time to have been subjected to restrictive measures, except in connection with their slave trade. The Vandals left them free to exercise their religion. They were justly treated in Italy, by the kings of the Ostrogoths, and by the Roman pontiffs ; in Gaul, by the early Merovingians generally; and in Spain, by the Visigoths down to the conversion of King Recared to Catholicism (589), or rather down to the accession of Sisebut (612), who, deploring the fact that Recared's anti- Jewish laws had been little more than a dead letter, resolved at once to enforce them, and in fact added to them first the injunction that the Jews should release the slaves in their possession, and next, that they should choose between baptism and banishment. Anti- Jewish legislation was framed at a much earlier date in the Frankish dominions. Hostility towards the Jews showed itself first in Burgundy, under King Sigismund (517), and thence it spread over the Frankish countries. In 554, Childebert I of Paris forbade them to appear on the street at Eastertide; in 581, Chilperic compelled them to receive baptism ; in 613, Clotaire II sanctioned new decrees against them; and in 629, Dagobert bade them choose between baptism and expulsion. Thus the laws against the Jews both in Spain and in France reached gradually a degree of severity unknown even to such Eastern persecutors of Judaism as Justinian I (527-5650 and Heraclius (610-641). Yet, the edicts of these Byzantine emperors were vexatious enough. In fact, Justinian's decrees so exasperated the Palestinian Jews that despite the persecutions of their Mesopotamian fellow- Jews by the Persian kings, Jusrau I (531-579), Hormizdas IV (579-591), and Kusrau II (590-628), they seized the first opportunity to avenge themselves by siding with Kusrau II in his war against Heraclius. During the Persian invasion and occupation of Palestine, they committed dreadful excesses against the Christians, which finally met with a merited punishment in the persecution which Heraclius, again master of Judea, started against them.
(7) The Mohammedan Ascendancy (628-1038)
The rise of Mohammedanism, with whose power the Arabian Jews cane in contact when it was yet in its infancy, marks the beginning of a new period in Jewish history. Several centuries before Mohammed's birth (c. 570), the Jews had effected important settlements in Arabia, and in the course of time, they had acquired a considerable influence upon the heathen population. In fact, it is certain that at one time, there existed in Southern Arabia (Yemen), an Arab- Jewish kingdom which was brought to an end in 530 by a Christian king of Abyssinia. But although they had lost their royal estate, the
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Hédelin, FrançoisFrancois Hedelin, Abbe d'AubignacGrammarian, poet, preacher, archeologist, philologist. Born at Paris, 4 August, 1604; died at ... |
HélinandHelinandA celebrated medieval poet, chronicler, and ecclesiastical writer; born of Flemish parents ... |
Hélyot, PierrePierre Helyot(Usually known as HIPPOLYTE, his name in religion ) Born at Paris, in 1660; died there 5 ... |
Hôpital, Guillaume-François-Antoine de L'Guillaume-Francois-Antoine de l'HopitalMarquis de Sainte-Mesme and Comte d'Entremont, French mathematician; b. at Paris, 1661; d. at ... |
Höfler, Konstantin vonKonstantin von HoeflerAn historian; born at Memmingen, Bavaria, 26 March, 1811; died at Prague, 29 December, 1898. ... |
Hübner, Count AlexanderCount Alexander HuebnerAn Austrian statesman, born 26 Nov., 1811; died 30 July, 1892. He was educated at Vienna, and ... |
Hüffer, HermannHermann HuefferAn historian and jurist; born 24 March, 1830, at Münster in Westphalia ; died at Bonn, 15 ... |
Hülshoff, Annette Elisabeth vonBaroness Von Huelshoff(DROSTE-HÜLSHOFF) A poetess; born at Schloss Hülshoff near Münster in ... |
Haüy, René-JustRene-Just HauyMineralogist; b. at Saint-Just (Oise), 28 Feb., 1743; d. at Paris, 3 June, 1822. His father was a ... |
Haüy, ValentinValentin HauyFounder of the first school for the blind, and known under the endearing name of "Father and ... |
HaarlemHaarlemDIOCESE OF HAARLEM (HARLEMENSIS). One of the suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of Utrecht ... |
HabacucHabacuc (Habakkuk)The eighth of the Minor Prophets, who probably flourished towards the end of the seventh century ... |
HabakkukHabacuc (Habakkuk)The eighth of the Minor Prophets, who probably flourished towards the end of the seventh century ... |
Haberl, Francis XavierFrancis Xavier HaberlAn historian of sacred music, editor, born at Oberellenbach, Lower Bavaria, 12 April, 1840; died ... |
Habington, WilliamWilliam HabingtonPoet and historian; born at Hindlip, Worcestershire, 1605; died 1654; son of Thomas Habington ... |
HabitHabitHabit is an effect of repeated acts and an aptitude to reproduce them, and may be defined as "a ... |
Habor RiverHabor[Hebrew habhor ; Septuagint 'A Bwr : 2 Kings 17:6 , 'A Biwr : 2 Kings 18:11 ; X aBwr : ... |
HaceldamaHaceldamaHaceldama is the name given by the people to the potter's field, purchased with the price of the ... |
Hadewych, BlessedBl. Hadewych(HADEWIG, HEDWIG). Prioress of the Premonstratensian convent of Mehre (Meer), near ... |
HadrianHadrianMartyr, died about the year 306. The Christians of Constantinople venerated the grave of this ... |
Hadrian, Publius ÆliusPublius Aelius HadrianEmperor of the Romans; born 24 January, A. D. 76 at Rome ; died 10 July, 138. He married his ... |
HadrumetumHadrumetum(ADRUMETUM, also ADRUMETUS). A titular see of Byzacena. Hadrumetum was a Phoenician colony ... |
Haeften, Benedict vanBenedict van Haeften(Haeftenus). Benedictine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium ; born at ... |
Hagen, GottfriedGottfried HagenGottfried Hagen, town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne "Reimchronik" (rhymed ... |
HaggaiAggeus (Haggai)Name and personal life Aggeus, the tenth among the minor prophets of the Old Testament, is ... |
HaggithHaggithThis is the ordinary form of the name in the English Bible ; it corresponds better to the ... |
HagiographyHagiographyThe name given to that branch of learning which has the saints and their worship for its object. ... |
Hague, TheThe Hague(French LA HAYE; Dutch 's GRAVENHAGE, "the Count's Park"; Latin HAGA COMITIS) Capital and ... |
Hahn-Hahn, IdaIda Hahn-HahnCountess, convert and authoress, born 22 June, 1805; died 12 January, 1880. She was descended ... |
Haid, HerenausHerenaus HaidCatechist, born in the Diocese of Ratisbon , 16 February, 1784; died 7 January, 1873. His ... |
Hail Holy QueenSalve ReginaThe opening words (used as a title) of the most celebrated of the four Breviary anthems of the ... |
Hail MaryHail MaryThe Hail Mary (sometimes called the "Angelical salutation", sometimes, from the first words in its ... |
Haimhausen, Karl vonKarl von Haimhausen(Corrupt form of Aymausen .) German missionary; b. at Munich, of a noble Bavarian family, ... |
Hair (in Christian Antiquity)Hair (In Christian Antiquity)The subject of this article is so extensive that there can be no attempt to describe the types of ... |
HairshirtHairshirt(Latin cilicium ; French cilice ). A garment of rough cloth made from goats' hair and ... |
HaitiHaiti( Spanish Santo Domingo, Hispaniola .) An island of the Greater Antilles. I. STATISTICS ... |
HaitoHaito(HATTO). Bishop of Basle; b. in 763, of a noble family of Swabia; d. 17 March, 836, in the ... |
HakodateHakodateSituated between 138º and 157º E. long., and between 37º and 52º N. lat., ... |
Hakon the GoodHakon the GoodKing of Norway, 935 (936) to 960 (961), youngest child of King Harold Fair Hair and Thora ... |
HalicarnassusHalicarnassusA titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. It was a colony from Trœzen in ... |
HalifaxHalifax(HALIFAXIENSIS) This see takes its name from the city of Halifax which has been the seat of ... |
Hallahan, MargaretMargaret HallahanFoundress of the Dominican Congregation of St. Catherine of Siena (third order); b. in London, ... |
Haller, Karl Ludwig vonKarl Ludwig von HallerA professor of constitutional law, b. 1 August, 1768, at Berne, d. 21 May, 1854, at Solothurn, ... |
Hallerstein, AugustAugust Allerstein(Or Hallerstein). Jesuit missionary in China, born in Germany, died in China, probably about ... |
HalloweenAll Saints' Day[ The vigil of this feast is popularly called "Hallowe'en" or "Halloween".] Solemnity ... |
Halloy, Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'OmaliusJean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius HalloyBelgian geologist, b. at Liège, Belgium, 16 February, 1783; d. at Brussels, 15 January, ... |
Halma, NicholasNicholas HalmaFrench mathematician; born at Sedan, 31 December, 1755; died at Paris, 4 June, 1828. He was ... |
Ham, HamitesCham, Chamites (Ham, Hamites)I. CHAM ( A.V. Ham). Son of Noah and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ... |
Hamar, Ancient See ofHamar(HAMARCOPIA; HAMARENSIS). Hamar in Norway, embraced Hedemarken and Christians Amt, and was ... |
HamathaHamatha(AMATHA). A titular see of Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea. Hamath was the capital of a ... |
Hambley, Ven. JohnVen. John HambleyEnglish martyr (suffered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and converted by reading one ... |
HamburgHamburgA city supposed to be identical with the Marionis of Ptolemy, was founded by a colony of fishermen ... |
Hamilton, JohnJohn HamiltonArchbishop of St. Andrews; b. 1511; d. at Stirling, 1571; a natural son of James, first Earl of ... |
Hamilton, Ontario, Diocese ofHamilton, Ontario(Hamiltonensis). Located in Ontario, Canada ; a suffragan of Toronto. It comprises the counties ... |
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron vonJoseph, Baron von Hammer-PurgstallA distinguished Austrian Orientalist ; b. at Graz, 9 June, 1774; d. at Vienna, 23 November, ... |
HammurabiHammurabi( Ha-am-mu-ra-bi ) The sixth king of the first Babylonian dynasty; well known for over ... |
Hamsted, AdrianAdrian HamstedFounder of the sect of Adrianists; born at Dordrecht, 1524; died at Bruges, 1581. We know ... |
Haneberg, Daniel Bonifacius vonDaniel Bonifacius von HanebergA distinguished German prelate and Orientalist of the nineteenth century, b. At Tanne near ... |
HanoverHanoverThe former Kingdom of Hanover has been a province of the Prussian monarchy since 20 September, ... |
Hanse, Blessed EveraldBl. Everald HanseMartyr ; b. in Northamptonshire; executed 31 July, 1581. He was educated at Cambridge, and was ... |
Hansiz, MarkusMarkus HansizHistorian, b. at Volkermarkt, Carinthia, Austria, 25 April, 1683; d. at Vienna, 5 September, ... |
Hanthaler, ChrysostomusChrysostomus Hanthaler(JOHANNES ADAM.) A Cistercian, historical investigator and writer; b. at Marenbach, Austria, ... |
Hanxleden, Johann ErnestJohann Ernest HanxledenJesuit missionary in the East Indies: b. at Ostercappeln, near Osnabrück, in Hanover, ... |
HappinessHappiness( French bonheur ; German Glück ; Latin felicitas ; Greek eutychia, eudaimonia ). ... |
Haraldson, Saint OlafSt. Olaf HaraldsonMartyr and King of Norway (1015-30), b. 995; d. 29 July, 1030. He was a son of King Harald ... |
Harbor GraceHarbor Grace(Portus Gratiæ) Diocese in Newfoundland, erected in 1856. It comprises all the northern ... |
Hardee, William J.William J. HardeeSoldier, convert, b. at Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A. 1817, d. at Wytheville, Virginia, 6 Nov., ... |
Hardey, Mary AloysiaMary Aloysia HardeyOf the Society of the Sacred Heart, who established all the convents of her order, up to the ... |
Harding, St. StephenSt. Stephen HardingConfessor, the third Abbot of Cîteaux, was born at Sherborne in Dorsetshire, England, ... |
Harding, ThomasThomas HardingControversialist; b. at Combe Martin, Devon, 1516 d. at Louvain, Sept., 1572. The registers of ... |
Hardman, Mary JulianaMary Juliana HardmanKnown in religion as Sister Mary; b. 26 April, 1813; d. 24 March, 1884; was the daughter of John ... |
Hardouin, JeanJean HardouinJesuit, and historian; b. at Quimper, Brittany, 23 Dec., 1646, son of a bookseller of that town; ... |
Hardyng, JohnJohn HardyngAn English chronicler; b. 1378; d. about 1460. He was of northern parentage and entered the ... |
Hare IndiansHare IndiansA Déné tribe which shares with the Loucheux the distinction of being the ... |
Harland, HenryHenry HarlandNovelist, b. of New England parentage, at St. Petersburg, 1 Mar., 1861; d. at San Remo, 20 Dec., ... |
Harlay, Family ofFamily of HarlayAn important family of parliamentarians and bishops, who deserve a place in religious ... |
Harlez de Deulin, Charles-Joseph deCharles-Joseph de Harlez de DeulinA Belgian Orientalist, domestic prelate, canon of the cathedral of Liège, member of the ... |
HarmonyHarmony(Greek, harmonia ; Latin, harmonia ) A concord of sounds, several tones of different ... |
HarneyHarney(1) William Selby Harney Soldier, convert ; b. near Haysboro, Tennessee, U.S.A. 27 August, ... |
Harold BluetoothHarold Bluetooth(B LAATAND ) Born 911; died 1 November, 985 or 986. He was the son of King Gorm the Old of ... |
Harold, FrancisFrancis HaroldIrish Franciscan and historical writer, d. at Rome, 18 March, 1685. He was for some time ... |
HarpasaHarpasaA titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. Nothing is known of the history of this ... |
Harper, Thomas MortonThomas Morton HarperPriest, philosopher, theologian and preacher. Born in London 26 Sept., 1821, of Anglican ... |
Harrington, Ven. WilliamVenerable William HarringtonEnglish martyr ; b. 1566; d. 18 February, 1594. His father had entertained Campion at the ... |
Harris, Joel ChandlerJoel Chandler HarrisFolklorist, novelist, poet, journalist; born at Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.A. 1848; died at Atlanta, ... |
HarrisburgHarrisburg(Harrisburgensis.) Established 1868, comprises the Counties of Dauphin, Lebanon, Lancaster, ... |
Harrison, JamesJames HarrisonPriest and martyr ; b. in the Diocese of Lichfield, England, date unknown; d. at York, 22 ... |
Harrison, WilliamWilliam HarrisonThird and last archpriest of England, b. in Derbyshire in 1553; d. 11 May, 1621. He was ... |
Harrowing of HellHarrowing of HellThis is the Old English and Middle English term for the triumphant descent of Christ into hell ... |
Hart, WilliamBl. William HartBorn at Wells, 1558; suffered at York, 15 March, 1583. Elected Trappes Scholar at Lincoln ... |
HartfordHartfordDiocese of Hartford, established by Gregory XVI, 18 Sept., 1843. When erected it embraced the ... |
Hartley, Ven. WilliamVen. William HartleyMartyr ; b. at Wyn, in Derbyshire, England, of a yeoman family about 1557; d. 5 October, 1588. ... |
Hartmann von AueHartman von AueA Middle High German epic poet and minnesinger; died between 1210 and 1220. Little is known ... |
Hartmann, GeorgGeorg HartmannMechanician and physicist ; b. at Eckoltsheim, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 1489; d. at Nuremberg, 9 ... |
Hasak, VincenzVincenz HasakHistorian, b. at Neustadt, near Friedland, Bohemia, 18 July, 1812; d. 1 September, 1889, as ... |
Haschka, Lorenz LeopoldLorenz Leopold HaschkaA poet-author of the Austrian national anthem; b. at Vienna, 1 Sept. 1749, d. there 3 Aug., ... |
Haspinger, Johann SimonJohann Simon (Joachim) HaspingerA Tyrolese priest and patriot ; b. at Gries, Tyrol, 28 October, 1776; d. in the imperial palace ... |
Hassard, John Rose GreeneJohn Rose Greene HassardAn editor, historian; b. in New York, U.S.A. 4 September, 1836; d. in that city, 18 April, 1888. ... |
Hasslacher, PeterPeter HasslacherPreacher; b. at Coblenz, 14 August, 1810; d. at Paris, 5 July, 1876. He was one of that band of ... |
HatredHatredHatred in general is a vehement aversion entertained by one person for another, or for ... |
HattoHattoArchbishop of Mainz ; b. of a noble Swabian family, c. 850; d. 15 May, 913. He was educated at ... |
Hatton, Edward AnthonyEdward Anthony HattonDominican, apologist ; b. in 1701; d. at Stourton Lodge, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 23 October, ... |
HauaraHauaraA titular see of Palestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra. Peutinger's map locates a place of ... |
HaudriettesHaudriettesA religious congregation founded in Paris early in the fourteenth century by Jeanne, wife of ... |
Haughery, MargaretMargaret HaugheryMargaret Haughery, "the mother of the orphans ", as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, ... |
Hauréau, Jean-BarthélemyJean-Barthelemy HaureauHistorian and publicist; b. at Paris, 1812; d. there, 1896. He was educated at the Louis le Grand ... |
HautecombeHautecombe(Altacomba, Altæcombæum) A Cistercian monastery near Aix-les-Bains in Savoy, ... |
Hautefeuille, Jean deJean de HautefeuilleFrench physicist, b. at Orléans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724. He was the ... |
Hautefeuille, Jean deJean de HautefeuilleFrench physicist, b. at Orléans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724. He was the ... |
HauteserreHauteserre(ALTESERRA). Antoine Dadin d'Hauteserre Born 1602, died 1682; a distinguished French historian ... |
Hauzeur, MathiasMathias HauzeurA Franciscan theologian, b. at Verviers, 1589; d. at Liège 12 November, 1676, for many ... |
HavanaHavanaDiocese of Havana (San Cristóbal de la Habana) — Avanensis The city of Havana is ... |
Havestadt, BernhardBernhard HavestadtGerman Jesuit ; b. at Cologne, 27 February, 1714; died at Münster after 1778. He entered ... |
Hawarden, EdwardEdward Hawarden(HARDEN). Theologian and controversialist, b. in Lancashire, England, 9 April, 1662; d. in ... |
Hawes, StephenStephen HawesPoet; b. in Suffolk about 1474; d. about 1523. Very little is known of his life. He was educated ... |
Hawker, Robert StephenRobert Stephen HawkerPoet and antiquary; b. at Plymouth 3 December, 1803, d. there 15 August, 1875, son of Jacob ... |
Hawkins, Sir HenrySir Henry HawkinsRaised to the peerage as Lord Brampton, eminent English lawyer and Judge, b. at Hitchin, ... |
Hay, Edmund and JohnEdmund and John Hay(1) Edmund Hay Jesuit, and envoy to Mary Queen of Scots, b. 1540?; d. at Rome, 4 Nov., 1591. he ... |
Hay, GeorgeGeorge HayBishop and writer, b. at Edinburgh, 24 Aug., 1729; d. at Aquhorties, 18 Oct., 1811. His parents ... |
Haydn, Franz JosephFranz Joseph HaydnBorn of staunch Catholic parents at Rohrau, Austria, 1 April, 1732; died at Gumpendorf, Vienna, ... |
Haydn, Johann MichaelJohann Michael HaydnA younger brother of Franz Joseph Haydn ; born at Rohrau, Austria, 14 September, 1737; died at ... |
Haydock, George LeoGeorge Leo HaydockPriest and Biblical scholar; b. 11 April, 1774, at Cottam, near Wood Plumpton, Lancashire; d. 29 ... |
Haydock, Venerable GeorgeVen. George HaydockEnglish martyr ; born 1556; executed at Tyburn, 12 February, 1583-84. He was the youngest son of ... |
HaymoHaymo( Or Haimo). A Benedictine bishop of the ninth century; d. 26 March, 853. The exact date ... |
Haymo of FavershamHaymo of FavershamEnglish Franciscan and schoolman, b. at Faversham, Kent; d. at Anagni, Itlay, in 1243, according ... |
Haynald, LajosLajos HaynaldCardinal, Archbishop of Kalocsa-Bács in Hungary ; b. at Szécsény, 3 ... |
Hazart, CorneliusCornelius HazartControversialist, orator, and writer, b. 28 October, 1617, at Oudenarde in the Netherlands ; ... |
Healy, George Peter AlexanderGeorge Peter Alexander HealyAn American portrait and historical painter, b. at Boston, 15 July, 1808; d. at Chicago, 14 June ... |
Hearse, TenebraeTenebrae HearseThe Tenebræ Hearse is the triangular candlestick used in the Tenebræ service. The ... |
Heart of Jesus, Devotion to theDevotion to the Sacred Heart of JesusThe treatment of this subject is divided into two parts: I. Doctrinal Explanations;II. Historical ... |
Heart of Mary, Congregations ofCongregations of the Heart of MaryI. Sisters of the Holy Heart of Mary Founded in 1842 at Nancy, by Mgr Menjaud, Bishop of ... |
Heart of Mary, Devotion to theDevotion To the Heart of MaryAs in the article on Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus , this subject will be considered ... |
Heath, Ven. HenryVen. Henry HeathEnglish Franciscan and martyr, son of John Heath; christened at St. John's, Peterborough, 16 ... |
HeavenHeavenThis subject will be treated under seven headings: I. Name and Place of Heaven; II. Existence of ... |
Hebrew BibleHebrew BibleAs compared with the Latin Vulgate , the Hebrew Bible includes the entire Old Testament with ... |
Hebrew Language and LiteratureHebrew Language and LiteratureHebrew was the language spoken by the ancient Israelites, and in which were composed nearly all ... |
Hebrews, Epistle to theEpistle to the HebrewsThis will be considered under eight headings: (I) Argument; (II) Doctrinal Contents; (III) ... |
Hebrides, NewNew HebridesVicariate Apostolic in Oceania; comprises the New Hebrides, with Banks and Torres, islands ... |
HebronHebron( hbrwn, chebrón ) An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, ... |
Hecker, Isaac ThomasIsaac Thomas HeckerMissionary, author, founder of the Paulists ; b. in New York, 18 December, 1819; d. there, 22 ... |
HedonismHedonism( hedoné, pleasure). The name given to the group of ethical systems that hold, with ... |
Hedwig, SaintSt. HedwigDuchess of Silesia, b. about 1174, at the castle of Andechs ; d. at Trebnitz, 12 or 15 ... |
Heeney, CorneliusCornelius HeeneyMerchant and philanthropist; b. in King's County, Ireland, 1754; d. at Brooklyn, U.S.A. 3 May, ... |
Heereman von Zuydwyk, Freiherr vonHeeremann von Zuydwyk(Clemens Aug. Ant.). Catholic statesman and writer on art, b. 26 Aug., 1832, at Surenburg near ... |
HeeswijkHeeswijkA village in the diocese of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), Holland, in which the dispersed ... |
Hefele, Karl Joseph vonKarl Joseph von HefeleBishop of Rottenburg, b. at Unterkochen, Würtemberg, 15 March, 1809; d. at Rottenburg, 5 ... |
HegelianismHegelianism(1) Life and Writings of Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born at Stüttgart in 1770; ... |
Hegesippus, SaintSt. Hegesippus(Roman Martyrology, 7 April). A writer of the second century, known to us almost exclusively ... |
Hegesippus, The Pseudo-The Pseudo-HegesippusA fourth-century translator of the "Jewish War" of Flavius Josephus. The name is based on an ... |
Hegius, AlexanderAlexander HegiusHumanist ; b. probably in 1433, at Heeck (Westphalia); d. 7 December, 1498, at Deventer ... |
Heidelberg, University ofUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelberg, a city of 41,000 inhabitants, is situated in the Grand Duchy of Baden, on the left ... |
HeiligenkreuzHeiligenkreuz(SANCTA CRUX). An existing Cistercian monastery in the Wienerwald, eight miles north-west of ... |
HeilsbronnHeilsbronn(FONS SALUTIS). Formerly a Cistercian monastery in the Diocese of Eichstätt in Middle ... |
Heilsbronn, Monk ofMonk of HeilsbronnThis name indicates the unknown author of some small mystical treatises, written about the ... |
Heim, François JosephFrancois Joseph HeimFrench historical painter, b. near Belfort, 1787, d. in Paris, 1865. This clever painter ... |
Heinrich der GlïchezäreHeinrich Der Glichezare( Glïchezäre , i.e. the hypocrite, in the sense of one who adopts a strange name or ... |
Heinrich von AhausHeinrich von Ahaus(Hendrik van Ahuis) Founder of the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany, b. in 1371, the ... |
Heinrich von LaufenbergHeinrich von LaufenbergA German poet of the fifteenth century, d. at Strasburg in 1460; he was a priest in Freiburg ... |
Heinrich von MeissenHeinrich von MeissenUsually called "Frauenlob" (Woman's praise), a Middle High German lyric poet; b. at Meissen ... |
Heinrich von MelkHeinrich von MelkGerman satirist of the twelfth century; of knightly birth and probably a lay brother in the ... |
Heinrich von VeldekeHeinrich von VeldekeA medieval German poet of knightly rank; b. near Maastricht in the Netherlands about the ... |
Heinz, JosephJoseph HeinzSwiss painter ; b. at Basle, 11 June, 1564; d. near Prague, Bohemia, October, 1609. He appears ... |
Heis, EduardEduard HeisGerman astronomer, b. at Cologne, 18 February, 1806; d. at Münster, Westphalia, 30 June, ... |
HeisterbachHeisterbach(Vallis S. Petri). A former Cistercian monastery in the Siebengebirge near the little town ... |
Helen of Sköfde, SaintSaint Helen of SkofdeMartyr in the first half of the twelfth century. Her feast is celebrated 31 July. Her life ... |
Helena (Montana)Helena(Helenensis) Erected from the Vicariate of Montana, 7 March, 1884. It comprises the western ... |
Helena, SaintSt. HelenaThe mother of Constantine the Great , born about the middle of the third century, possibly in ... |
HelenopolisHelenopolisA titular see of Bithynia Prima, suffragan of Prusa. On the southern side of the Sinus Astacenus ... |
HeliHeli (Eli)Heli the Judge and High Priest Heli (Heb. ELI, Gr. HELI) was both judge and high-priest, whose ... |
Heliae, PaulPaul Heliae(POVL HELGESEN) A Carmelite, opponent of the Reformation in Denmark, born at Warberg (in the ... |
Heliand, TheThe Heliand( German Heiland , Saviour) The oldest complete work of German literature . Matthias Flacius ... |
HeliogabalusHeliogabalus(E LAGABAL ) The name adopted by Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman emperor (218-222), born of ... |
HellHellThis subject is treated under eight headings: (I) Name and Place of Hell; (II) Existence of ... |
Hell, MaximilianMaximilian Hell(Höll). Astronomer, b. at Schemnitz in Hungary, 15 May, 1720; d. at Vienna, 14 April, ... |
Hello, ErnestErnest HelloFrench philosopher and essayist, b. at Lorient, Brittany, 4 Nov., 1828; d. at Kéroman, ... |
HelmoldHelmoldA historian, born in the first half of the twelfth century; died about 1177. He was a native of, ... |
Helmont, Jan Baptista vanJan Baptista van HelmontBorn at Brussels, 1577; died near Vilvorde, 30 December, 1644. This scientist, distinguished in ... |
Helpers of the Holy Souls, Society of theSociety of the Helpers of the Holy Souls( Auxiliatrices des Ames du Purgatoire ) A religious order of women founded in Paris, ... |
Helpidius, Flavius RusticiusFlavius Rusticius HelpidiusThe name of several Latin writers. It appears in the manuscript of Pomponius Mela and Julius ... |
Hemmerlin, FelixFelix Hemmerlin(MALLEOLUS) properly HEMERLI A provost at Solothurn, in Switzerland, born at Zurich, in 1388 ... |
Henderson, Issac AustinIssac Austin HendersonBorn at Brooklyn, 1850; died in Rome, March, 1909. His family was of Scotch and Irish ... |
Hendrick, Thomas AugustineThomas Augustine HendrickFirst American and the twenty-second Bishop of Cebú, Philippine Islands, b. at Penn Yan, ... |
Hengler, LawrenceLawrence HenglerCatholic priest and the inventor of the horizontal pendulum, b. at Reichenhofen, ... |
Hennepin, LouisLouis HennepinOne of the most famous explorers in the wilds of North America during the seventeenth century, b. ... |
HenochHenoch(Greek Enoch ). The name of the son of Cain ( Genesis 4:17, 18 ), of a nephew of Abraham ... |
Henoch, Book ofThe Book of EnochThe antediluvian patriarch Henoch according to Genesis "walked with God and was seen no more, ... |
HenoticonHenoticonThe story of the Henoticon forms a chapter in that of the Monophysite heresy in the fifth and ... |
Henríquez, CrisóstomoCrisostomo HenriquezA Cistercian religious of the Spanish Congregation; b. at Madrid, 1594; d. 23 December, 1632, ... |
Henríquez, EnriqueEnrique HenriquezNoted Jesuit theologian, b. at Oporto, 1536; d. at Tivoli, 28 January, 1608. At the age of ... |
Henri de Saint-IgnaceHenri de Saint-IgnaceA Carmelite theologian, b. in 1630, at Ath in Hainaut, Belgium ; d. in 1719 or 1720, near ... |
Henrion, Mathieu-Richard-AugusteMathieu-Richard-Auguste HenrionBaron, French magistrate, historian, and journalist; b. at Metz, 19 June, 1805; d. at Aix, ... |
Henry AbbotHenry AbbotLayman, martyred at York, 4 July, 1597, pronounced Venerable in 1886. His acts are thus related ... |
Henry IIHenry II (King of England)King of England, born 1133; died 6 July, 1189; was in his earlier life commonly known as Henry ... |
Henry II, SaintSt. Henry IIGerman King and Holy Roman Emperor, son of Duke Henry II (the Quarrelsome) and of the Burgundian ... |
Henry IIIHenry IIIGerman King and Roman Emperor, son of Conrad II; b. 1017; d. at Bodfeld, in the Harz Mountains, 5 ... |
Henry IVHenry IVKing of France and Navarre, son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine de Bourbon, b. 14 December, 1553, ... |
Henry IVHenry IVGerman King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou, b. at Goslar, 11 November, ... |
Henry of FriemarHenry of Friemar(DE VRIMARIA) German theologian ; b. at Friemar, a small town near Gotha in Thuringia, about ... |
Henry of GhentHenry of Ghent(HENRICUS DE GANDAVO, known as the DOCTOR SOLEMNIS) A notable scholastic philosopher and ... |
Henry of HerfordHenry of Herford(Or HERWORDEN; HERVORDIA) Friar and chronicler; date of birth unknown; died at Minden, 9 Oct., ... |
Henry of HuntingdonHenry of HuntingdonHistorian; b. probably near Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, between 1080 and 1085; d. 1155. Little is ... |
Henry of KalkarHenry of Kalkar(Egher). Carthusian writer, b. at Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves in 1328; d. at Cologne, 20 ... |
Henry of LangensteinHenry of Langenstein(Henry of Hesse the Elder.) Theologian and mathematician; b. about 1325 at the villa of ... |
Henry of NördlingenHenry of NoerdlingenA Bavarian secular priest, of the fourteenth century, date of death unknown; the spiritual ... |
Henry of RebdorfHenry of RebdorfAlleged author of an imperial and papal chronicle of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, is ... |
Henry of Segusio, BlessedBl. Henry of SegusioUsually called Hostiensis , an Italian canonist of the thirteenth century, born at Susa (in ... |
Henry Suso, BlessedBl. Henry Suso(Also called Amandus , a name adopted in his writings). German mystic, born at Constance on ... |
Henry the Navigator, PrincePrince Henry the NavigatorBorn 4 March, 1394; died 13 November, 1460; he was the fourth son of John I, King of Portugal, by ... |
Henry VHenry VGerman King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry IV ; b. in 1081; d. at Utrecht, 23 May, 1125. He ... |
Henry VIHenry VIGerman King and Roman Emperor, son of Frederick Barbarossa and Beatrice of Burgundy ; b. in ... |
Henry VIIIHenry VIIIKing of England, born 28 June, 1491; died 28 January, 1547. He was the second son and third ... |
Henryson, RobertRobert HenrysonScottish poet, born probably 1420-1430; died about 1500. His birthplace, parentage, and place of ... |
Henschen, GodfreyGodfrey Henschen(Or Henskens .) Jesuit, hagiographer ; b. at Venray (Limburg), 21 June, 1601; d. at ... |
Hensel, LuiseLuise HenselPoetess and convert ; born at Linum, 30 March, 1798; died at Paderborn, 18 December, 1876. Her ... |
Henten, JohnJohn HentonBiblical exegete, born 1499 at Nalinnes Belgium ; died 10 Oct., 1566, at Louvain. When quite ... |
HeortologyHeortology(From the Greek heorte , festival, and logos , knowledge, discourse) Heortology ... |
HephæstusHephaestusA titular see of Augustamnica Prima, mentioned by Hierocles (Synecd., 727, 9), by George of ... |
HeptarchyHeptarchy(A NGLO -S AXON H EPTARCHY ) By the term heptarchy is understood that complexus of ... |
HeraclasHeraclasBishop of Alexandria from 231 or 232; to 247 or 248. Of his earlier life Origen tells us, ... |
HeracleaHeracleaA titular see of Thracia Prima. Heraclea is the name given about four centuries before the ... |
Heraldry, EcclesiasticalEcclesiastical HeraldryEcclesiastical heraldry naturally divides itself into various branches, principally: the arms of ... |
Herbart and HerbartianismHerbart and HerbartianismThe widespread and increasing influence of Herbart and his disciples in the work of education ... |
Herbert of BoshamHerbert of BoshamA biographer of St. Thomas Becket , dates of birth and death unknown. He was probably born in ... |
Herbert of Derwentwater, SaintSaint Herbert of Derwentwater(Hereberht). Date of birth unknown; d. 20 March, 687; an anchorite of the seventh century, ... |
Herbert of Lea, Lady ElizabethLady Elizabeth Herbert of LeaAuthoress, and philanthropist, b. in 1822; d. in London 30 Oct., 1911. Lady Herbert was the ... |
Herbst, Johann GeorgJohann Georg HerbstBorn at Rottweil, in Würtemberg, 13 January, 1787; died 31 July, 1836. His college course, ... |
Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, AlejandroAlejandro Herculano de Carvalho e AraujoBorn at Lisbon, 28 March, 1810; died near Santarem, 13 Sept., 1877. Because of his liberal ... |
HerderHerderThe name of a German firm of publishers and booksellers. Bartholomäus Herder Founder of the ... |
Herdtrich, Christian WolfgangChristian Wolfgang Herdtrich(According to Franco, Christianus Henriques ; Chinese, Ngen ). An Austrian Jesuit ... |
HeredityHeredityThe offspring tends to resemble, sometimes with extraordinary closeness, the parents ; this is ... |
Hereford, Ancient Diocese ofAncient Diocese of Hereford(HEREFORDENSIS) Located in England. Though the name of Putta, the exiled Bishop of ... |
Hereswitha, SaintSt. Hereswitha(HAERESVID, HERESWYDE). Daughter of Hereric and Beorhtswith and sister of St. Hilda of Whitby. ... |
HeresyHeresyI. Connotation and DefinitionII. Distinctions III. Degrees of heresy IV. Gravity of the sin of ... |
Hergenröther, JosephJoseph HergenrotherChurch historian and canonist, first Cardinal-Prefect of the Vatican Archives, b. at ... |
HeribertHeribert(ARIBERT) Archbishop of Milan (1018-1045) An ambitious and warlike prince of the ... |
Heribert, SaintSt. HeribertArchbishop of Cologne ; born at Worms, c. 970; died at Cologne, 16 March, 1021. His father was ... |
Heriger of LobbesHeriger of LobbesA medieval theologian and historian; born about 925; died 31 October, 1007. After studying at ... |
Herincx, WilliamWilliam HerincxA theologian, born at Helmond, North Brabant, 1621; died 17 Aug., 1678. After receiving his ... |
Hermann ContractusHermann Contractus(Herimanus Augiensis, Hermann von Reichenau ). Chronicler, mathematician, and poet; b. 18 ... |
Hermann IHermann ILandgrave of Thuringia (1190-1217), famous as a patron of medieval German poets. He was the ... |
Hermann Joseph, SaintBl. Hermann JosephPremonstratensian monk and mystic; b. at Cologne about 1150; d. at Hoven, 7 April, 1241. ... |
Hermann of AltachHermann of Altach(Niederaltaich). A medieval historian; b. 1200 or 1201; d. 31 July, 1275. He received his ... |
Hermann of FritzlarHermann of FritzlarWith this name are connected two works on mysticism written in German. The first, "Das ... |
Hermann of MindenHermann of MindenProvincial of the German province of Dominicans ; b. at or near Minden on an unknown date ; d. ... |
Hermann of SalzaHermann of SalzaFourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Order , descendant of the noble Thuringian house of Salza; ... |
Hermanos Penitentes, LosLos Hermanos Penitentes(The Penitent Brothers), a society of flagellants existing among the Spanish of New Mexico and ... |
HermasHermas(First or second century), author of the book called "The Shepherd" ( Poimen , Pastor), a work ... |
Hermas, SaintSaint HermasMartyr The Roman Martyrology sets down for 18 August (XV Kal. Septembris) the feast of the ... |
HermeneuticsHermeneuticsDerived from a Greek word connected with the name of the god Hermes, the reputed messenger and ... |
Hermengild, SaintSt. HermengildDate of birth unknown; d. 13 April, 585. Leovigild, the Arian King of the Visigoths (569-86), ... |
Hermes, GeorgeGeorge HermesPhilosopher and theologian, b. at Dreierwalde near Theine (Westphalia), 22 April, 1775; d. at ... |
Hermes, SaintSt. HermesMartyr, Bishop of Salano (Spalato) in Dalmatia. Very little is known about him; in Romans ... |
Hermite, CharlesCharles HermiteBorn at Dieuze, Lorraine, 24 December, 1822; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1901; one of the greatest ... |
HermitsHermits( Eremites , "inhabitants of a desert ", from the Greek eremos ), also called anchorites, ... |
Hermits of St. AugustineHermits of St. Augustine(Generally called Augustinians and not to be confounded with the Augustinian Canons ). A ... |
HermonHermon[From the Hebrew meaning "sacred (mountain)"; Septuagint, Aermon ] A group of mountains ... |
Hermopolis MagnaHermopolis MagnaA titular see of Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoe, in Egypt. The native name was Khmounoun; ... |
Hermopolis ParvaHermopolis ParvaA titular see of Ægyptus Prima, suffragan of Alexandria. Its ancient name, Dimanhoru or ... |
HerodHerod(Greek Herodes , from Heros .) Herod was the name of many rulers mentioned in the N.T. ... |
HerodiasHerodiasHerodias, daughter of Aristobulus -- son of Herod the Great and Mariamne -- was a descendant of ... |
Heroic Act of CharityHeroic Act of CharityA decree of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences dated 18 December, 1885, and confirmed the ... |
Heroic VirtueHeroic VirtueThe notion of heroicity is derived from hero, originally a warrior, a demigod; hence it connotes a ... |
Herp, HenryHenry Herp(Or HARP, Latin CITHARŒDUS, or ERP as in the old manuscripts ) A fifteenth century ... |
Herrad of LandsbergHerrad of Landsberg(or LANDSPERG) A twelfth-century abbess, author of the "Hortus Deliciarum"; born about 1130, ... |
HerregoutsHerregoutsThere were three artists of the name of Herregouts, father, son, and grandson, of whom the chief ... |
Herrera Barnuevo, Sebastiano deSebastiano de Herrera BarnuevoA painter, architect, sculptor and etcher; born in Madrid, 1611 or 1619; died there, 1671; son ... |
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio deAntonio de Herrera y TordesillasA Spanish historian; born at Cuellar, in the province of Segovia, in 1559; died at Madrid, 27 ... |
Herrera, Fernando deFernando de HerreraA Spanish lyric poet; born 1537; died 1597. The head of a school of lyric poets who gathered ... |
Herrera, FranciscoFrancisco Herrera(1) Francisco Herrera (el Viejo, the Elder) A Spanish painter, etcher, medallist, and architect; ... |
Herrgott, MarquardMarquard HerrgottA Benedictine historian and diplomat; born at Freiburg in the Breisgau, 9 October, 1694; died ... |
HersfeldHersfeldAn ancient imperial abbey of the Benedictine Order, situated at the confluence of the Geisa and ... |
Hervás y Panduro, LorenzoLorenzo Hervas y PanduroSpanish Jesuit and famous philologist; b. at Horcajo, 1 May, 1735; d. at Rome, 24 August, 1809. ... |
Hervetus, GentianGentian HervetusFrench theologian and controversialist; b. at Olivet, near Orléans, in 1499; d. at ... |
HesebonHesebon(A.V. HESHBON; Greek Esebon, Esbous ; Latin Esbus). A titular see of the province of ... |
HesseHesse(H ESSEN ). The name of a German tribe, and also a district in Germany extending along the ... |
Hessels, JeanJean HesselsA distinguished theologian of Louvain ; born 1522; died 1566. He had been teaching for eight ... |
HesychasmHesychasm(Greek hesychos , quiet). The story of the system of mysticism defended by the monks of ... |
Hesychius of AlexandriaHesychius of AlexandriaGrammarian and lexicographer; of uncertain date, but assigned by most authorities to the later ... |
Hesychius of JerusalemHesychius of JerusalemPresbyter and exegete, probably of the fifth century. Nothing certain is known as to the dates ... |
Hesychius of SinaiHesychius of SinaiA priest and monk of the Order of St. Basil in the Thorn-bush (Batos) monastery on Mt. ... |
HethitesHethites(A.V. H ITTITES ) One of the many peoples of North-Western Asia, styled Hittim in the ... |
Hettinger, FranzFranz HettingerA Catholic theologian ; born 13 January, 1819, at Aschaffenburg; died 26 January, 1890, at ... |
Heude, PierrePierre HeudeMissionary to China and zoologist; b. at Fougères in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, ... |
Hewett, JohnJohn Hewett(Alias WELDON). English martyr ; son of William Hewett of York; date of birth unknown; ... |
Hewit, Augustine FrancisAugustine Francis HewitPriest and second Superior General of the Institute of St. Paul the Apostle ; b. at Fairfield, ... |
HexaemeronHexaemeronHexaemeron signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of ... |
HexaplaHexaplaThe name given to Origen's edition of the Old Testament in Hebrew and Greek, the most colossal ... |
HexateuchHexateuchA name commonly used by the critics to designate the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. ... |
Hexham and NewcastleHexham and NewcastleDiocese of Hexham and Newcastle (Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis). Hexham, in ... |
Heynlin of Stein, JohannJohann Heynlin of Stein(A LAPIDE) A theologian, born about 1425; died at Basle, 12 March, 1496. He was apparently of ... |
Heywood, Jasper and JohnJasper and John Heywood(1) Jasper Heywood A poet and translator; born 1535 in London ; died 1598 at Naples. As a boy ... |
HezekiahEzechiasEzechias (Hebrew = "The Lord strengtheneth"; Septuagint Ezekias ; in the cuneiform inscriptions ... |
Hibernians, Ancient Order ofAncient Order of HiberniansThis organization grew up gradually among the Catholics of Ireland owing to the dreadful ... |
Hickey, AntonyAntony Hickey O.F.M.A theologian, born in the Barony of Islands, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1586; died in Rome, 26 ... |
Hidalgo, MiguelMiguel HidalgoBorn on the ranch of San Vicente in the district of Guanajuato, 8 May, 1753; executed at ... |
HierapolisTitular Archdiocese of HierapolisTitular Archdiocese, metropolis of the Province of Euphrates, in the Patriarchate of Antioch. ... |
HierapolisHierapolisA titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, suffragan of Synnada. It is usually called by its ... |
HierarchyHierarchy(Greek Hierarchia ; from hieros , sacred; archein , rule, command). This word has been ... |
Hierarchy of the Early ChurchHierarchy of the Early ChurchThe word hierarchy is used here to denote the three grades of bishop, priest, and deacon ( ... |
HierocæsareaHierocaesareaA titular see of Lydia, suffragan of Sardis. This town is mentioned by Ptolemy (VI, ii, 16). ... |
HieronymitesHieronymitesIn the fourth century, certain Roman ladies, following St. Paula, embraced the religious life ... |
HierotheusHierotheusAll attempts to establish as historical a personality corresponding to the Hierotheus who ... |
Higden, RanulfRanulf Higden(HYDON, HYGDEN, HIKEDEN.) Benedictine chronicler; died 1364. He was a west-country man, and ... |
High AltarHigh Altar(ALTARE SUMMUM or MAJUS.) The high altar is so called from the fact that it is the chief altar ... |
High Priest, TheThe High PriestThe high-priest in the Old Testament is called by various names: the priest ( Numbers 3:6 ); ... |
Higher CriticismBiblical Criticism (Higher)Overview Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary ... |
Hilarion, SaintSt. HilarionFounder of anchoritic life in Palestine; born at Tabatha, south of Gaza, Palestine, about 291; ... |
Hilarius of SextenHilarius of Sexten(In the world, CHRISTIAN GATTERER.) Moral theologian ; born 1839, in the valley of Sexten in ... |
Hilarius, Pope SaintPope Saint Hilarus[ Also spelled HILARIUS] Elected 461; the date of his death is given as 28 Feb., 468. After ... |
Hilarus, Pope SaintPope Saint Hilarus[ Also spelled HILARIUS] Elected 461; the date of his death is given as 28 Feb., 468. After ... |
Hilary of Arles, SaintSt. Hilary of ArlesArchbishop, b. about 401; d. 5 May, 449. The exact place of his birth is not known. All that may ... |
Hilary of Poitiers, SaintSt. Hilary of PoitiersBishop, born in that city at the beginning of the fourth century; died there 1 November, according ... |
Hilda, SaintSt. HildaAbbess, born 614; died 680. Practically speaking, all our knowledge of St. Hilda is derived from ... |
Hildebert of LavardinHildebert of LavardinBishop of Le Mans, Archbishop of Tours, and celebrated medieval poet; b. about 1056, at the ... |
Hildegard, SaintSaint HildegardBorn at Böckelheim on the Nahe, 1098; died on the Rupertsberg near Bingen, 1179; feast 17 ... |
HildesheimHildesheimDiocese of Hildesheim (Hildesheimensis). An exempt see, comprising the Prussian province of ... |
Hilduin, Abbot of St-DenisHilduinHe died 22 November, 840. He was a scion of a prominent Frankish family, hut the time and place ... |
Hill, Ven. RichardVen. Richard HillEnglish Martyr, executed at Durham, 27 May, 1590. Very little is known of him and his ... |
HillelHillelA famous Jewish rabbi who lived about 70 B.C.-A.D. 10. Our only source of information concerning ... |
Hilton, WalterWalter HiltonAugustinian mystic, d. 24 March, 1396. Little is known of his life, save that he was the head of a ... |
HimeriaHimeriaA titular see in the province of Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa. The "Notitia" of Anastasius, ... |
HimeriusHimerius(called also EUMERIUS and COMERIUS) An Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, 385. He is the ... |
HincmarHincmar, Archbishop of ReimsAn archbishop of Reims ; born in 806; died at Epernay on 21 December, 882. Descended from a ... |
HincmarHincmar, Bishop of LaonBishop of Laon; died 879. In the beginning of 858 the younger Hincmar, a nephew on the mother's ... |
Hinderer, RomanRoman Hinderer(Chinese TE). A German missionary in China, born at Reiningen, near Mülhausen, date ... |
HinduismHinduismHinduism in its narrower sense, is the conglomeration of religious beliefs and practices ... |
Hingston, Sir William HalesSir William Hales HingstonCanadian physician and surgeon, b. at Hinchinbrook near Huntingdon, Quebec, June 29, 1829; d. at ... |
Hippo DiarrhytusHippo Diarrhytus(Or HIPPO ZARRHYTUS.) A titular see of Northern Africa, now called Bizerta, originally a ... |
Hippo RegiusHippo RegiusA titular see of Numidia, now a part of the residential see of Constantine. Hippo was a Tyrian ... |
Hippolytus of Rome, SaintSt. Hippolytus of RomeMartyr, presbyter and antipope ; date of birth unknown; d. about 236. Until the publication ... |
Hippolytus, SaintsSts. HippolytusBesides the presbyter, St. Hippolytus of Rome, others of the name are mentioned in the old ... |
HipposSts. HippolytusBesides the presbyter, St. Hippolytus of Rome, others of the name are mentioned in the old ... |
HirenaHirenaA titular see of southern Tunis. Nothing is known of the city, the name of which may have been ... |
Hirschau, Abbey ofAbbey of HirschauA celebrated Benedictine monastery in Würtemberg, Diocese of Spires, about twenty-two ... |
Hirscher, Johann Baptist vonJohann Baptist von HirscherBorn 20 January, 1788, at Alt-Ergarten, Ravensburg; died 4 September, 1865. He studied at ... |
Historical CriticismHistorical CriticismHistorical criticism is the art of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of ... |
History, EcclesiasticalChurch HistoryI. NATURE AND OFFICE Ecclesiastical history is the scientific investigation and the methodical ... |
HittitesHethites(A.V. H ITTITES ) One of the many peoples of North-Western Asia, styled Hittim in the ... |
Hittorp, MelchiorMelchior HittorpA theologian and liturgical writer, born about 1525, at Cologne ; died there in 1584. On the ... |
Hladnik, Franz von PaulaFranz von Paula HladnikBotanist and schoolmaster, b. 29 March, 1773, at Idria, Carniola, Austria ; d. 25 November, ... |
HobartHobart(HOBARTENSIS) Hobart comprises Tasmania, Bruni Island, and the Cape Barren, Flinders, King, ... |
Hodgson, SydneySydney HodgsonA lawman and martyr ; date and place of birth unknown; d. at Tyburn, 10 Dec., 1591. He was a ... |
Hofer, AndreasAndreas HoferA patriot and soldier, born at St. Leonhard in Passeyrthale, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1767; executed at ... |
Hogan, John BaptistJohn Baptist HoganBetter known, on account of his long sojourn in France, as Abbé Hogan, born near Ennis in ... |
Hohenbaum van der Meer, MoritzMoritz Hohenbaum van Der MeerA Benedictine historian; born at Spörl near Belgrade, 25 June, 1718; died at the monastery ... |
HohenburgHohenburg(ODILIENBERG; ALTITONA) A suppressed nunnery, situated on the Odilienberg, the most famous of ... |
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Alexander LeopoldAlexander Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-SchillingsfuerstA titular Bishop of Sardica, famous for his many supposedly miraculous cures, born 17 August, ... |
Holbein, HansHans Holbein (The Elder)(The Elder Holbein) A German painter ; b. at Augsburg about 1460; d. at Isenheim, Alsace, in ... |
Holden, HenryHenry HoldenAn English priest ; born 1596; died March, 1662. Henry Holden was the second son of Richard ... |
HolinessHoliness(A.S. hal , perfect, or whole). Sanctitas in the Vulgate of the New Testament is the ... |
Holland, Ven. ThomasVen. Thomas HollandAn English martyr, b. 1600 at Sutton, Lancashire; martyred at Tyburn, 12 December, 1642. He ... |
Hollanders in the United StatesHollanders in the United StatesThe Hollanders played by no means an insignificant part in the early history of the United ... |
Holmes, JohnJohn HolmesCatholic educator and priest ; born at Windsor, Vermont, in 1799; died at Lorette, near ... |
HolocaustHolocaustAs suggested by its Greek origin ( holos "whole", and kaustos "burnt") the word designates an ... |
Holstenius, LucasLucas Holstenius(HOLSTE). German philologist, b. at Hamburg, 1596; d. at Rome, 2 February, 1661. He studied ... |
Holtei, Karl vonKarl von HolteiGerman novelist, poet, and dramatist; b. at Breslau, 24 January, 1798; d. in that city, 12 ... |
Holy Agony, Archconfraternity ofArchconfraternity of Holy AgonyAn association for giving special honour to the mental sufferings of Christ during His Agony ... |
Holy AllianceHoly AllianceThe Emperor Francis I of Austria, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and the Tsar Alexander I ... |
Holy Child Jesus, Society of theSociety of the Holy Child JesusThe Society was founded in England in 1840 by Mrs. Cornelia Connelly, née Peacock, ... |
Holy Childhood, Association of theAssociation of the Holy ChildhoodA children's association for the benefit of foreign missions. Twenty years after the foundation of ... |
Holy CoatHoly Coat(OF TRIER AND ARGENTEUIL). The possession of the seamless garment of Christ (Gr. chiton ... |
Holy CommunionHoly CommunionBy Communion is meant the actual reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist. Ascetic writers ... |
Holy Cross AbbeyHoly Cross AbbeyThe picturesque ruins of this monastery are situated on the right bank of the River Suir, about ... |
Holy Cross, Congregation ofCongregation of the Holy CrossA body of priests and lay brothers constituted in the religious state by the simple vows of ... |
Holy Cross, Sisters Marianites ofSisters Marianites of Holy CrossThe congregation of the Sisters Marianites of Holy Cross was founded in 1841, in the parish of ... |
Holy Cross, Sisters of theSisters of the Holy Cross(Mother House, St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception, Notre Dame, Indiana) As an offset to ... |
Holy Faith, Sisters of theSisters of the Holy FaithFounded at Dublin, in 1857, by Margaret Aylward, under the direction of Rev. John Gowan, C.M., ... |
Holy Family, Archconfraternity of theArchconfraternity of the Holy FamilyThis archconfraternity owes its origin to Henri Belletable, an officer in the Engineers' Corps, ... |
Holy Family, Congregations of theCongregations of the Holy FamilyI. ASSOCIATION OF THE HOLY FAMILY Founded in 1820 by the Abbé Pierre Bienvenue Noailles (d. ... |
Holy GhostHoly GhostI. SYNOPSIS OF THE DOGMA The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms ... |
Holy Ghost, Orders of theOrders of the Holy GhostThe Hospital of the Holy Ghost at Rome was the cradle of an order, which, beginning in the ... |
Holy Ghost, Religious Congregations of theReligious Congregations of the Holy GhostI. THE CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY GHOST AND OF THE IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY This Congregation was ... |
Holy Grail, TheThe Holy GrailThe name of a legendary sacred vessel , variously identified with the chalice of the Eucharist ... |
Holy House of LoretoSanta Casa di Loreto (Holy House of Loreto)(The Holy House of Loreto). Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the "Holy ... |
Holy Humility of Mary, Sisters of theSisters of the Holy Humility of MaryFounded at Dommartin-sous-Amance, France, in 1855, by John Joseph Begel (b. 5 April, 1817; d. 23 ... |
Holy Infancy, Brothers of theBrothers of the Holy InfancyFounded in 1853 by the Right Rev. John Timon, the first Bishop of Buffalo. The special aim of ... |
Holy InnocentsHoly InnocentsThe children mentioned in St. Matthew 2:16-18 : Herod perceiving that he was deluded by the wise ... |
Holy Name of JesusHoly Name of JesusWe give honour to the Name of Jesus, not because we believe that there is any intrinsic power ... |
Holy Name, Feast of theFeast of the Holy NameThis feast is celebrated on the second Sunday after Epiphany (double of the second class). ... |
Holy Name, Litany of theLitany of the Holy NameAn old and popular form of prayer in honour of the Name of Jesus. The author is not known. ... |
Holy Name, Society of theSociety of the Holy Name(Confraternity of the Most Holy Name of God and Jesus). An indulgenced confraternity in the ... |
Holy OilsHoly Oils(OLEA SACRA). Liturgical Benediction Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic ... |
Holy Oils, Vessels forVessels For Holy OilsIn Christian antiquity there existed an important category of vessels used as receptacles for ... |
Holy OrdersHoly OrdersOrder is the appropriate disposition of things equal and unequal, by giving each its proper place ... |
Holy SaturdayHoly SaturdayIn the primitive Church Holy Saturday was known as Great, or Grand, Saturday, Holy Saturday, the ... |
Holy SeeHoly See(From the Latin Sancta Sedes , Holy Chair). A term derived from the enthronement ... |
Holy SepulchreHoly SepulchreHoly Sepulchre refers to the tomb in which the Body of Jesus Christ was laid after His death ... |
Holy Sepulchre, Canonesses Regular of theCanonesses Regular of the Holy SepulchreConcerning the foundation there is only a tradition connecting it with St. James the Apostle and ... |
Holy Sepulchre, Fathers of theFathers of the Holy Sepulchre(Guardians) The Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre are the six or seven Franciscan Fathers, who ... |
Holy Sepulchre, Knights of theKnights of the Holy SepulchreNeither the name of a founder nor a date of foundation can be assigned to the so-called Order of ... |
Holy SpiritHoly GhostI. SYNOPSIS OF THE DOGMA The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms ... |
Holy Stairs (Scala Sancta)Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs)Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition ... |
Holy SynodHoly SynodIn its full form M OST H OLY D IRECTING S YNOD , the name of the council by which the ... |
Holy ThursdayMaundy Thursday (Holy Thursday)The feast of Maundy (or Holy) Thursday solemnly commemorates the institution of the Eucharist ... |
Holy WaterHoly WaterThe use of holy water in the earliest days of the Christian Era is attested by documents of ... |
Holy Water FontsHoly Water FontsVessels intended for the use of holy water are of very ancient origin, and archaeological ... |
Holy WeekHoly WeekHoly Week is the week which precedes the great festival of the Resurrection on Easter Sunday, and ... |
Holy Year of JubileeHoly Year of JubileeThe ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is most probable that the ... |
Holyrood AbbeyHolyrood AbbeyLocated in Edinburgh, Scotland ; founded in 1128 by King David I for the Canons Regular of ... |
HolywellHolywellA town in North Wales, situated on the declivity of a hill overlooking a picturesque valley, ... |
Holywood, ChristopherChristopher Holywood( Latinized , A Sacrobosco.) Jesuit ; b. At Artane, Dublin, in 1559; d. 4 September, 1626. ... |
Holywood, JohnJoannes de Sacrobosco(John Holywood), a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as ... |
Holzhauser, BartholomewBartholomew HolzhauserParish priest, ecclesiastical writer, and founder of a religious community; born 24 Aug., ... |
HomesHomesThis term, when used in an eleemosynary sense, covers all institutions that afford the general ... |
HomicideHomicide( Latin homo , man; and caedere , to slay) Homicide signifies, in general, the killing of a ... |
HomileticsHomileticsHomiletics is the science that treats of the composition and delivery of a sermon or other ... |
HomiliariumHomiliariumA collection of homilies, or familiar explanations of the Gospels (see HOMILY). From a very ... |
HomilyHomilyThe word homily is derived from the Greek word homilia (from homilein ), which means to ... |
HomoousionHomoousion(Gr. homoousion - from homos , same, and ousia , essence ; Latin consubstantialem , of ... |
HondurasBritish HondurasVICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF BRITISH HONDURAS. The territory of the vicariate is co-extensive with ... |
Hong-KongHong-KongThe island of Hong-Kong was ceded by the Chinese Government to Great Britain in January, 1841, ... |
Honoratus a Sancta MariaHonoratus a Sancta MariaA Discalced Carmelite ; born at Limoges, 4 July, 1651 ; died at Lille, 1729. Blaise Vauxelles ... |
Honoratus, SaintSaint HonoratusArchbishop of Arles; b. about 350; d. 6 (or, according to certain authors, 14 or 15) January, ... |
Honorius I, PopePope Honorius IPope (625-12 October, 638), a Campanian, consecrated 27 October (Duchesne) or 3 November ... |
Honorius II, PopePope Honorius II(Lamberto Scannabecchi) Born of humble parents at Fagnano near Imola at an unknown date ; ... |
Honorius III, PopePope Honorius III(Cencio Savelli) Born at Rome, date of birth unknown; died at Rome, 18 March, 1227. For a ... |
Honorius IV, PopePope Honorius IV(Giacomo Savelli) Born at Rome about 1210; died at Rome, 3 April, 1287. He belonged to the ... |
Honorius of AutunHonorius of Autun(HONORIUS AUGUSTODUNENSIS) A theologian, philosopher, and encyclopedic writer who lived in ... |
Honorius, FlaviusFlavius HonoriusRoman Emperor, d. 25 August, 423. When his father, the Emperor Theodosius, divided up the ... |
Honorius, SaintSt. HonoriusArchbishop of Canterbury, fifth in succession from St. Augustine, elected 627; consecrated at ... |
HonourHonourHonour may be defined as the deferential recognition by word or sign of another's worth or ... |
Hontheim, Johannes Nicolaus vonJohannes Nicolaus Von Hontheim(FEBRONIUS) An auxiliary Bishop of Trier ; born at Trier, 27 January, 1701; died at ... |
HoodHoodA flexible, conical, brimless head-dress, covering the entire head, except the face. It is either ... |
Hoogstraten, Jacob vanJacob van Hoogstraten(also HOCHSTRATEN) A theologian and controversialist, born about 1460, in Hoogstraeten, ... |
Hooke, Luke JosephLuke Joseph HookeBorn at Dublin in 1716; died at St. Cloud, Paris, 16 April, 1796, son of Nathaniel Hooke the ... |
HopeHopeHope, in its widest acceptation, is described as the desire of something together with the ... |
Hope-Scott, James RobertJames Robert Hope-Scott(Originally H OPE ) Parliamentary barrister, Q.C.; b. 15 July, 1812, at Great Marlow, ... |
Hopi IndiansHopi Indians(From Hopita, "peaceful ones" their own name; also frequently known as Moki, or Moqui, an alien ... |
Hopkins, Gerard ManleyGerard Manley HopkinsJesuit and poet, born at Stratford, near London, 28 July, 1844; died at Dublin, 8 June, 1889. ... |
Hormisdas, Pope SaintPope St. HormisdasDate of birth unknown, elected to the Holy See, 514; d. at Rome, 6 August, 523. This able and ... |
Horner, NicholasNicholas HornerLayman and martyr, born at Grantley, Yorkshire, England, date of birth unknown; died at ... |
Horns, AltarAltar HornsOn the Jewish altar there were four projections, one at each corner, which were called the horns ... |
Hornyold, John JosephJohn Joseph HornyoldA titular Bishop of Phiomelia, Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, England ; born 19 ... |
Hortulus AnimæHortulus Animae(L ITTLE G ARDEN OF THE S OUL ). A prayer book which both in its Latin and German ... |
HosannaHosanna"And the multitudes that went before and that followed, cried, saying: Hosanna to the son of ... |
HoseaOseeNAME AND COUNTRY Osee (Hôsheá‘– Salvation ), son of Beeri, was one of ... |
Hosius of CordovaHosius of CordovaThe foremost Western champion of orthodoxy in the early anti-Arian struggle; born about 256; ... |
Hosius, StanislausStanislaus Hosius(HOE, HOSZ) Cardinal and Prince- Bishop of Ermland ; born of German parents at Cracow, 5 ... |
HospiceHospice( Latin hospitium , a guest house). During the early centuries of Christianity the hospice ... |
Hospital Sisters of the Mercy of JesusHospital Sisters of the Mercy of JesusThese sisters are established in religion under the Rule of St. Augustine, the institute being ... |
HospitalityHospitalityThe Council of Trent in its twenty-fifth session, cap. viii, De Ref., enjoins "all who hold any ... |
HospitallersHospitallersDuring the Middle Ages, among the hospitals established throughout the West ( Maisons-Dieu ... |
Hospitallers of St. John of JerusalemKnights of Malta(Also known as K NIGHTS OF M ALTA ). The most important of all the military orders, both ... |
HospitalsHospitals(Latin hospes , a guest; hence hospitalis , hospitable; hospitium , a guest-house or ... |
Hospitius, SaintSaint Hospitius(Sospis) Recluse, b. according to tradition in Egypt, towards the beginning of the sixth ... |
Hossche, Sidron deSidron de Hossche( Latin HOSSCHIUS) Sidron de Hossche, poet and priest ; born at Mercken, West Flanders, in ... |
HostHostArchaeological and Historical Aspects The bread destined to receive Eucharistic Consecration is ... |
Host, JohannJohann HostOne of the seven Dominicans, who distinguished themselves in the struggle against Luther in ... |
HottentotsHottentotsThe Hottentot is one of three tribes of South Africa which may be divided — Bantus, ... |
Houbigant, Charles FrançoisCharles-Francois HoubigantBorn in Paris, 1686; died there 31 October, 1783. He entered the Congregation of the Oratory in ... |
Houdon, Jean-AntoineJean-Antoine HoudonBorn at Versailles, 1741; died 16 July, 1828; the most distinguished sculptor of France ... |
Houdry, VincentVincent HoudryPreacher and writer on ascetics; b. 23 January, 1631, at Tours ; d. 21 March, 1729, at Paris. ... |
Houghton, John, BlessedBlessed John HoughtonProtomartyr of the persecution under Henry VIII, b. in Essex, 1487; d. at Tyburn, 4 May, 1535. ... |
Houghton, WilliamWilliam Houghton(Variously called DE HOTUM, DE HOTHUM, DE HOZUM, BOTHUM, DE HONDEN, HEDDON, HEDDONEM, according as ... |
Hours, CanonicalCanonical HoursI. IDEA By canonical hour is understood all the fixed portion of the Divine Office which the ... |
Hours, Liturgy of theDivine Office("Liturgy of the Hours" I. THE EXPRESSION "DIVINE OFFICE" This expression signifies ... |
Hove, Peter vanPeter van HoveFriar Minor, lector in theology and exegete ; b. at Rethy, in Campine (Belgium); d. at Antwerp, ... |
Howard, Mary, of the Holy CrossMary Howard, of the Holy CrossPoor Clare, born 28 December, 1653; died at Rouen, 21 Mary's 1735, daughter of Sir Robert Howard, ... |
Howard, Philip ThomasPhilip Thomas HowardDominican and cardinal, commonly called the "Cardinal of Norfolk"; born at Arundel House, ... |
Howard, Philip, VenerableVen. Philip HowardMartyr, Earl of Arundel; born at Arundel House, London, 28 June 1557, died in the Tower of London, ... |
Howard, Venerable WilliamVen. William HowardViscount Stafford, martyr ; born 30 November, 1614; beheaded Tower-Hill, 29 December, 1680. He ... |
HroswithaHroswithaA celebrated nun -poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, ... |
HuánucoHuanuco(Huanucensis) Suffragan of Lima in Peru. The department of Huánuco contains an ... |
Huajuápam de LeónHuajuapam de Leon(Huajuapatamensis) Diocese in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, erected by Bull of Leo XIII , ... |
HuarazHuarazDiocese of Huaraz (Huaraziensis) Suffragan of Lima. It comprises the entire department of ... |
Huber, AlphonsAlphons HuberAn historian; born 14 October, 1834, at Fügen, Zillerthal (Tyrol); died 23 November, 1898, at ... |
Hubert WalterHubert WalterArchbishop of Canterbury (1193-1205); died 13 July, 1205; son of Hervey (Herveus) Walter and ... |
Hubert, Jean-FrançoisJean-Francois HubertThe ninth Bishop of Quebec, born at Quebec, 23 February, 1739; died 17 October, 1799; son of ... |
Hubert, SaintSt. HubertConfessor, thirty-first Bishop of Maastricht, first Bishop of Liège, and Apostle of ... |
Hubert, Saint, Military Orders ofMilitary Orders of Saint HubertI. The highest order of Bavaria, founded in 1444 or 1445 by Gerhard V, Duke of Jülich, in ... |
Huc, Evariste RégisEvariste Regis HucA French Lazarist missionary and traveller; born at Caylus (Tarn-et-Garonne), 1 June, 1813; died ... |
Hucbald of St-AmandHucbald of St-Amand(HUGBALDUS, UBALDUS, UCHUBALDUS) A Benedictine monk ; born in 840; died in 930 or 932. The ... |
Huddleston, JohnJohn HuddlestonMonk of the Order of St. Benedict; b. at Farington Hall, Lancashire, 15 April, 1608; exact date ... |
Hudson, Blessed JamesBl. James Thompson(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ... |
Hueber, FortunatusFortunatus HueberA Franciscan historian and theologian, born at Neustadt on the Danube; died 12 Feb., 1706, at ... |
Huelgas de BurgosHuelgas de BurgosThe royal monastery of Las Huelgas de Burgos was founded by Alfonso VIII at the instance of ... |
HuescaHuesca(OSCENSIS) Huesca embraces parts of the province of Huesca in north-eastern Spain, seven ... |
Huet, Pierre-DanielPierre-Daniel HuetA distinguished savant and celebrated French bishop ; born 8 February, 1630, at Caen (Normandy), ... |
Hug, Johann LeonhardHugA German Catholic exegete, b. at Constance, 1 June, 1765; d. at Freiburg im Br., 11 March, ... |
Hugh CapetHugh CapetKing of France, founder of the Capetian dynasty, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. ... |
Hugh Faringdon, BlessedBl. Hugh Faringdon( Vere COOK). English martyr ; b. probably at Faringdon, Berkshire, date unknown; d. at ... |
Hugh of DigneHugh of DigneFriar Minor andascetical writer; b. at Digne, south-east France, date uncertain; d. at ... |
Hugh of FlavignyHugh of FlavignyBenedictine monk and historian; b. about 1064, probably at Verdun (Lorraine); d. before the ... |
Hugh of FleuryHugh of Fleury(Called also HUGO A SANTA MARIA, from the name of the church of his native village). ... |
Hugh of Lincoln, SaintSaint Hugh of LincolnBorn about the year 1135 at the castle of Avalon, near Pontcharra, in Burgundy ; died at London, ... |
Hugh of RemiremontHugh of RemiremontSurnamed CANDIDUS or BLANCUS. Cardinal, born of a noble family, probably in Lorraine, died soon ... |
Hugh of St-CherHugh of St-Cher(Latin D E S ANCTO C ARO ; D E S ANCTO T HEODORICO ). A Dominican cardinal of the ... |
Hugh of St. VictorHugh of St. VictorMedieval philosopher, theologian, and mystical writer; b. 1096, at the manor of Hartingham in ... |
Hugh of StrasburgHugh of StrasburgTheologian, flourished during the latter half of the thirteenth century. The dates of his birth ... |
Hugh the Great, SaintSt. Hugh the GreatAbbot of Cluny, born at Semur (Brionnais in the Diocese of Autun, 1024; died at Cluny, 28 ... |
Hugh, SaintSt. Hugh(Called LITTLE SAINT HUGH OF LINCOLN.) St. Hugh was the son of a poor woman of Lincoln ... |
Hughes, JohnJohn HughesFourth bishop and first Archbishop of New York, born at Annaloghan, Co. Tyrone, Ireland, 24 ... |
Hugo, Charles-HyacintheCharles-Hyacinthe HugoBorn 20 Sept., 1667, at St. Mihiel (Department of Meuse, France ); died 2 August, 1739. He ... |
HuguccioHuguccio(HUGH OF PISA) Italian canonist, b. at Pisa, date unknown; d. in 1210. He studied at ... |
HuguenotsHuguenotsA name by which the French Protestants are often designated. Its etymology is uncertain. ... |
Hulst, Maurice Le Sage d'Hauteroche d'Maurice le Sage d'Hauteroche d'HulstA prelate, writer, orator; born at Paris, 10 Oct., 1841; died there, 6 Nov., 1896. After a ... |
Human ActsHuman ActsActs are termed human when they are proper to man as man; when, on the contrary, they are ... |
HumanismHumanismHumanism is the name given to the intellectual, literary, and scientific movement of the ... |
Humbert of RomansHumbert of Romans(DE ROMANIS). Fifth master general of the Dominican Order, b. at Romans in the Diocese of ... |
Humeral VeilHumeral VeilThis is the name given to a cloth of rectangular shape about 8 ft. long and 1 1/2 ft. wide. The ... |
HumiliatiHumiliatiI. A penitential order dating back, according to some authorities, to the beginning of the ... |
HumilityHumilityThe word humility signifies lowliness or submissiveness an it is derived from the Latin ... |
Humphrey Middlemore, BlessedBl. Humphrey MiddlemoreEnglish Carthusian martyr, date of birth uncertain; d. at Tyburn, London, 19 June, 1535. His ... |
Humphreys, LaurenceLaurence HumphreysLayman and martyr, born in Hampshire, England, 1571; died at Winchester, 1591. Of Protestant ... |
Hungarian Catholics in AmericaHungarian Catholics in AmericaThe Kingdom of Hungary (Magyarország) comprises within its borders several races or ... |
Hungarian LiteratureHungarian LiteratureThe language which has prevailed in Hungary for nearly a thousand years and is spoken at the ... |
HungaryHungaryGEOGRAPHY AND MATERIAL CONDITIONS The Kingdom of Hungary, or "Realm of the Crown of St. Stephen ... |
Hunolt, FranzFranz HunoltThe most popular German preacher of the early part of the eighteenth century, b. 31 March, 1691, ... |
Hunt, Ven. ThurstonVen. Thurston HuntAn English martyr (March, 1601), who belonged to the family seated at Carlton Hall, near ... |
Hunter, Sylvester JosephSylvester Joseph HunterEnglish Jesuit priest and educator; b. at Bath, 13 Sept., 1829; d. at Stonyhurst, 20 June, 1896. ... |
Hunting, Canons onHuntingFrom early times, hunting, in one form or another has been forbidden to clerics. Thus, in the ... |
Huntington, Jedediah VincentJedediah Vincent HuntingtonClergyman, novelist; born 20 January, 1815, in New York City; died 10 March, 1862, at Pau, France. ... |
Hunyady, JánosJanos Hunyady(JOHN) Governor of Hungary, born about 1400; died 11 August, 1456; the heroic defender of the ... |
Huron IndiansHuron IndiansThe main divisions of the subject are: I. THE HURONS BEFORE THEIR DISPERSION (1) Their Place in ... |
Hurst, RichardRichard Hurst(Or HERST.) Layman and martyr, b. probably at Broughton, near Preston, Lancashire, England, ... |
Hurtado, CasparCaspar HurtadoA Spanish Jesuit and theologian, b. at Mondejar, New Castle, in 1575; d. at Alcalá, 5 ... |
HurterHurter(1) Friedrich Emmanuel Von Hurter Convert and historian, b. at Schaffhausen, 19 March, 1787; d. at ... |
Hus, JanJan Hus(Also spelled John ). Born at Husinetz in southern Bohemia, 1369; died at Constance 6 ... |
Husenbeth, Frederick CharlesFrederick Charles HusenbethBorn at Bristol, 30 May, 1796; died at Cossey, Norfolk, 31 October, 1872. The son of a Bristol ... |
Hussey, ThomasThomas HusseyBishop of Waterford and Lismore, b. at Ballybogan, Co. Meath, in 1746; d. at Tramore, Co. ... |
HussitesHussitesThe followers of Jan Hus did not of themselves assume the name of Hussites. Like Hus, they ... |
Hutton, PeterPeter HuttonPriest, b. at Holbeck, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, 29 June, 1811; d. at Ratcliffe, ... |
Huysmans, Joris KarlJoris Karl HuysmansA French novelist; born in Paris, 5 February, 1848; died 12 May, 1907. He studied at the Lycee ... |
Hyacinth and Protus, SaintsSts. Protus and HyacinthMartyrs during the persecution of Valerian (257-9). The day of their annual commemoration is ... |
Hyacinth, SaintSt. HyacinthDominican, called the Apostle of the North, son of Eustachius Konski of the noble family of ... |
Hyacintha Mariscotti, SaintSt. Hyacintha MariscottiA religious of the Third Order of St. Francis and foundress of the Sacconi; born 1585 of a noble ... |
Hydatius of LemicaHydatius of Lemica( Also IDATIUS; LEMICA is more correctly LIMICA.) A chronicler and bishop, born at the end ... |
Hyderabad-Deccan, Diocese ofHyderabad-DeccanHyderabad, also called Bhagnagar, and Fakhunda Bunyad, capital of the Nizam's dominions, was ... |
Hyginus, Pope SaintPope St. HyginusReigned about 138-142; succeeded Pope Telesphorus, who, according to Eusebius (Hist. eccl., IV, ... |
HylozoismHylozoism(Greek hyle , matter + zoe , life ) The doctrine according to which all matter ... |
HymnHymnA derivative of the Latin hymnus , which comes from the Greek hymnos , derived from hydein ... |
Hymnody and HymnologyHymnody and HymnologyHymnody, taken from the Greek ( hymnodia ), means exactly " hymn song", but as the hymn-singer ... |
HypæpaHypaepaTitular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus; it was a small town on the southern slope of ... |
HypnotismHypnotism(Greek hypnos , sleep) By Hypnotism , or Hypnosis , we understand here the nervous ... |
HypocrisyHypocrisy(Greek hypo , under, and krinesthai , to contend — hence adequately "to answer" on the ... |
Hypostatic UnionHypostatic UnionA theological term used with reference to the Incarnation to express the revealed truth ... |
HypsistariansHypsistariansHypsistarians or worshippers of the Hypsistos , i.e. of the "Most High" God ; a distinct ... |
Hyrtl, JosephJoseph HyrtlAustrian anatomist, b. at Eisenstadt in Hungary, December 7, 1810; d. 17 July, 1894, on his ... |
HyssopHyssop( Septuagint hyssopos ). A plant which is referred to in a few passages of Holy Writ , and ... |
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