The Carthusian Order
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The name is derived from the French chartreuse through the Latin cartusia , of which the English "charterhouse" is a corruption. For the foundation of the order see the article SAINT BRUNO. The following points will be considered here:
I. The Rule;II. Life of the Monks ;
III. Organization;
IV. Development;
V. Present State of the Order;
VI. Distinguished Carthusians;
VII. English Province;
VIII. Carthusian Nuns.
I. THE RULE
We have two accounts of the manner of life of the first Carthusians, the earliest, written by Guibert, Abbot of Nogent, the second by Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny. The former runs as follows: "The church stands upon a ridge . . . thirteen monks dwell there, who have a sufficiently convenient cloister, in accordance with the cenobitic custom, but do not live together claustraliter like other monks. Each has his own cell round the cloister, and in these they work, sleep, and eat. On Sundays they receive the necessary bread and vegetables (for the week) which is their only kind of food and is cooked byy each one in his own cell; water for drinking and for other purposes is supplied by a conduit . . . . There are no gold or silver ornaments in their church, except a silver chalice. They do not go to the church as we do [Guibert was a Benedictine ], but only for certain of them. They hear Mass, unless I am mistaken, on Sundays and solemnities. They hardly ever speak, and, if they want anything, ask for it by a sign. If they ever drink wine, it is so watered down as to be scarcely better than plain water. They wear a bair shirt next the skin, and their other garments are thin and scanty. They live under a prior, and the Bishop of Grenoble acts as their abbot and provisor . . . Lower down the mountain there is a building containing over twenty most faithful lay brothers [ laicos ], who work for them. . . . Althougli they observe the utmost poverty, they are getting together a very rich library. (P.L., CLVI, 853 sqq.).
Peter the Venerable adds certain details, lays stress on the poorness of their garments, and mentions that they restricted their possessions both in land and cattle, and fixed their own number at thirteen monks, eighteen lay brothers, and a few servants. Of their diet he says, "They always abstain from the eating of meat, whether in health or ill. They never buy fish, but accept them if given in charity. Cheese an eggs are allowed on Sundays and Thursdays. On Tuesdays and Saturdays, they eat cooked vegetables, but on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, they take only bread and water. They eat once a day only, save at Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany, and on certain other festivals . . . . On feast days they go to the refectory, eat twice, and sing the whole office in the church." (P.L., (CLXXXIX, 944 D.)
Guibert wrote in 1104, Peter some twenty years later, so there was time for development, which may account for certain discrepancies between the two accounts. The "Customsi" of the Chartreuse were not committed to writing till 1127. Bruno had left the world in order to serve God in solitude, and without any intention of founding an order. In the earliest days the hermits had no rule, but all strove to live after Bruno's example and in accordance with the Evangelical counsels. When regular monastic buildings were erected and vocations began to increase, some sort of rule became a necessity. St. Bruno wrote none, but the customs which he introduced, together with additions born of experience, were embodied in the "Consuetudines" written by Guigo, the fifth prior, in 1127. This was not a rule written with authority, but a record of the usages of the motherhouse of the order (Ann., 1, 305), compiled at the request of the priors of the charterhouses, and finally accepted by them as their code. In the introduction the writer says that almost all the customs are contained "either in the epistles of the Blessed Jerome, or in the Rule of St. Benedict , or in other authorized writings". A later writer, Boso, the nineteenth prior of the Grande Chartreuse (d. 1313), says, "It is clear that the contents of the Statutes come either from St. Benediet's Rule, St. Jerome's Epistles, the 'Vitae Patrum' or the 'collationes' and other writings of Cassian and the Fathers" (quoted in Ann., 1, 37). The Rule of St. Benedict (the only monastic rule of those days) gave the norm of those duties which were performed in common, and supplied the arrangement of the Divine Office, the treatment of guests, the form of the vows. Many new departures were introduced to meet the needs of the solitude which is an essential of the Carthusian life; from the Fathers of the Desert came the laura-like arrangement of the building and the solitary life of the cells, while the statutes are probably also indebted to the Rule of Camaldoli (see CAMALDOLESE) (founded by St. Romuald in 1012), which was reduced to writing by the Blessed Rudolf in 1080. The fundamental principle of Camaldoli and the Chartreuse is the same, namely, the combination of Western monasticism as embodied in St. Benedict's Rule with the eremitical life of the Egyptian solitaries. In both orders the superiors were to be priors, not abbots, and in all the earliest Carthusian houses there was, as at Camaldoli, a "lower house" for lay brothers who served the external needs of the contemplative monks at the "upper house". The first hermits tended strongly to be purely eremitical, but the cenobitic development was hastened hour by the necessities of life find by the influence of neigbouring Benedictine houses, especially perhaps of Cluny. The union of the two systems was only gradually evolved under the pressure of circumstance.
Guigo's "Consuetudines" were first approved by Innocent II in 1133 (Ann., I, 305) and are still the basis of the modern statutes. In 1258 the general, Dom Riffier, issued a new edition, adding various ordinances passed by the general chapters since 1127; these are known as the "Statuta Antiqua". The "Statuta Nova" with similar additions appeared in 1368. In 1509 the general chapter approved the "Tertia Compilatio", consisting of a collection of the ordinances of the chapters and a synopsis of the statutes. The Carthusian Rule was printed for the first time by Johann Amorbach at Basle in 1510. This volume contains Guigo's "Consuetudines", the "Statuta Antiqua", the "Statuta Nova", and the "Tertia Compilatio". The "Nova Collectio Statutorum" was published in 1581. This work, which had cost eleven years of preparatory labour, includes in one well-ordered series all the various legislation scattered throughout the cumbersome volume of 1510. A century later a second edition was printed at the Correrie or "lower house" of the Grande Chartreuse by order of Dom Innocent Le Masson, and this, after receiving certain corrections of slight importance, was finally confirmed by Innocent XI by the Bull "Injunctum nobis" of 1588. The fifth edition of the statutes is a verbal reprint of the second. The first part, or "Ordinarium", which is printed separately, is concerned with church ceremonial, the second treats of the government of the order and the observances and occupation of the religious, the third is concerned with the lay brothers and the nuns. Guigo's "Consuetudines" contains in substance the customs introduced by St. Bruno with certain additions and modifications. The many formal changes and accretions which the original "Consuetudines" have undergone, have affected neither their substance nor their spirit, but, as Le Masson says, "have been like a change of clothing, which adds nothing and takes nothing from the substance of the body" (Discip. Ord. Cart., 1, vii, 9). We must remember that the pictures given by Guibert and Peter the Venerable depict the Carthusian life at a stage of semi-development. The only mitigation of importance introduced since Guigo's day is the decrease of the fast on bread and water from thrice to once weekly. Additional duties have been laid upon the monks in the shape of extra prayers, the singing of a daily conventual Mass, the lengthening of the night Office and of the Office for the Dead, and the withdrawal of the permission to take a midday siesta, while, instead of having, as formerly, seven or eight hours uninterrupted sleep, their rest is now broken by the long night vigils (P. L., CLTII, 609A).
II. LIFE OF THE MONKS
A Carthusian monastery covers a great deal of ground owing to the system of life. It usually consists, of the great cloister, round which are the separate houses, or "cells" of the monks, the lesser cloister with cells of various officials, the "obediences", or workshops of the lay brothers and their living rooms, church, chapter-house, refectory and other conventual offices. The church is usually small and without aisles, divided by a solid screen with a door and two altars into the choir proper and lay brothers ' choir. No organ is allowed. There is usually a tribune for visitors. No woman, save the sovereign, may enter a charterhouse. At the side of each cell door is the guichet or hatch, through which the monk's food is introduced by a lay brother ; within, a covered ambulacrum , with a small garden beside it, leads to the house. This consists of five rooms; on the ground floor, a store room for timber and fuel, and a workshop with a lathe and other tools; above, an antechamber, a small library with just sufficient room for bookcase, chair, table, and the cell proper, whose furniture consists of a wooden box-bedstead with woollen blankets, and mattress of straw, a table for meals, a few chairs, a stove, and a stall with a prie-Dieu , known as the oratorium .
The Carthusian life is essentially solitary and contemplative with a certain admixture of the cenobitic element (see I). A very large part of the day is devoted to saying the three Offices (i.e. that of the day, the Office of Our Lady, which is called de Beata , and the Office of the Dead ), while much time is given to mental prayer. The rest is divided between manual labour, study, and a little recreation. The whole horarium depends on whether the Office of the day be that of the feria or of a Sunday or feast. The following is the ferial arrangement, which is by far the commoner. The Carthusian's day begins at half-past five, when a junior monk, going the round of the cloister, rings a bell hanging near the sleeper's ear. The church bell rings at six, when Prime of the day is said in the oratorium, followed by Terce de Beata . All offices said in the oratorium are accompanied by full choir ceremonial, as bowing, covering, and uncovering. At half-past six the Angelus sounds, and the monk remains at prayer till a quarter to seven, when he goes to the church. The conventual Mass, which is always sung, is preceded by adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and the litanies of the saints. The Carthusian liturgy differs considerably from the Roman Rite, being substantially that of Grenoble in the twelfth century with some admixture from other sources. There are no servers at the high Mass, and the priest is attended by the deacon, who wears neither alb nor dalmatic, but the cuculla ecclesiastics (see below) and, for the Gospel only, a stole. The subdeacon merely reads the Epistle at the lectern in the middle of the choir. There are many other points of difference. Copes and monstrances are unknown in the charterhouse. After the conventual Mass the priests say their private Masses, reciting Terce with the server before vesting and Sext de Beata after their thanksgiving.
At about half-past eight the monk returns to his cell and is occupied with manual work and meditation till ten, when, after saying Sext of the day, he fetches his dinner from the guichet . The meal is copious and excellently cooked, consisting of vegetable soup, fish or eggs, vegetables, cheese, butter and fruit, and a small bottle of wine or, in England, of rather thin beer. After dinner there is an hour and a half of solitary recreation, which may be spent in garden, ambulacrum, or cell at will, and is followed by None ; spiritual reading, study, and manual labour till half-past two, when Vespers de Beata are said. At a quarter to three the monk leaves his cell for the second time, going to the church to sing Vespers, and, except on feasts and their vigils, Vespers and Matins of the Dead. He returns to his cell about four, and, after half an hour's study, takes his supper, consisting generally of eggs and a little salad. This is followed by spiritual reading and examination of conscience , known in the order as the "recollection". At a quarter to six, but earlier on the eve of a feast, the bell sounds for Complin of the day and de Beata . At about half-past six the monk retires to bed, still wearing the greater part of his habit. Five hours after the Complin bell, he rises and says Matins and Lauds de Beata with the Psalm "Deus venerunt gentes" and certain prayers for the recovery of the Holy Land. These last were ordered to be said during Mass by the Lateran Council in 1215, and were retained voluntarily bv the Carthusians after the law ceased to bind, but transferred to this hour. At a quarter to twelve the monk leaves his cell for the third and last time to sing Matins and Lauds with Lauds of the Dead. This takes two and a half to three hours. To a visitor it is very impressive. A large portion of the Office is sung in complete darkness save for the sanctuary lamps, the rest by the light of small oil lamps carefully shaded to throw their light only one the choir books, one of which is provided for every three religious. The Carthusian chant, a species of Gregorian, has a special character of its own, slow and plaintive. "As the duty of a good monk is rather to lament than to sing", say the rubrics, "we must so sing that lamentation, not the joy of singing, be in our hearts." At about a quarter past two in the morning the Carthusian returns to his cell, where he says Prime de Beata . His total of sleep, thus broken into two parts, is seldom less than seven hours. On Sundays and feast days this horarium is considerably modified. The community assemble for all the Hours of the Great Office in church, and in the refectory for both meals. These latter are always eaten in silence, while the Scripture or some homily of the Fathers is chanted to the solemn tones of the nocturn-lessons. On these days also there is a common recreation with talking in the cloister for the solemnly professed, but only on Sundays for all. Once every week, the monks go out for a walk together, during which they converse. This is known as the Spatiamentum and usually lasts about three and a half hours.
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During the great monastic fast, which lasts from 14 September to Ash Wednesday, except for Sundays and feast days, dinner is an hour later, and supper consists of a glass of wine and a crust of bread ne potus noceat (Statutes). During Lent, Vespers are sung before dinner, which is not till midday and supper is as above. Meat is never allowed on any account, though, in a case of life and death, the monk may, if not solemnly professed, be dispensed. Once a week there is a fast on bread and water and during Advent and Lent, on Fridays and on certain vigils lacticinia are forbidden.
The Carthusian wears the ordinary monastic habit in white serge, but the scapular which is joined by bands at the side and has the hood attached to it, is known as the "cowl". The long flowing garment with wide sleeves, which usually bears this name, is used only by the deacon at high Mass. No beard is worn, and the hair is shaved except for a narrow strip round the head. Novices wear a black mantle and their cowl is short and unjoined. The postulancy usually lasts one month, the novitiate one year, at the end which simple vows are taken; the solemn vows are taken four years later.
The lay brothers live an entirely cenobitical life, and are occupied in the servile work of the establishment. Their habit differs only slightly from that of the fathers. After two years postulancy and novitiate, the lay novice becomes a donné , wearing a brown habit, but takes no vows. He may remain always in this condition, but it requires eight more years to become a solemnly professed lay brother. The lay brothers and donnés , collectively known as the Familia , are under the procurator, and have their own chapel, chapter-house, and refectory. Their Office consists of a large number of Paters and Aves. They attend the night Office, conventual Mass, and Vespers, on Sundays and feasts, but usually only the first part of the night Office.
III. ORGANIZATION
The prior of the Grande Chartreuse, who is elected by the monks of that house, is always the general of the order. He wears no insignia, but is the only one in the order who receives the title of "Reverend Father", all other religious being known as "Venerable Fathers". The general chapter, which consists of the visitors and all the priors, meets annually, and receives the resignations of all the superiors of the order including the general. These it reinstates or removes at will. Its ordinances have the force of law, but do not become permanent unless twice renewed. The visitors, who are appointed by the chapter, make a visitation of each charterhouse every two vears, to enquire into its condition and reform any abuses. The first general chapter of the order was held by St. Anthelm in 1142, and in the year 1258 its powers were confirmed by Pope Alexander IV . To the wise ordinances of this body and to its series of distinguished generals the order owes its claim nunquam reformata quia nunquam deformata .
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The prior of each house is, in strict law, elected by the professed monks of the community, if there are four present who have been actually professed for that house or who are original founders. Nowadays he is generally the father general and the chapter. The prior is assisted by various officials. These are the vicar, who takes the prior's place in case of necessity, the procurator, who is entrusted with the temporal administration and the care of the lay brothers, the coadjutor, who looks after guests and retreatants, the antiquior, who takes the vicar's place, the sacristan, and the novice-master.
IV. DEVELOPMENT
From its very nature the order grew slowly. In 1300 there were but 39 monasteries, but during the fourteenth century 113 were founded, extending as ftr as Silesia, Bobemia, and Hungary. During the Great Schism there were two generals, but both resigned on the election of Alexander V in 1409 and the order was once more united. During the fifteenth century, 44 charterhouses were founded and in 1521 there were in all 206, but during the sixteenth century 39 were destroyed b the Reformation and only l3 founded. In 1559 a foundation in Mexico was projected but fell through owing to the opposition of the King of Spain. Writing in 1607 Le Masson says, "We number about 2,500 choir monks and 1,300 lay brothers and donnés , giving an average of a dozen fathers and eight or nine lay brothers to each house". Between 1600 and 1667, 22 monasteries were founded, and then no more till the nineteenth century. The order entirely escaped the scourge of commendatory superiors. Joseph II suppressed 24 houses, and in 1784 the Spanish Government compelled its charterhouses to separate from the order.
The French charterhouses were less infected with Jansenism than most of the ancient orders. Owing to the energy of the general, Dom Antoine de Mongeffond, only thirty monks out of a total of over 1,000, and those mostly belonging to the Paris house, ultimately refused to sign the "Unigenitus". These fled to Utrecht. At the outbreak of the Revolution there were 122 charterhouses, which were nearly all suppressed, as the French armies swept over Europe. In 1816 the monks returned to the Grande Chartreuse. The Spanish houses were suppressed in 1835; the Port-Dietu in Switzerland, which had escaped the earlier storm, in 1847; the monasteries in Italy for a second time during the course of the Risorgimento; and the restored French houses as a consequence of the Association Laws of 1901.
V. PRESENT STATE OF THE ORDER
In 1900 the monks possessed eleven monasteries in France and nine in other parts of Europe. The French houses are now empty and four new or restored houses have been opened in Spain and Italy. The following is a list of the charterhouses existing at the end of 1907. In Italy : Farneta, near Lucca, recently repurchased and occupied by the general and the conventus Cartusiae ; Pisa ; Florence, where the monks are merely custodians of a national monument; Trisulti, near Alatri ; La Torre, in Calabria; Vedana, in the Diocese of Belluno; La Cervara, near Genoa, recently repurchased. The Procura of the order at Rome. In Spain : Monte Allegro, near Barcelona; Aula Dei, Peñaflor, near Saragossa; Miraflores, with its spelendid royal tombs ; the liqueur is made at the Casa de los Cartujos, Tarragona. In England : Parkminster, in Sussex, is the largest charterliouse in the world, with thirty-six cells and 3,166 feet of cloister. It now contains the community of Notre-Dame de Près, Montreuil, as well as its own. In Switzerland : Val-Sainte in Canton Friburg. In Gerimany: Hain near Düsseldorf. In Austria Pletterjack, founded in 1403, abandoned 1595, and since rebuilt. In Belgium : the printing works belonging to Montreuil are now at Tournai. There are 300 solemnly professed monks, 35 junior professed, and 15 novices, making 350 choir monks, of whom about 20 are not yet priests ; also about the same total of lay brothers , lay novices, and donnés . The badge of the order is a globe surronded by a cross and seven stars, with the motto "Stat crux, dum volvitur orbis".
The famous liqueur is a secret manufacture, invented by the monks in the nineteenth century, as a means of subsistence, to take the place of the broad acres lost in the Revolution. The large proceeds, after assisting to pay for the maintenance of the various charterhouses and the building of new ones, has been entirely devoted to various works of charity.
VI. DISTINGUISHED CARTHUSIANS
Besides St. Bruno the best known saints of the order are: St. Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln (d. 1200); St. Anthelm, seventh prior of the Grande Chartreuse, and first general, who died Bishop of Belley in 1178; St. Arthold, Bishop of Belley (d. 1206); St. Stephen of Chitillon, Bishop of Die (d. 1213). Many members have been beatified, among them the English Carthusian martyrs and Bl. Nicolo Albergati , Cardinal and Bishop of Bologna. There have been about seventy Carthusian bishops and archbishops, including a few cardinals. There has never been a Carthusian pope.
Guibert mentions the richness of the library of the chartreuse (see I), and in his "Consuetudines" Guigo writes, "We desire that books be looked after most carefully as the continual food of our souls, and that they be written [ fieri ] with the utmost diligence, so that we may preach the Word of God by the work of our hands, since we cannot do so with our mouths", and again, "we teach writing to almost all whom we receive" (P.L., CLIII, 693). Throughout the Middle Ages the Carthusians were famous copyists. St. Bruno himself was the first Carthusian author, writing commentaries on the Psalms and on St. Paul's Epistles (v. Löbbel, op. cit. infra , 179-241). He was followed by Guigo, who, besides the "Consuedines", wrote "Meditations" and a "Life of St. Hugh of Grenoble ". Writers of the order have mostly treated of ascetics and mvstical theology. The following are among the more famous: Ludolf of Saxony (d. after 1340), the author of a well known "Vita Christi"; Henry of Xalkar (d. 1408), who converted Gerhard Groot; Denis the Carthusian (d. 1471), the Doctor Ecstatims whose works are now being edited by the order in 45 vols.; Lanspergius (d., 1539); Surius (d. 1578), whose "Vitae" still form a useful supplement to the Bollandists' unfinished "Acta"; Nicholas Molin (d. 1638); Petreius (d. 1640); Innocent Le Masson (d. 1703); Le Couteulx (d. 1709); Tromby, who flourished c. 1783, all historians of the order. The first book printed at a charterhouse was issued from the presses of the Seliola Dei near Parma in 1477. The modern printing works of the order were transferred in 1901 from the chartreuse of Montreuil to Tournai.
VII. ENGLISH PROVINCE
The first English charterhouse was founded at Witham in Somerset by King Henry II in 1178, the tenth and last by Henry V in 1414 at Sheen. At the time of Henry VIII's breach with Rome the monks, especially those of the London charterhouse (founded 1370), offered a stanch resistance. The fourth of May, 1535, is memorable for the deaths of the Protomartyrs of the English Reformation, the Bridgettine Monk Richard Reynolds, and the three Carthusian Priors, John Houghton of London, Robert Lawrence of Beauvale, and Augustus Webster of Axholme. During the next five years, fifteen of the London Carthusians perished on the scaffold or were starved to death in Newgate Gaol. On Mary's accession nineteen monks belonging to various houses gathered at Sheen under Prior Maurice Chauncy, a monk of the London Charterhouse, who, to his lasting sorrow, had lost the crown of martyrdom by taking the Oath of Supremacy. The restoration was short-lived, for on Mary's death the monks were once more driven into exile. Prior Chauncy (died in 1581, but the English community kept together in different parts of the Low Countries with varying fortunes, until the charterhouse of Sheen Anglorum at Nieuport, with a community of six choir monks and two donnés , was suppressed by Joseph II in 1783. The last prior, Father Williams, died at Little Malvern Court, 2 June, 1797. His papers, the seal of Sheen Anglorum, and various relics are now in the possession of the Carthusians of Parkminster. A charterhouse was founded at Perth in 1429 by King James I of Scotland, and a short-lived foundation was made at Kinalehin in South Connaught in 1280, being abandoned by the order in 1321.
VIII. CARTHUSIAN NUNS
In the Priorship of St. Antheim, about 1245, the nuns of the ancient Abbey of Prébayon asked to be received into the order, and Blessed John of Spain, Prior of Montrieux, was ordered to adapt the Carthusian Rule to their needs. The nuns have never been numerous. Two convents were founded in the twelfth century, nine in the thirteenth, and four in the fourteenth, but of all these only nine were in existence in 1400. In 1690 when Innocent Le Masson published the "Statuts des Moniales" there were only five, four of which were in France and one near Bruges ; the last was suppressed by Joseph II in 1783, and the others disappeared in the French Revolution. In 1820 the surviving nuns reassembled at Lozier (Isere), and finally settled in 1822 at Beauregard, some miles from the Grande Chartreuse. Thence foundations were made in 1854 at Bastide-Saint-Pierre (Tarn-et-Garonne), and in 1870 at Notre-Dame du Gard near Amiens. The nuns are still at Beauregard, but the rest are in exile at Burdine in Belgium, and at San Francesco, and Motta Grossa near Turin. The total number of nuns is about 140, of whom 90 are " consecrated ".
The Carthusian nuns have always been famed for their regularity and fervour. Convents which had become lax were cut off from the order by the general chapter. The small number of convents is explained not only by the severity of the rule, but also by the great reluctance to accept new houses always displayed by the order. In 1368 the acceptance of new houses was forbidden by the general chapter , and this prohibition was frequently reiterated. The life of the nuns is very similar to that of the monks, with certain exceptions. They have single rooms instead of separate dwellings, two recreations every day, eat together daily, are not bound to wear the cilicium , and if ill are cared for in an infirmary. They are allowed eight hours sleep. Eleven hours daily are given to prayer and meditation, as well as work for the poor or for the church. The arrangement of their Office is practically that of the monks. Perpetual enclosure has been practised since the thirteenth century, and visitors are only received at a grille and in the presence of another nun. Each convent is divided into two distinct parts:
- the monastery proper with the cells and conventual offices;
- the dwelling of the two monks, who are known as the vicar and the coadjutor. These two direct the nuns and have two or three lay brothers to serve them. The two fathers live exactly as if in a charterhouse, attending Office in stalls placed in the sanctuary of the church, which is divided from the nuns' choir by a curtained grille.
The habit is the same as that of the monks, with the exception of the hood, for which a veil is substituted -- white for the young religious, and black for the " consecrated " nuns. According to the statutes the vows should be solemn, but since the Revolution they have been regarded as simple by the Church. No widow is received. The Carthusian nuns have retained the privilege of the consecration of virgins, which they have inherited from the nuns of Prébayon. The consecration, which is given four years after the vows are taken, can only be conferred by the diocesan. The rite differs but slightly from that given in the "Pontifical". The nun is invested with a crown, ring, stole and maniple, the last being worn on the right arm. These ornaments the nun only wears again on the day of her monastic jubilee, and after her death on her bier. It is a consecrated nun who sings the Epistle at the conventual Mass, though without wearing the manible. At Matins, if no priest be present, a nun assumes the stole and reads the Gospel. There are also lay sisters, Données , and Saeurs Touricres . Famous among Carthusian nuns have been St. Roseline of Villeneuve and Bl. Beatrix of Ornacieus.
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(More proper Takhehi, plural Takhehlne). The hybrid name by which the Carrier Indians of the ...Talbot, James
Fourth son of George Talbot and brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury (b. 1726; d. ...Talbot, John
English Catholic layman, b. 1535(?); d. 1607(?). Only son and heir of Sir John Talbot, of ...Talbot, Peter
Archbishop of Dublin, 1669-1680; b. at Malahide, Dublin, in 1620. At an early age he entered ...Talbot, Thomas Joseph
Born 14 February, 1727; died at Hotwells, near Bristol, 24 April, 1795. Brother of the fourteenth ...Tallagaht, Monastery of
The name Tallaght (Irish Tamlachta ), derived from tam , plague, and lecht , stone ...Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de
Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador, born in Paris, 13 ...Tallis, Thomas
English composer, born about 1514; died 23 November, 1585. He was a chorister at Saint ...Talmud
1. DEFINITION Talmud was a post-Biblical substantive formation of Pi'el ("to teach"), and ...Talon, Jean
First intendant in exercise of New France , b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1625, of Philippe ...Talon, Nicolas
French Jesuit, historian, and ascetical writer, b. at Moulins, 31 August, 1605; d. at Paris, 29 ...Talon, Pierre
A French-Canadian explorer, b. at Quebec, 1676, of Lucien and Isabelle Planteau; d. in France ...Tamanac Indians
A formerly important tribe of Cariban linguistic stock occupying the territory about the Cuchivero ...Tamassus
A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis, was situated in the great central plain of the ...Tamaulipas
(CIVTTATIS VICTORIÆ SIVE TAMAULIPENSIS) Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of ...Tamburini, Michelangelo
Fourteenth General of the Society of Jesus , born at Modena, 27 Sept., 1648; died 28 Feb., ...Tamburini, Thomas
Moral theologian, born at Caltanisetta in Sicily, 6 March, 1591; died at Palermo 10 October, ...Tametsi
("ALTHOUGH") The first word of Chapter 1, Session 24 ( De Ref. Matr. ), of the Council of ...Tamisier, Marie-Marthe-Baptistine
(Called by her intimates EMILIA) Initiator of international Eucharistic congresses, born at ...Tanagra
A titular see in Hellas, suffragan of Corinth ; it was a town of Bœotia, in a fertile ...Tancred
Prince of Antioch, born about 1072; died at Antioch, 12 Dec., 1112. He was the son of Marquess ...Taney, Roger Brooke
(Pronounced Tawney ) Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, ...Tanguay, Cyprien
Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902. After a course of classics and theology at Quebec ...Tanis
A titular see, suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima, capital of the fourteenth district ...Tanner, Adam
Controversialist, born at Innsbruck in 1571; died at Unken, 25 May, 1632. He entered the Society ...Tanner, Conrad
Abbot of Einsiedeln, born at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec., 1752; died 7 April, 1825. He ...Tanner, Edmund
Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579. The statement in ...Tanner, Matthias
Born at Pilsen in Bohemia, 28 Feb., 1630; died at Prague, 8 Feb., 1692. He entered the Society ...Tantum Ergo
The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn (see PANGE LINGUA GLORIOSI, II) ...Tanucci, Bernardo
Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 ...Taoism
(TAO-KIAO.) Taoism is the second of the three state religions ( San-kiao ) of China. ...Taos Pueblo
An important town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of ...Taparelli, Aloysius
(D'AZEGLIO, christened PROSPERO) Philosopher and writer on sociological subjects, born at ...Tapestry
A word of French origin naming a fabric in which the two processes of weaving and embroidering ...Tapis, Esteban
Born at Santa Coloma de Farnes, Catalonia, Spain, 25 Aug., 1754; died 3 Nov., 1825. He entered ...Tarabotti, Helena
Nun and authoress, b. at Venice, 1605; d. there 1652. Obliged by her father, who was descended ...Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, Saints
Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (about 304). The "Martyrologium Hieronymian." contains the ...Taranto
DIOCESE OF TARANTO (TARENTINA) Diocese in southern Italy, on a bay in the Gulf of Taranto. The ...Tarapacá
VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF TARAPACA (DE TARAPACA). Situated in Chile, bounded on the north by the ...Tarasius, Saint
Patriarch of Constantinople, date of birth unknown; died 25 February, 806. He was the son of the ...Tarazona
DIOCESE OF TARAZONA (TURIASONENSIS) The Diocese of Tarazona comprises the Spanish provinces of ...Tarbes
DIOCESE OF TARBES (TARBIA) The Diocese of Tarbes comprises the Department of the ...Tarentaise
(TARANTASIENSIS) Tarentaise comprises the arrondissement of Moutiers in the Department of ...Targum
Targum is the distinctive designation of the Aramaic translations or paraphrases of the Old ...Tarisel, Pierre
Master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in August, 1510. (In 1555 the title of architect was ...Tarkin, Saint
(Talarican.) Bishop of Sodor (including the western islands of Scotland ), was probably of ...Tarnow
DIOCESE OF TARNOW (TARNOVIENSIS). Diocese in western Galicia, Austria. The See of Posen, ...Tarquini, Camillus
Cardinal, Jesuit canonist and archaeologist, b. at Marta in the diocese of Montefiascone, ...Tarragona
ARCHDIOCESE OF TARRAGONA (TARRACONENSIS) Bounded on the north by Barcelona and Lérida, ...Tarsicius, Saint
Martyr. The only positive information concerning this Roman martyr is found in the poem composed ...Tarsus
A metropolitan see of Cilicia Prima. It appears to have been of Semitic origin and is ...Tartaglia, Nicolò
(T ARTALEA ). Italian mathematician, b. at Brescia, c. 1500; d. at Venice, 13 December, ...Tartini, Giuseppe
Violinist, composer, and theorist, b. at Pirano, Italy, 12 April, 1692; d. at Padua, 16 Feb., ...Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre
Archbishop of Quebec and first Canadian cardinal, b. 17 February, 1820, at la Beauce, Province ...Tassé, Joseph
Writer and journalist, born at Montreal, 23 Oct., 1848; died 17 Jan., 1895; son of Joseph, and ...Tassach, Saint
Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497. He was one of St. ...Tassin, René-Prosper
French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Lonlay, in ...Tasso, Torquato
Italian poet, born at Sorrento near Naples in 1544; died at Rome, in 1595; son of Bernardo ...Tassoni, Alessandro
Italian poet, born at Modena in 1565; died there in 1635. He spent his life in the service of ...Tatian
A second-century apologist about whose antecedents and early history nothing can be affirmed ...Tatwin, Saint
(TATUINI) Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 30 July, 734. A Mercian by birth, he became a ...Taubaté
(DE TAUBATÉ) Diocese in Brazil, South America, established on 29 April, 1908, as a ...Tauler, John
German Dominican, one of the greatest mystics and preachers of the Middle Ages, born at ...Taunton, Ethelred
Writer, born at Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, 17 Oct., 1857; died in London, 9 May, 1907. He ...Taverner, John
Composer, b. in the County of Norfolk, England, about 1475; d. at Boston, England, 1535 or 1536. ...Tavistock Abbey
Tavistock Abbey, on the Tavy River in Devonshire, England, founded for Benedictine monks in ...Tavium
A titular see in Galatia Prima, suffragan of Ancyra. Tavium, or Tavia, was the chief city of ...Taxa Innocentiana
A Decree issued by Innocent XI, 1 Oct., 1678, regulating the fees that may be demanded or ...Taxster, John de
(TAYSTER) John de Taxster, sometimes erroneously called Taxter or Taxston, was a ...Taylor, Frances Margaret
(MOTHER M. MAGDALEN TAYLOR) Superior General, and foundress of the Poor Servants of the Mother ...Taylor, Ven. Hugh
English martyr, born at Durham ; hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, 25 (not 26) November, ...Te 69
Te 69
Te Deum, The
An abbreviated title commonly given both to the original Latin text and the translations of a ...Te Lucis Ante Terminum
The hymn at Compline in the Roman Breviary. The authorship of St. Ambrose, for which Pimont ...Tebaldeo, Antonio
Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1463; died in 1537. His family name (Tebaldi) he changed to ...Tegernsee
Called Tegrinseo in 817, Tegernsee in 754. A celebrated Benedictine abbey of Bavaria that ...Tehuantepec
(Tehuantepecensis) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Oaxaca. Its area covers ...Teilo, Saint
(Eliud.) "Archbishop" of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at ...Tekakwitha, Blessed Kateri
(Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha/Takwita.) Known as the "Lily of the Mohawks", and the ...Teleology
(From Greek telos , end, and logos , science). Teleology is seldom used according to its ...Telepathy
( tele , far, and pathein , to experience) A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to ...Telese
(TELESINENSIS) Telese, a small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy, is situated ...Telesio, Bernardino
Italian humanist and philosopher born of a noble family at Cosenza, near Naples, 1508; died ...Telesphorus of Cosenza
(THEOPHORUS, THEOLOPHORUS). A name assumed by one of the pseudo-prophets during the time of ...Telesphorus, Pope Saint
(Lived about 125-136.) St. Telesphorus was the seventh Roman bishop in succession from the ...Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The
The Tell el-Amarna Tablets are a collection of some 350 clay tablets found in 1887 amid the ruins ...Tellier, Michel Le
Born 19 April, 1603; died at Paris, 30 Oct., 1685. He was commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin to ...Telmessus
Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Telmessus (or incorrectly Telmissis) was a flourishing ...Temiskaming
The Vicariate Apostolic of Temiskaming, suffragan of Ottawa, Canada, is bounded on the north by ...Temnus
A titular see in Asia, a suffragan of Ephesus. Temnus was a little town of Æolia, near ...Tempel, Wilhelm
(ERNEST LEBERECHT) German astronomer, b. 4 December, 1821, at (Nieder-) Cunnersdorf near ...Temperance
(Latin temperare , to mingle in due proportions; to qualify). Temperance is here considered ...Temperance Movements
EUROPE Reasons for a temperance movement exist to a greater or less degree in all the countries ...Templars, The Knights
The Knights Templars were the earliest founders of the military orders, and are the type on which ...Temple
The Latin form, templum , from which the English temple is derived, originally signified an ...Temple of Jerusalem
The word "temple" is derived from the Latin templum , signifying an uncovered place affording a ...Temple, Sisters of the
The Sisters of the Temple (whose full title is S ISTERS OF THE F INDING OF J ESUS IN THE T ...Temptation
( Latin tentare , to try or test). Temptation is here taken to be an incitement to sin ...Temptation of Christ
In the Catholic translation of the Bible , the word "temptation" is used in various senses, ...Ten Commandments, The
Called also simply THE COMMANDMENTS, COMMANDMENTS OF GOD, or THE DECALOGUE (Gr. deka , ten, ...Ten Thousand Martyrs, The
On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology. On 18 March: ...Tencin, Pierre-Guérin de
French statesman and cardinal, b. at Grenoble, 22 August, 1680; d. at Lyons, 2 March, 1758. ...Tenebræ
Tenebræ is the name given to the service of Matins and Lauds belonging to the last three ...Tenebrae Hearse
The Tenebræ Hearse is the triangular candlestick used in the Tenebræ service. The ...Tenedos
A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish ...Teneriffe
DIOCESE OF TENERIFFE (TENERIFENSIS). Suffragan of Seville, formerly called Nivariensis from ...Teniers, David
The name of two eminent Flemish landscape painters ; the elder, born at Antwerp in 1582; ...Tennessee
The State of Tennessee lies between 35° and 36°30' N. lat. and 81°37' and 90°38' ...Tenney, William Jewett
An author, editor, born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1814; died at Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., ...Tentyris
(TENTYRA) Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda. The city was ...Tenure, Ecclesiastical
I. In the feudal system an ecclesiastical fief followed all the laws laid down for temporal ...Teos
Titular see ; suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. A city of Caria situated on a peninsula ...Tepic
DIOCESE OF TEPIC (TEPICENSIS) A diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the ...Tepl
A Premonstratensian abbey in the western part of Bohemia, included in the Archdiocese of Prague ...Teramo
Diocese in southern Italy. In the past the city was injured by earthquakes. It is situated at ...Terce
The origin of Terce, like that of Sext and None, to which it bears a close relationship, dates ...Terenuthis
Titular see, suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima. Le Quien (Oriens christ., II, 611) ...Teresa of Avila, Saint
Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada Born at Avila, Old Castile, 28 March, 1515; died at ...Teresa of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne, The Sixteen Blessed
Guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 ...Terill, Anthony
English theologian, b. at Canford, Dorsetshire, in 1623; d. at Liège, 11 Oct., 1676. His ...Termessus
A titular see, suffragan of Perge in Pamphylia Secunda. This is one of the most ancient cities ...Termoli
(THERMULARUM) Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the ...Ternan, Saint
Bishop of the Picts, flourished in the sixth century. Much obscurity attaches to his history, and ...Terracina, Sezze, and Piperno
(TERRACINENSIS, SETINENSIS ET PRIVERNENSIS) Located in the Province of Rome. The city of ...Terrasson, André
A French preacher, born at Lyons in 1669; died at Paris, 25 April, 1723. He was the eldest son ...Terrestrial Paradise
( paradeisos , Paradisus ). The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the ...Terrien, Jean-Baptiste
Dogmatic theologian, born at St-Laurent-des-Autels, Maine-et-Loire, 26 Aug., 1832; d. at ...Tertiaries
(From the Latin tertiarius , the relative adjective of tertius , third ). Tertiaries, or ...Tertullian
(Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS ). Ecclesiastical writer in the second and ...Teruel
(TUROLENSIS) A suffragan of Saragossa, comprises the civil province of the same name, ...Test-Oath, Missouri
In January, 1865, there assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, a "Constitutional Convention" composed ...Testament, New
I. Name ; II. Description ; III. Origin ; IV. Transmission of the Text ; V. Contents, History, ...Testament, Old
I. NAME The word "testament", Hebrew berîth , Greek diatheke , primarily signifies the ...Testem Benevolentiae
An Apostolic Letter of Leo XIII addressed to Cardinal Gibbons, 22 January, 1899. It opens by ...Tetzel, Johann
First public antagonist of Luther, b. at Pirna in Meissen, 1465; d. at Leipzig, 11 Aug., 1519. ...Teuchira
A titular see in Libyan Pentapolis. Teuchira ( Teucheira ) neuter plural, was a city on the ...Teutonic Order
A medieval military order modelled on the Hospitallers of St. John, which changed its residence ...Tewdrig
(THEODORIC) A Welsh saint, son of King Ceithfalt of Morganwg or Southern Wales, flourished ...Texas
S TATE OF T EXAS . The name, Texas, is probably derived from Tejas, the name of a ...Textual Criticism
The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work ...Th 147
Th 147
Thænæ
A titular see in Africa Byzacena. It is mentioned in numerous ancient geographical documents ...Thébaud, Augustus
Jesuit educator and publicist, b. at Nantes, France, 20 Nov., 1807; d. at St. John's College, ...Thénard, Louis-Jacques, Baron
Chemist, b. at Louptière, near Nogent-sur-Seine, Aube, France, on 4 May, 1777; d. at Paris, ...Théophane Vénard
(JEAN-THÉOPHANE V&Eaucte;NARD.) French missionary, born at St-Loup, Diocese of ...Thérèse of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Thabor, Mount
The name of Mount Thabor, , is rendered in the Septuagint as , and in Jeremias and Osee ...Thabraca
A titular see of Numidia near the sea, between the Armua and the Tusca. Thabraca was the last ...Thacia Montana
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. An inscription discovered in the ...Thagaste
(TAGASTE) Thagaste, a titular see in Numidia, was a rather important municipality. It is ...Thagora
(Tagora) Titular see in Numidia, mentioned by the "Rabula Peutingeriana", which calls it ...Thais, Saint
(THAISIS or THAISIA). A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century. In the Greek menology her ...Thalberg, Sigismond
Musical composer and pianist, b. at Geneva, 1812; d. at Posilipo, Italy, 27 April, 1871. The ...Thalhofer, Valentin
German theologian, b. at Unterroth, near Ulm, 21 January, 1825; d. at the same place, 17 ...Thangmar
(THANKMAR) Historian, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. probably at Hildesheim ...Thanksgiving before and after Meals
The word grace , which, as applied to prayer over food, always in pre-Elizabethan English ...Thanksgiving Day
A civil holiday observed annually in the United States of America on the last Thursday in ...Thapsus
A titular see in Byzacene Africa. It was a Phoenician market on the coast of Byzacium in ...Thasos
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. The island of Thasos was anciently ...Thaumaci
A titular see in Thessaly, suffragan of Larissa, commanding the defile of Coele at the ...Thayer, John
Missionary, convert, first native of New England ordained to the priesthood, b. Boston, ...Theatines
(CLERICS REGULAR) A religious order of men, founded by Gaetano dei Conti di Tiene, Paolo ...Theatre, The
Considering the tone of what is preserved to us of the works of the Greek tragedians and even of ...Thebaid
The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper ...Thebes
(THEBAE) A metropolitan titular see of Achaia Secunda. The city was founded by the ...Thebes
(THEBAE) Titular see of Thebais Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais, and the seat of a Coptic ...Thecla, Saint
Benedictine Abbess of Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt; date of birth unknown; d. at Kitzingen about 790 ...Thecla, Saints
I. Thecla of Iconium The reputed pupil of the Apostle Paul , who is the heroine of the ...Theft
Theft is the secret taking of another's property against the reasonable will of that other. ...Thegan (Degan) of Treves
Chronicler, d. about 850. Very little is known of his life; all that is certain is that he was ...Theiner, Augustin
Theologian and historian, b. at Breslau, 11 April, 1804; d. at Civitavecchia, 8 Aug., 1874. He was ...Thelepte
A titular see in Byzacene. From an inscription we learn that it was a colony. An important ...Themiscyra
A titular see, suffragan of Amasea in the Hellespont. There was a town of this name near the ...Themisonium
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Themisonium was a city of Phrygia, ...Thennesus
A titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Cassian (Collat., XI, 1-3) gives a ...Theobald
(T EDBALD .) Archbishop of Canterbury ; d. 18 April, 1161. He was a Norman by descent and ...Theobald, Saint
Born at Provins in the Province of Champagne, France, in 1017; died at Salanigo in Italy 30 June, ...Theocracy
A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head. The laws of the ...Theodard, Saint
Archbishop of Narbonne, b. at Montauban about 840; d. at the same place 1 May, 893. He seems to ...Theodicy
Etymologically considered theodicy ( théos díe ) signifies the justification of ...Theodore I, Pope
Pope from 642 to 649; the date of his birth is unknown. He was a Greek of Jerusalem and the ...Theodore II, Pope
Son of Photius. His pontificate lasted only twenty days; neither the date of his birth nor of his ...Theodore of Amasea, Saint
Surnamed Tyro (Tiro), not because he was a young recruit, but because for a time he belonged to ...Theodore of Gaza
A fifteenth-century Greek Humanist and translator of Aristotle, b. at Thessalonica early in ...Theodore of Studium, Saint
A zealous champion of the veneration of images and the last geat representative of the unity ...Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
Seventh Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Tarsus in Cilicia about 602; d. at Canterbury 19 ...Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia
Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Antioch about 350 (thus also ...Theodoret
Bishop of Cyrus and theologian, born at Antioch in Syria about 393; died about 457. He says ...Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres
A Platonist philosopher of the twelfth century, b. in France at the beginning of the twelfth ...Theodoric the Great
King of the Ostrogoths, born A.D. 454 (?); died 26 August, 526. He was an illegitimate son of ...Theodorus and Theophanes, Saints
(Called Grapti , "written upon", graptoi ) Theodorus, b. about 775; d. about 842-43; ...Theodorus Lector
A lector attached to the Church of St. Sophia of Constantinople in the early part of the sixth ...Theodosiopolis
A titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima. In the beginning the city was called Apros, or ...Theodosius Florentini
Born at Münster, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 23 May, 1808; died at Heiden, in Appenzell, ...Theodosius I
Roman Emperor (also known as Flavius Theodosius), born in Spain, about 346; died at Milan, 17 ...Theodotus of Ancyra, Saint
Martyr. On 18 May the Roman Martyrology says: "At Ancyra, in Galatia, the martyr Saint Theodotus ...Theodulf
(Theodulfus, Theodulfe), Bishop of Orléans, a writer skilled in poetic forms and a ...Theology of Christ (Christology)
Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent ...Theology, Ascetical
Ascetics, as a branch of theology, may be briefly defined as the scientific exposition of ...Theology, Dogmatic
Dogmatic theology is that part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith ...Theology, History of Dogmatic
The imposing edifice of Catholic theology has been reared not by individual nations and men, ...Theology, Moral
Moral theology is a branch of theology, the science of God and Divine things. The distinction ...Theology, Mystical
Mystical theology is the science which treats of acts and experiences or states of the soul ...Theology, Pastoral
Pastoral theology is the science of the care of souls. This article will give the definition of ...Theonas
Bishop of Alexandria from about 283 to 301 ( Eusebius, "Chronicle", Ann. Abr. 2299, St. Jerome's ...Theophanes Kerameus
( Kerameus , potter). Archbishop of Rossano in Calabria (1129-52), a celebrated homiletic ...Theophanes, Saint
Chronicler, born at Constantinople, about 758; died in Samothracia, probably 12 March, 817, on ...Theophilanthropists
("Friends of God and Man") A deistic sect formed in France during the latter part of the ...Theophilus
Bishop of Antioch. Eusebius in his "Chronicle" places the name of Theophilus against that of ...Theophilus
Patriarch of Alexandria (385-412). Concerning the extraction and early life of Theophilus we ...Theosophy
( Theosophia = "wisdom concerning God ") Theosophy is a term used in general to designate ...Theotocopuli, Domenico
One of the most remarkable Spanish artists, b. in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; d. at Toledo, 7 ...Thera (Santorin)
DIOCESE OF THERA (SANTORINO) Diocese in the Cyclades. About the year 2000 B.C., the ...Thermae Basilicae
A titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea. The Greek "Notitiae episcopatuum" ...Thermopylae
A titular see and suffragan of Athens in Achaia Prima. It is the name of a defile about 4 ...Thessalonians, Epistles to the
Two of the canonical Epistles of St. Paul. This article will treat the Church of ...Thessalonica
(SALONIKI) Titular metropolis in Macedonia. It was at first a village called Alia, situated ...Theveste
Titular see of Numidia. The city seems to have had some importance even prior to Christianity. ...Thibaris
Titular see in Byzacena ( Africa ), not mentioned by any ancient author. The official list of ...Thibaut de Champagne
Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and King of Navarre, a French poet, b. 1201, at Troyes ; d. 8 ...Thierry of Freburg
( Or Thierry of Saxony). A philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages, and a member of ...Thiers, Louis-Adolphe
French statesman and historian, first president of the Third French Republic, b. at Marseilles, ...Thignica
A titular see in Numidia. The Roman Curia's official list of titular sees places Thignica in ...Thijm, Joseph Albert Alberdingk
Born at Amsterdam, 8 July, 1820; d. there, 17 March, 1889. After finishing his studies in his ...Thijm, Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk
Brother of Joseph Alberdingk Thijm , b. at Amsterdam, 21 Oct., 1827, d. at Louvain, 1 Feb., ...Thimelby, Richard
( Alias ASHBY) Missionary priest, b. in Lincolnshire, England, 1614; d. at St. Omer's, ...Third Orders
I. GENERAL Third Orders signify in general lay members of religious orders, i.e. men and women ...Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance ...Thmuis
A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium ; a city of Lower Egypt, on the ...Thomas á Jesu
(Diaz Sanchez de Avila). Discalced Carmelite, writer on mystical theology, born at Baeza, ...Thomas à Kempis
Author of the "Imitation of Christ" , born at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, in 1379 or 1380; ...Thomas Abel, Blessed
(Also ABLE, or ABELL.) Priest and martyr, born about 1497; died 30 July, 1540. He was ...Thomas Alfield, Venerable
(AUFIELD, ALPHILDE, HAWFIELD, OFFELDUS; alias BADGER). Priest, born at Gloucestershire; ...Thomas Aquinas, Saint
Philosopher, theologian, doctor of the Church ( Angelicus Doctor ), patron of Catholic ...Thomas Atkinson, Venerable
Martyred at York, 11 March, l6l6. He was born in the East Riding of Yorkshire, was ordained ...Thomas Becket, Saint
Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, born at London, 21 December, 1118 (?); died at Canterbury, 29 ...Thomas Belchiam, Venerable
A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537. He ...Thomas Christians, Saint
An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent ...Thomas Cottam, Blessed
Martyr, born 1549, in Lancashire; executed at Tyburn, 30 May, 1582. His parents, Laurence cottam ...Thomas Ford, Blessed
Born in Devonshire; died at Tyburn, 28 May, 1582. He incepted M.A. at Trinity College, Oxford, 14 ...Thomas Garnet, Saint
Protomartyr of St. Omer and therefore of Stonyhurst College; b. at Southwark, c. 1575; executed ...Thomas Johnson, Blessed
Carthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ...Thomas More, Saint
Saint, knight, Lord Chancellor of England, author and martyr, born in London, 7 February, ...Thomas of Beckington
(BEKYNTON.) Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Beckington, Somerset, about 1390; died at ...Thomas of Bradwardine
(BRAGWARDIN, BRANDNARDINUS, BREDWARDYN, BRADWARDYN, DE BREDEWARDINA). Born about 1290; died in ...Thomas of Cantimpré
Medieval writer, preacher, and theologian, born of noble parentage at Leuw St. Pierre near ...Thomas of Celano
Friar Minor, poet, andhagiographical writer, born at Celano in the Province of the Abruzzi, about ...Thomas of Dover
Martyr ; died 2 or 5 August, 1295. On the above date the French ravaged Dover with fire and ...Thomas of Hereford
(THOMAS DE CANTELUPE). Born at Hambledon, Buckinghamshire, England, about 1218; died at ...Thomas of Jesus
(THOMAS DE ANDRADA). Reformer and preacher, born at Lisbon, 1529; died at Sagena, Morocco, 17 ...Thomas of Jorz
(Often but erroneously called JOYCE and frequently referred to as ANGLUS or ANGLICUS). ...Thomas of Strasburg
A fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order, born, according to some writers, at ...Thomas of Villanova, Saint
Educator, philanthropist, born at Fuentellana, Spain, 1488; died at Valencia, 8 September, 1555. ...Thomas Percy, Blessed
Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572. He was the eldest ...Thomas Sherwood, Blessed
Martyr, born in London, 1551; died at Tyburn, London, 7 February, 1578. His parents also ...Thomas the Apostle, Saint
Little is recorded of St. Thomas the Apostle, nevertheless thanks to the fourth Gospel his ...Thomas Thwing, Venerable
Martyr. Born at Heworth Hall, near York, in 1635; suffered at York, 23 Oct., 1680. His father was ...Thomas Woodhouse, Blessed
Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573, being disembowelled alive. Ordained in Mary's ...Thomas, Charles L.A.
French composer, born at Metz, 5 August, 1811; died at Paris, 12 February, 1896. He gained the ...Thomassin, Louis
Theologian and French Oratorian, b. at Aix-en-Provence 28 Aug., 1619; d. in Paris, 24 Dec., ...Thomism
In a broad sense, Thomism is the name given to the system which follows the teaching of St. ...Thompson River Indians
(THOMPSON INDIANS). An important tribe of British Columbia of Salishan linguistic stock, also ...Thompson, Blessed James
(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ...Thompson, Edward Healy and Harriet Diana
The name of two English converts : (1) Edward Healy and (2) Harriet Diana. Edward Healy ...Thompson, Francis
Poet, b. at Preston, Lancashire, 18 Dec., 1859; d. in London, 13 Nov., 1907. He came from the ...Thompson, Right Honourable Sir John Sparrow David
Jurist and first Catholic Premier of Canada, b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia , 10 Nov., 1844; d. ...Thonissen, Jean-Joseph
Professor of law at the University of Louvain, minister in the Belgian Government, b. at ...Thorlaksson, Arni
An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297. While a deacon, he visited ...Thorney Abbey
(i.e. "the isle of thorns", anciently called ANCARIG). Thorney Abbey, in Cambridgeshire, ...Thorns, Crown of
Although Our Saviour's Crown of Thorns is mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded ...Thorns, Feast of the Crown of
The first feast in honour of the Crown of Thorns ( Festum susceptionis coronae Domini ) was ...Thorpe, Venerable Robert
Priest and martyr, b. in Yorkshire; suffered at York, 15 May, 1591. He reached the English ...Thou, Jacques-Auguste de
French historian, b. at Paris, 8 October, 1553; d. there, 7 May, 1617. The son of Christophe de ...Thou, Nicolas de
Bishop of Chartres, uncle of the historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou, b. at Paris, 1528; d. at ...Three Chapters
The Three chapters ( trîa kephálaia ) were propositions anathematizing : (1) the ...Three Rivers
DIOCESE OF THREE RIVERS (TRIFLUVIANENSIS) Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec , to which it ...Throne
(Latin thronus, cathedra, sedes episcopalis ), the seat the bishop uses when not engaged at ...Thuburbo Minus
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Thuburbo Minus is mentioned in ...Thugga
Titular see of Numidia, perhaps the Numidian fortress of Tocai mentioned about 305 B.C. by ...Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula
Austrian statesman, born at Linz, 31 March, 1736; died at Vienna, 28 May, 1818. He was the son of ...Thulis, Venerable John
English martyr, born at Up Holland, Lancashire, probably about 1568; suffered at Lancaster, 18 ...Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo
Austrian statesman, b. at the family castle of Tetschen in Bohemia, 7 April, 1811; d. at Vienna, ...Thundering Legion
( Legio fulminata , or fulminea , not fulminatrix ). The story of the Thundering Legion ...Thuringia
The name Thuringia is given to a large part of Central Germany, bounded on the west by the ...Thurmayr, Johannes
(Called AVENTINUS from the place of his birth) Born at Abensberg, Bavaria, 4 July, 1477; died ...Thyatira
A titular suffragan see of Sardes in Lydia. According to Stephanus Byzantius, the name was ...Thynias
A titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia, in Bithynia Prima. It is an island situated in the Black ...Thyräus, Hermann
German Jesuit, b. at Neuss on the Rhine, 1532; d. at Mainz, 26 October, 1591. He studied first ...Ti 45
Ti 45
Tiara
The papal crown, a costly covering for the head, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, ...Tibaldi, Pellegrino
Known also as Pellegrino da Bologna and as Pellegrino Pellegrini; decorator, mural painter, and ...Tiberias
Titular see, suffragan of Scythopolis, in Palaestina Secunda. The town of Tiberias was founded on ...Tiberias, Sea of
So called in John 21:1 (cf. 6:1 ), otherwise known as "the sea of Galilee" ( Matthew 4:18 ; Mark ...Tiberiopolis
Titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana. Tiberiopolis is mentioned by Ptolemy (V, 2, 25); Socrates ...Tiberius
The second Roman emperor ( A. D. 14-37), b. 16 November, 42 B. C. , d. 16 March, A. D. 37. ...Tibet
A vast plateau, about 463,320 square miles, about 1240 miles in its greatest length from east to ...Tiburtius and Susanna, Saints
Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that ...Ticelia
Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis. Under this name it is not found in any ...Tichborne, Ven. Nicholas
Martyr, b. at Hartley Mauditt, Hampshire; suffered at Tyburn, London, 24 Aug., 1601. He was a ...Tichborne, Ven. Thomas
Born at Hartley, Hampshire, 1567; martyred at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1602. He was educated ...Ticonius
(Also TYCONIUS, TYCHONIUS, etc.) An African Donatist writer of the fourth century who ...Ticuna Indians
A tribe of Indians of some importance, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, inhabiting the ...Tieffentaller, Joseph
Jesuit missionary and noted geographer in Hindustan, b. at Bozen in the Tyrol, 27 August, 1710; ...Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo Born in Venice in 1696; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1770. ...Tierney, Mark Aloysius
Born at Brighton, Sept., 1795; died at Arundel, 19 Feb., 1862. After his early schooling with the ...Tigris, Saint
Irish saint, sister of St. Patrick. Much obscurity attaches to her life, and she has been ...Tillemont, Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de
French historian and priest, b. at Paris, 30 November, 1637; d. there, 10 January, 1698; he was ...Tilly, Johannes Tserclæs, Count of
Born at Brabant in 1559; died at Ingolstadt in April, 1632. He was a member of a noble family of ...Timbrias
A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. It is called Thymbrium in the official lists ...Time
The problem of time is one of the most difficult and most keenly debated in the field of natural ...Timothy and Symphorian, Saints
Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (311-13), ...Timothy and Titus, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Timucua Indians
A principal group or confederacy of Ancient Florida, notable for the successful missions ...Tincker, Mary Agnes
Novelist, born at Ellsworth, Maine, 18 July, 1833; died at Boston, Massachusetts, 4 December, ...Tingis
A titular see of Mauretania Tingitana (the official list of the Roman Curia places it in ...Tinin
SEE OF TININ (KNIN). Located in Dalmatia ; suffragan to Kalocsa-Bacs. Knin is a town on ...Tinos and Mykonos
DIOCESE OF TINOS AND MYKONOS (TINENSIS ET MYCONENSIS) A Latin diocese of the Cyclades, ...Tintern Abbey
This abbey, in Monmouthshire, England [actually Wales -- Ed. ], was founded in 1131 by ...Tintoretto, Il
(J ACOPO R OBUSTI ) Italian painter, b. at Venice, 1518; d. there 1594. His father was a ...Tipasa
A titular see of Numidia. The Phoenician word signifies passage. Early in its history we find ...Tiraboschi, Girolamo
Italian scholar, b. in the region of Bergamo, 1731; d. 3 June, 1794. At an early age he entered ...Tiraspol
DIOCESE OF TIRASPOL (or CHERSONESE) (TIRASPOLENSIS; CHERSONENSIS) Diocese in Southern Russia ...Tisio da Garofalo, Benvenuto
An Italian painter of the Ferrarese school ; b. in 1481 at Garofalo, whence, as was the ...Tissot, James
(JOSEPH-JACQUES TISSOT) French draughtsman and painter, b. at Nantes, 15 Oct., 1836; d. at ...Tithes
(Anglo-Saxon teotha , a tenth). Generally defined as "the tenth part of the increase arising ...Tithes, Lay
Under this heading must be distinguished (1) secular tithes, which subjects on crown-estates were ...Titian
(T IZIANO V ECELLI , called T ITIAN ). The greatest of Venetian painters, born at Pieve ...Titopolis
(TITIOPOLIS) Titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachaea in Isauria. Le Quien (Oriens ...Titulus
In pagan times titulus signified an inscription on stone, and later the stone which marked ...Titus
Roman Emperor 79-81, b. 30 Dec., 41; d. 13 Sept., 81; son of the Emperor Vespasian, and from the ...Titus and Timothy, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Titus, Bishop of Bostra
Born about 362-371. Sozomen (Hist. eccl., III, xiv) names Titus among the great men of the time ...Tius
(TIUM) Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in Honorias. According to Strabo (542, 545) the ...Tivoli
DIOCESE OF TIVOLI (TIBURTINA) Diocese in the Province of Rome. The city in situated where the ...Tl 2
Tl 2
Tlaxcala
(TLAXCALENSIS) A former diocese of the colony of New Spain. It was the fifth diocese ...Tlos
A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Tlos was one of the six cities forming the Lycian ...To 56
To 56
Toaldo, Giuseppe
Priest and physicist, b. at Pianezze, 1719; d. at Padua, 1797. In his fourteenth year he entered ...Toba Indians
One of the few still unconquered savage tribes of the great Chaco wilderness of South America, and ...Tobias
We shall first enumerate the various Biblical persons and then treat the book of this name. I. ...Tocqueville, Charles-Alexis-Henri-Maurice-Clerel de
(CHARLES-ALEXIS-HENRI-MAURICE-CLEREL DE TOCQUEVILLE) Writer and statesman, b. at Verneuil, ...Todi
(T UDERTINA ). Diocese in Central Italy ; immediately dependent on the Holy See. The city ...Tokio
(Tokiensis) Archdiocese comprising 21 provinces or 15 departments with a population of over ...Toledo (Ohio)
(Toletana in America) A diocese in Ohio, U.S.A. formed out of the Diocese of Cleveland and ...Toledo (Spain)
ARCHDIOCESE OF TOLEDO (TOLETANENSIS) Primatial see of Spain, whose archbishop, raised almost ...Toledo, Francisco
Philosopher, theologian, and exegete, son of an actuary, b. at Córdova, 4 Oct., 1532; d. ...Tolentino and Macerata
Located in the Marches, Central Italy. Macerata is a provincial capital, situated on a hill, ...Toleration, History of
In any attempt to deal historically with the attitude of the Church towards religious toleration ...Toleration, Religious
Toleration in general signifies patient forbearance in the presence of an evil which one is ...Tolomei, John Baptist
A distinguished Jesuit theologian and cardinal, born of noble parentage, at Camberaia, between ...Tomb
A memorial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, especially for distinguished persons, ...Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The tomb of the Blessed Virgin is venerated in the Valley of Cedron, near Jerusalem. Modern ...Tomb, Altar
A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having ...Tomi
A titular metropolitan see in the Province of Scythia, on the Black Sea. It was a Greek colony ...Tommasi, Blessed Giuseppe Maria
A Cardinal, noted for his learning, humility, and zeal for reform; born at Licata, Sicily, of ...Tongerloo, Abbey of
Located near Antwerp, Belgium, founded in 1128 in honour of the Blessed Virgin, by de ...Tongiorgi, Salvator
Philosopher, born at Rome, Italy, 25 December, 1820; d. there, 12 November, 1865. At the age of ...Tongues, Gift of
(Glossolaly, glossolalia ). A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae , ...Tonica Indians
(Or TUNICA). A small tribe constituting a distinct linguistic stock living, when first known ...Tonkawa Indians
A tribal group or confederacy, of low culture status and constituting a distinct linguistic stock, ...Tonsure
( Latin tondere , "to shear") A sacred rite instituted by the Church by which a baptized ...Tootell, Hugh
Commonly known as Charles Dodd. Historian, b. in 1671 or 1672, at Durton-in-Broughton, ...Torah
I. USE OF WORD Torah, (cf. Hiph. of ), signifies first "direction, instruction", as, for ...Torbido, Francesco
Often called IL MORO (The Moor). Veronese painter and engraver, b. at Verona about 1486; ...Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo, Saint
Archbishop of Lima ; b. at Mayorga, León, Spain, 1538; d. near Lima Peru, 23 March ...Tornielli, Girolamo Francesco
Italian Jesuit, preacher and writer, b. at Cameri, 1 Febreuary, 1693, of a distinguished family ...Torone
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Torone was a colony of Chalcideans from ...Toronto
(TORONTINA). Located in the Province of Ontario , Canada. When constituted a diocese, it ...Torquemada, Tomás de
First Grand Inquisitor of Spain, born at Valladolid in 1420; died at Avila, 16 September, ...Torres Naharro, Bartolemé de
Spanish poet and dramatist, b. at Torres, near Badajoz, towards the end of the fifteenth ...Torres, Francisco
(TURRIANUS.) Hellenist and polemicist, born in Herrera, Palencia, about 1509; died at Rome, ...Torricelli, Evangelista
Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 ...Torrubia, José
Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain ; died in 1768 in the ...Tortona
DIOCESE OF TORTONA (DERTONENSIS) Diocese in Piedmont, Italy. The city is situated on the ...Tortosa
DIOCESE OF TORTOSA (DERTHUSENSIS, DERTUSA). Located in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona ; ...Toscanella and Viterbo
(VITERBIENSIS ET TUSCANENSIS). The city of Viterbo in the Province of Rome stands at the foot ...Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo
Mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer, b. at Florence in 1397; d. there, 10 May, 1482. ...Tosephta
( Hebrew = addition, supplement ) Tosephta is the name of compilation of ...Tostado, Alonso
(ALONSO TOSTATUS) Exegete, b. at Madrigal, Castile, about 1400; d. at Bonilla de la Sierra, ...Tosti, Luigi
Benedictine historian, b. at Naples 13 Feb., 1811; d. at Monte Cassino, 24 Sept., 1897. His ...Totemism
Totemism from ote , root ot , possessive form otem , in the Ojibway dialect of the ...Totonac Indians
One of the smaller cultured nations of ancient Mexico, occupying at the time of the Spanish ...Touchet, George Anselm
Born at Stalbridge, Dorset; died about 1689. He was second son of Mervyn, twelfth Lord Audley, ...Toulouse
A RCHDIOCESE OF T OULOUSE (T OLOSENSIS ) Includes the Department of Haute-Garonne. As ...Tournély, Honoré
Theologian, b. Antibes, Provence, 28 August, 1658; d. at Paris, 26 December 1729. His parents ...Tournai
DIOCESE OF TOURNAI (Latin TURNACUM, TORNACUM; Flemish, DOORNIJK — TORNACENSIS) Diocese ...Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de
French botanist, b. at Aix in Provence, 5 June, 1656; d. at Paris, 28 Dec., 1708. After his ...Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de
Papal legate to India and China, cardinal, born of a noble Savoyard family at Turin, 21 ...Touron, Antoine
Dominican biographer and historian, born at Graulhet, Tarn, France, on 5 September, 1686; died ...Tours
(TURONENSIS.) Comprises the Department of Indre-et-Loire, and was re-established by the ...Toustain, Charles-François
French Benedictine, and member of the Congregation of St-Maur, born at Repas in the Diocese of ...Touttée, Antoine-Augustin
A French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. at Riom, Department of Puy-de-Dôme, ...Tower of Babel
The "Tower of Babel" is the name of the building mentioned in Genesis 11:19 . History of the ...Tr 77
Tr 77
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de
Viceroy of New France, born in France, 1603, of noble parents ; died there in 1670. A soldier ...Tradition and Living Magisterium
The word tradition (Greek paradosis ) in the ecclesiastical sense, which is the only one in ...Traditionalism
A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude. ...Traducianism
Traducianism ( tradux , a shoot or sprout, and more specifically a vine branch made to take root ...Trajan
Emperor of Rome (A.D. 98-117), b. at Italica Spain, 18 September, 53; d. 7 August, 117. He ...Trajanopolis
Titular metropolitan see of Rhodope. The city owes its foundation or restoration to Trajan. Le ...Trajanopolis
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. The only geographer who speaks ...Tralles
A titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. It was founded, it is said, by the Argians ...Trani and Barletta
(T RANEN , et Barolen.) Diocese in Italy. The city of Trani is situated on the Adriatic in ...Transcendentalism
The terms transcendent and transcendental are used in various senses, all of which, as a ...Transept
A rectangular space inserted between the apse and nave in the early Christian basilica. It ...Transfiguration
The Transfiguration of Christ is the culminating point of His public life, as His Baptism is ...Transfiguration of Christ, Feast of the
Observed on August 6 to commemorate the manifestation of the Divine glory recorded by St. ...Transubstantiation
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Transvaal
Vicariate apostolic ; lies between 23° 3' and 27° 30' S. lat., and 25° and 32° ...Transylvania
(Also TRANSYLVANIENSIS or ERDELY). Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa Bács. The ...Trapani
(TREPANENSIS). Diocese in Sicily, suffragan of Palermo. The city is the capital of a ...Trapezopolis
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan to Laodicea. Trapezopolis was a town of Caria ...Trappists
The common name by which the Cistercians who follow the reform inaugurated by the Abbot de ...Trasilla and Emiliana, Saints
Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century, given in the Roman Martyrology, ...Treason, Accusations of
A common misrepresentation concerning the Elizabethan persecution of English and Irish Catholics ...Trebizond
(TRAPEZUNTINA). An Armenian Catholic diocese. The city owes its ancient name to the fact that ...Trebnitz
A former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia. It was founded in ...Tredway, Lettice Mary
(Called "Lady" Tredway) Born 1595; died Oct., 1677; daughter of Sir Walter Tredway, of Buckley ...Tregian, Francis
Confessor, b. in Cornwall, 1548; d. at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608. He was son of Thomas Tregian of ...Tremithus
Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. The city is mentioned by Ptolemy (Geog., V, xiii, ...Trent
(TRIDENTUM; TRIDENTINA). Diocese ; suffragan of Salzburg. Trent became universally known ...Trent, Council of
The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 ...Trenton
(T RENTONENSIS ). Diocese created 15 July, 1881, suffragan of New York, comprises Atlantic, ...Tresham, Sir Thomas
Knight Bachelor (in or before 1524), Grand Prior of England in the Order of Knights ...Treviso
(TARVISINA). Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy ). The capital is surrounded by the River ...Tribe, Jewish
( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ...Tricarico, Diocese of
(TRICARICENSIS.) Located in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy ), near ...Tricassin, Charles Joseph
One of the greatest theologians of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes ; d. in 1681. There is but ...Tricca
Titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. It was an ancient city of Thessaly, near the River ...Trichinopoly, Diocese of
(TRICHINOPOLITAN.) Located in India, suffragan of Bombay, comprises the south east portion of ...Trichur
(TRICHURENSIS.) Vicariate Apostolic in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar ...Tricomia
Titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima. It is mentioned in George of Cyprus ...Triduum
(Three days). A time frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices, whether ...Trier
(TREVIRENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of Cologne; includes in the Prussian province of the ...Triesnecker, Francis a Paula
Astronomer, b. at Kirchberg on the Wagram, in Lower Austria, 2 April, 1745; d. at Vienna 29 ...Triest-Capo d'Istria
(TERGESTINA ET JUSTINOPOLITANA.) Suffragan diocese of Görz-Gradiska ; exists as a ...Trincomalee
(TRINCOMALIENSIS.) Located in Ceylon, suffragan of Colombo, was created in 1893 by a division ...Trinità di Cava dei Tirrenti, Abbey of
Located in the Province of Salerno. It stands in a gorge of the Finestre Hills near Cava dei ...Trinitarians, Order of
The redemption of captives has always been regarded in the Church as a work of mercy, as is ...Trinity College
An institution for the higher education of Catholic women, located at Washington, D.C., and ...Trinity Sunday
The first Sunday after Pentecost, instituted to honour the Most Holy Trinity. In the early ...Trinity, The Blessed
This article is divided as follows: I. Dogma of the Trinity; II. Proof of the Doctrine from ...Triple-Candlestick
A name given along with several others (e.g. reed, tricereo, arundo, triangulum, lumen Christi ...Trissino, Giangiorgio
Italian poet and scholar, b. of a patrician family at Vicenza in 1478; d. at Rome, 8 ...Tritheists
(TRITHEITES). Heretics who divide the Substance of the Blessed Trinity. (1) Those who are ...Trithemius, John
A famous scholar and Benedictine abbot, b. at Trittenheim on the Moselle, 1 February, 1462; d. at ...Trivento
(Triventensis) Diocese in southern Italy. The earliest bishop was St. Castus of an uncertain ...Trivet, Nicholas
(Or "Trevet" as he himself wrote it) B. about 1258; d. 1328. He was the son of Thomas Trevet, a ...Troas
A suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespont. The city was first called Sigia; it was enlarged and ...Trocmades
(Trocmada) Titular see of Galatia Secunda, suffragan of Pessinus. No geographer or historian ...Trokelowe, John de
(THROWLOW, or THORLOW) A monastic chronicler still living in 1330, but the dates of whose birth ...Trondhjem, Ancient See of
(NIDAROS). In Norway it was the kings who introduced Christianity, which first became ...Trope
Definition and Description Trope, in the liturgico-hymnological sense, is a collective name ...Tropology, Scriptural
The theory and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of Holy Writ. The literal meaning, ...Troy, John Thomas
Archbishop of Dublin ; b. in the parish of Blanchardstown, near Dublin, 10 May, 1739; d. at ...Troyes
(TRECENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Aube. Re-established in 1802 as a suffragan ...Truce of God
The Truce of God is a temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God ...Truchsess von Waldburg, Otto
Cardinal-Bishop of Augsburg (1543-73), b. at Castle Scheer in Swabia, 26 Feb., 1514; d. at ...Trudo, Saint
(TRON, TROND, TRUDON, TRUTJEN, TRUYEN). Apostle of Hasbein in Brabant; d. 698 (693). Feast 23 ...Trudpert, Saint
Missionary in Germany in the seventh century. He is generally called a Celtic monk from ...True Cross, The
(AND REPRESENTATIONS OF IT AS OBJECTS OF DEVOTION). (1) Growth Of the Christian Cult ; (2) ...Trueba, Antonio de
Spanish poet and folklorist, b. at Montellana, Biscay, in 1821; d. at Bilbao, 10 March, 1889. In ...Trujillo
Diocese comprising the Departments of Lambayeque, Libertad, Pinra, and the Province of Tumbes, ...Trullo, Council in
This particular council of Constantinople, held in 692 under Justinian II, is generally known as ...Trumpets, Feast of
The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Two trumpets are ...Trumwin, Saint
(TRIUMWINI, TRUMUINI). Died at Whitby, Yorkshire, England, after 686. He was consecrated by ...Trustee System
I In the exercise of her inherent right of administering property, the Church often appoints ...Trusts and Bequests
A trust has been defined, in its technical sense, as the right enforceable solely in equity to ...Truth
Truth (Anglo-Saxon tréow, tryw, truth, preservation of a compact, from a Teutonic base ...Truth Societies, Catholic
This article will treat of Catholic Truth Societies in the chronological order of their ...Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha
Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Tryphon is said to have ...Ts 2
Ts 2
Tschiderer zu Gleifheim, Johann Nepomuk von
Bishop of Trent, b. at Bozen, 15 Feb., 1777; d. at Trent, 3 Dec., 1860. He sprang from a family ...Tschupick, John Nepomuk
A celebrated preacher, b. at Vienna, 7 or 12 April, 1729; d. there, 20 July, 1784. He entered the ...Tu 27
Tu 27
Tuam
(TUAMENSIS). The Archdiocese of Tuam, the metropolitan see of Connacht, extends, roughly ...Tuam, School of
(Irish, Tuaim da Ghualann , or the "Mound of the two Shoulders"). The School of Tuam was ...Tubunae
A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis, according to the "Gerachia cattolica", or in Numidia ...Tucson
(T UCSONENSIS ). Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. It comprises the State of ...Tucumán
(T UCUMANENSIS ). Suffragan to Buenos Aires, erected from the Diocese of Salta on 15 ...Tudela
(TUTELÆ, TUTELENSIS). Diocese in Spain. The episcopal city has a population of 9213. ...Tuguegarao
(TUGUEGARAONENSIS). Diocese in the Philippines ; situated in the north-eastern section of ...Tulancingo
(D E T ULANCINGO ). Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Mexico. Its area is ...Tulasne, Louis-René
A noted botanist, b. at Azay-le-Rideau, Dept of Indre-et-Loire, France, 12 Sept., 1815; d. at ...Tulle
(TUTELENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Corrèze. It was suppressed by the ...Tunic
By tunic is understood in general a vestment shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper ...Tunis
French protectorate on the northern coast of Africa. About the twelfth century before Christ ...Tunja
(T UNQUENENSIS ). Diocese established in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogotá, in the ...Tunkers
( German tunken , to dip) A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite. ...Tunstall, Cuthbert
Bishop of London, later of Durham, b. at Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; d. at Lambeth Palace, ...Tunstall, Venerable Thomas
Martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616. He was descended from the Tunstalls of Thurland, an ancient ...Tunsted, Simon
English Minorite, b. at Norwich, year unknown; d. at Bruisyard, Suffolk, 1369. Having joined the ...Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
Baron de L' Aulne, French minister, born at Parish, 10 May, 1727; died there, 20 March, 1781. ...Turin
(Turino; Taurinensis) The City of Turin is the chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and ...Turin, Shroud of
This name is primarily given to a relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that ...Turin, University of
The University of Turin was founded in 1404, when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were ...Turkestan
I. CHINESE TURKESTAN When Jenghiz Khan died (1227) his second son, Djagatai, had the greater part ...Turkish Empire
Created in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, from the ...Turnebus, Adrian
Philologist, b. at Andely in Normandy in 1512; d. in Paris, 12 June, 1565. The accounts of the ...Turpin
Archbishop of Reims, date of birth uncertain; d. 2 Sept., 800. He was a monk of St. Denis ...Tuscany
Tuscany, a division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, ...Tuy
(Tudensis.) Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Santiago, comprises the civil provinces ...Tw 2
Tw 2
Twenge, Saint John
Last English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ...Twiketal of Croyland
(THURCYTEL, TURKETUL). Died July, 975. He was a cleric of royal descent, who is said to have ...Ty 7
Ty 7
Tyana
A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Prima. The city must first have been called Thoana, ...Tychicus
A disciple of St. Paul and his constant companion. He was a native of the Roman province of ...Tynemouth Priory
Tynemouth Priory, on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier ...Types in Scripture
Types, though denoted by the Greek word typoi , are not coextensive with the meaning of this ...Tyrannicide
Tyrannicide literally is the killing of a tyrant, and usually is taken to mean the killing of a ...Tyre
(TYRUS.) Melchite archdiocese and Maronite diocese. The city is called in Hebrew, Zor , ...
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