
Judas Iscariot
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The Apostle who betrayed his Divine Master . The name Judas ( Ioudas ) is the Greek form of Judah (Hebrew "praised"), a proper name frequently found both in the Old and the New Testament. Even among the Twelve there were two that bore the name, and for this reason it is usually associated with the surname Iscariot [Hebrew "a man of Kerioth" or Carioth, which is a city of Judah (cf. Joshua 15:25 )]. There can be no doubt that this is the right interpretation of the name, though the true origin is obscured in the Greek spelling, and, as might be expected, other derivations have been suggested (e.g. from Issachar).
Very little is told us in the Sacred Text concerning the history of Judas Iscariot beyond the bare facts of his call to the Apostolate, his treachery, and his death. His birthplace, as we have seen, is indicated in his name Iscariot, and it may be remarked that his origin separates him from the other Apostles, who were all Galileans. For Kerioth is a city of Judah. It has been suggested that this fact may have had some influence on his career by causing want of sympathy with his brethren in the Apostolate. We are told nothing concerning the circumstances of his call or his share in the ministry and miracles of the Apostles. And it is significant that he is never mentioned without some reference to his great betrayal. Thus, in the list of the Apostles given in the Synoptic Gospels, we read: "and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him". ( Matthew 10:4 . Cf. Mark 3:19 ; Luke 6:16 ). So again in St. John's Gospel the name first occurs in connection with the foretelling of the betrayal: " Jesus answered them: Have not I chosen you twelve; and one of you is a devil? Now he meant Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon: for this same was about to betray him whereas he was one of the twelve" ( John 6:71-2 ).
In this passage St. John adds a further particular in mentioning the name of the traitor Apostle's father, which is not recorded by the other Evangelists. And it is he again who tells us that Judas carried the purse. For, after describing the anointing of Christ's feet by Mary at the feast in Bethania, the Evangelist continues:
Then one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, he that was about to betray him, said: 'Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor?' Now he said this, not because he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and having the purse, carried the things that were put therein (John 12:4-6 ).This fact that Judas carried the purse is again referred to by the same Evangelist in his account of the Last Supper (13:29). The Synoptic Gospels do not notice this office of Judas, nor do they say that it was he who protested at the alleged waste of the ointment. But it is significant that both in Matthew and Mark the account of the anointing is closely followed by the story of the betrayal:
Then went one of the twelve, who was called Judas Iscariot, to the chief priests, and said to them: What will you give me, and I will deliver him unto you? (Matthew 26:14-5 ) And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went to the chief priests, to betray him to them. Who hearing it were glad; and they promised him they would give him money. (Mark 14:10-1 )In both these accounts it will be noticed that Judas takes the initiative: he is not tempted and seduced by the priests, but approaches them on his own accord. St. Luke tells the same tale, but adds another touch by ascribing the deed to the instigation of Satan:
And Satan entered into Judas, who was surnamed Iscariot, one of the twelve. And he went, and discoursed with the chief priests and the magistrates, how he might betray him to them. And they were glad, and convenanted to give him money. And he promised. And he sought opportunity to betray him in the absence of the multitude. (Luke 22:3-6 )St. John likewise lays stress on the instigation of the evil spirit : "the d evil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon, to betray him" ( 13:2 ). The same Evangelist, as we have seen, tells of an earlier intimation of Christ's foreknowledge of the betrayal ( John 6:71-2 ), and in the same chapter says expressly: "For Jesus knew from the beginning, who they were that did not believe, and who he was, that would betray him" ( 6:65 ). But he agrees with the Synoptics in recording a more explicit prediction of the treachery at the Last Supper : "When Jesus had said these things, he was troubled in spirit ; and he testified, and said: Amen, amen I say to you, one of you shall betray me" ( John 12:21 ). And when St. John himself, at Peter's request, asked who this was, " Jesus answered: He it is to whom I shall reach bread dipped. And when he had dipped the bread, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. And after the morsel, Satan entered into him. And Jesus said to him: That which thou dost, do quickly. Now no man at the table knew to what purpose he said this unto him. For some thought, because Judas had the purse, that Jesus said to him: Buy those things which we have need of for the festival day: or that he should give something to the poor" ( 12:26-9 ). These last details about the words of Jesus, and the natural surmise of the disciples, are given only by St. John. But the prediction and the questioning of the disciples are recorded by all the Synoptics ( Matthew 26 ; Mark 14 ; Luke 22 ). St. Matthew adds that Judas himself asked, "Is it I, Rabbi?" and was answered: "Thou hast said it" ( 26:25 ).
All four Evangelists agree in regard to the main facts of the actual betrayal which followed so closely on this prediction, and tell how the traitor came with a multitude or a band of soldiers from the chief priests, and brought them to the place where, as he knew, Jesus would be found with His faithful disciples ( Matthew 26:47 ; Mark 14:43 ; Luke 22:47 ; John 18:3 ). But some have details not found in the other narratives. That the traitor gave a kiss as a sign is mentioned by all the Synoptics, but not by St. John, who in his turn is alone in telling us that those who came to take Jesus fell backward to the ground as He answered "I am he." Again, St. Mark tells that Judas said "Hail, Rabbi" before kissing his Master, but does not give any reply. St. Matthew, after recording these words and the traitor's kiss, adds: "And Jesus said to him: Friend, whereto art thou come:" ( 26:50 ). St. Luke ( 22:48 ) gives the words: "Judas, dost thou betray the Son of man with a kiss ?"
St. Matthew is the only Evangelist to mention the sum paid by the chief priests as the price of the betrayal, and in accordance with his custom he notices that an Old Testament prophecy has been fulfilled therein ( Matthew 26:15 ; 27:5-10). In this last passage he tells of the repentance and suicide of the traitor, on which the other Gospels are silent, though we have another account of these events in the speech of St. Peter :
Men, brethren, the scripture must needs be fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost spoke before by the mouth of David concerning Judas, who was the leader of them that apprehended Jesus : who was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry. And he indeed hath possessed a field of the reward of iniquity, and being hanged, burst asunder in the midst: and all his bowels gushed out. And it became known to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem : so that the same field was called in their tongue, Haceldama, that it to say, the field of blood. For it is written in the book of Psalms: Let their habitation become desolate, and let there be none to dwell therein. And his bishopric let another take. (Acts 1:16-20 . Cf. Psalm 68:26 ; 108:8 )Some modern critics lay great stress on the apparent discrepancies between this passage in the Acts and the account given by St. Matthew. For St. Peter's words taken by themselves seem to imply that Judas himself bought the field with the price of his iniquity, and that it was called "field of blood" because of his death. But St. Matthew, on the other hand, says: "Then Judas, who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, repenting himself, brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and ancients, saying: I have sinned in betraying innocent blood. But they said: What is that to us? Look thou to it. And casting down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed: and went and hanged himself with an halter." After this the Evangelist goes on to tell how the priests, who scrupled to put the money in the corbona because it was the price of blood, spent it in buying the potter's field for the burial of strangers, which for this cause was called the field of blood. And in this St. Matthew sees the fulfillment of the prophecy ascribed to Jeremias (but found in Zechariah 11:12 ): "And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was prized, whom they prized of the children of Israel . And they gave them unto the potter's field, as the Lord appointed to me" ( Matthew 27:9, 10 ).
But there does not seem to be any great difficulty in reconciling the two accounts. For the field, bought with the rejected price of his treachery, might well be described as indirectly bought or possessed by Judas, albeit he did not buy it himself. And St. Peter's words about the name Haceldama might be referred to the "reward of iniquity" as well as the violent death of the traitor. Similar difficulties are raised as to the discrepancies in detail discovered in the various accounts of the betrayal itself. But it will be found that, without doing violence to the text, the narratives of the four Evangelists can be brought into harmony, though in any case there will remain some obscure or doubtful points. It is disputed, for instance, whether Judas was present at the institution of the Holy Eucharist and communicated with the other Apostles. But the balance of authority is in favour of the affirmative. There has also been some difference of opinion as to the time of the treachery. Some consider that it was suddenly determined on by Judas after the anointing at Bethania, while others suppose a longer negotiation with the chief priests.
But these textual difficulties and questions of detail fade into insignificance beside the great moral problem presented by the fall and treachery of Judas. In a very true sense, all sin is a mystery. And the difficulty is greater with the greatness of the guilt, with the smallness of the motive for doing wrong, and with the measure of the knowledge and graces vouchsafed to the offender. In every way the treachery of Judas would seem to be the most mysterious and unintelligible of sins. For how could one chosen as a disciple, and enjoying the grace of the Apostolate and the privilege of intimate friendship with the Divine Master, be tempted to such gross ingratitude for such a paltry price? And the difficulty is greater when it is remembered that the Master thus basely betrayed was not hard and stern, but a Lord of loving kindness and compassion. Looked at in any light the crime is so incredible, both in itself and in all its circumstances, that it is no wonder that many attempts have been made to give some more intelligible explanation of its origin and motives, and, from the wild dreams of ancient heretics to the bold speculations of modern critics, the problem presented by Judas and his treachery has been the subject of strange and startling theories. As a traitor naturally excites a peculiarly violent hatred, especially among those devoted to the cause or person betrayed, it was only natural that Christians should regard Judas with loathing, and, if it were possible, paint him blacker than he was by allowing him no good qualities at all. This would be an extreme view which, in some respects, lessens the difficulty. For if it be supposed that he never really believed, if he was a false disciple from the first, or, as the Apocryphal Arabic Gospel of the Infancy has it, was possessed by Satan even in his childhood, he would not have felt the holy influence of Christ or enjoyed the light and spiritual gifts of the Apostolate.
At the opposite extreme is the strange view held by the early Gnostic sect known as the Cainites described by St. Irenaeus (Adv. Haer., I, c. ult.), and more fully by Tertullian (Praesc. Haeretic., xlvii), and St. Epiphanius (Haeres., xxxviii). Certain of these heretics, whose opinion has been revived by some modern writers in a more plausible form, maintained that Judas was really enlightened, and acted as he did in order that mankind might be redeemed by the death of Christ. For this reason they regarded him as worthy of gratitude and veneration. In the modern version of this theory it is suggested that Judas, who in common with the other disciples looked for a temporal kingdom of the Messias, did not anticipate the death of Christ, but wished to precipitate a crisis and hasten the hour of triumph, thinking that the arrest would provoke a rising of the people who would set Him free and place Him on the throne. In support of this they point to the fact that, when he found that Christ was condemned and given up to the Romans, he immediately repented of what he had done. But, as Strauss remarks, this repentance does not prove that the result had not been foreseen. For murderers, who have killed their victims with deliberate design, are often moved to remorse when the deed is actually done. A Catholic, in any case, cannot view these theories with favour since they are plainly repugnant to the text of Scripture and the interpretation of tradition. However difficult it may be to understand, we cannot question the guilt of Judas. On the other hand we cannot take the opposite view of those who would deny that he was once a real disciple. For, in the first place, this view seems hard to reconcile with the fact that he was chosen by Christ to be one of the Twelve. This choice, it may be safely said, implies some good qualities and the gift of no mean graces.
But, apart from this consideration, it may be urged that in exaggerating the original malice of Judas, or denying that there was even any good in him, we minimize or miss the lesson of this fall. The examples of the saints are lost on us if we think of them as being of another order without our human weaknesses. And in the same way it is a grave mistake to think of Judas as a demon without any elements of goodness and grace. In his fall is left a warning that even the great grace of the Apostolate and the familiar friendship of Jesus may be of no avail to one who is unfaithful. And, though nothing should be allowed to palliate the guilt of the great betrayal, it may become more intelligible if we think of it as the outcome of gradual failing in lesser things. So again the repentance may be taken to imply that the traitor deceived himself by a false hope that after all Christ might pass through the midst of His enemies as He had done before at the brow of the mountain. And though the circumstances of the death of the traitor give too much reason to fear the worst, the Sacred Text does not distinctly reject the possibility of real repentance. And Origen strangely supposed that Judas hanged himself in order to seek Christ in the other world and ask His pardon (In Matt., tract. xxxv).
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Joachim of FloraJoachim of FloraCistercian abbot and mystic; b. at Celico, near Cosenza, Italy, c. 1132; d. at San Giovanni in ... |
Joachim, SaintSt. JoachimJoachim (whose name means Yahweh prepares ), was the father of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If we ... |
Joan of Arc, SaintSt. Joan of ArcIn French Jeanne d'Arc ; by her contemporaries commonly known as la Pucelle (the Maid). ... |
Joan, PopessPope JoanThe fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed ... |
Joanna of Portugal, BlessedBl. Joanna of PortugalBorn at Lisbon, 16 February, 1452; died at Aveiro, 12 may, 1490; the daughter of Alfonso V, King ... |
Joannes de SacroboscoJoannes de Sacrobosco(John Holywood), a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as ... |
JobJobOne of the books of the Old Testament , and the chief personage in it. In this article it is ... |
JocelinJocelinCistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow ; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. On 22 April, 1170, ... |
Jocelin de BrakelondJocelin de BrakelondAn English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. He was the monk of Bury St. Edmund's ... |
Jocelin of WellsJocelin of Wells(Or JOSCELINE) Bishop of Bath and Wells (JOCELINUS THOTEMAN), d. 19 Nov., 1242. He was ... |
JoelJoelThe son of Phatuel, and second in the list of the twelve Minor Prophets. Nothing is known of his ... |
Joest, JanJan Joest(V AN K ALKAR ). Otherwise JAN JOOST VAN CALCKER. Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or ... |
Jogues, Saint IsaacSt. Isaac JoguesFrench missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, ... |
John and Cyrus, SaintsSts. Cyrus and JohnCelebrated martyrs of the Coptic Church, surnamed thaumatourgoi anargyroi because they healed ... |
John and Paul, SaintsSts. John and PaulMartyred at Rome on 26 June. The year of their martyrdom is uncertain according to their ... |
John Baptist de la Salle, SaintSt. John Baptist de la SalleFounder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ... |
John Baptist de Rossi, SaintJohn Baptist de Rossi(De Rubeis). Born at Voltaggio in the Diocese of Genoa, 22 February, 1698; died at Rome, 23 ... |
John Beche, BlessedJohn Beche( Alias THOMAS MARSHALL). English Benedictine abbot and martyr ; date of birth unknown; ... |
John Berchmans, SaintSt. John BerchmansBorn at Diest in Brabant, 13 March, 1599; died at Rome, 13 August, 1621. His parents watched ... |
John Bosco, SaintSt. John Bosco (Don Bosco)( Or St. John Bosco; Don Bosco.) Founder of the Salesian Society. Born of poor parents in ... |
John Boste, SaintSt. John Boste(Or JOHN BOAST.) Priest and martyr, b. of good Catholic family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, ... |
John Britton, VenerableVen. John Britton(Or Bretton). A layman and martyr, of all ancient family of Bretton near Barnsley in ... |
John Buckley, VenerableVen. John Buckley( Alias John Jones; alias John Griffith; in religion, Godfrey Maurice). Priest and martyr, ... |
John Cantius, SaintSt. John CantiusBorn at Kenty, near Oswiecim, Diocese of Krakow, Poland, 1412 (or 1403); died at Krakow, 1473, ... |
John Capistran, SaintSt. John CapistranBorn at Capistrano, in the Diocese of Sulmona, Italy, 1385; died 23 October, 1456. His father had ... |
John Chrysostom, SaintSt. John Chrysostom( Chrysostomos , "golden-mouthed" so called on account of his eloquence). Doctor of the ... |
John Climacus, SaintSt. John ClimacusAlso surnamed SCHOLASTICUS, and THE SINAITA, b. doubtlessly in Syria, about 525; d. on Mount ... |
John Colombini, BlessedBl. John ColombiniFounder of the Congregation of Jesuati; b. at Siena, Upper Italy, about 1300; d. on the way to ... |
John Cornelius and Companions, VenerableVen. John Cornelius and CompanionsJohn Cornelius (called also Mohun) was born of Irish parents at Bodmin, in Cornwall, on the ... |
John Damascene, SaintSaint John DamasceneBorn at Damascus, about 676; died some time between 754 and 787. The only extant life of the ... |
John de Britto, BlessedSt. John de BrittoMartyr ; born in Lisbon, 1 March, 1647, and was brought up in court; martyred in India 11 ... |
John Felton, BlessedBl. John FeltonMartyr, date and place of birth unknown, was executed in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, 8 ... |
John Fisher, SaintSt. John FisherCardinal, Bishop of Rochester, and martyr ; born at Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 1459 ... |
John Forest, BlessedBl. John ForestBorn in 1471, presumably at Oxford, where his surname was then not unknown; suffered 22 May, ... |
John Francis Regis, SaintSt. John Francis RegisBorn 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ... |
John Hambley, VenerableVen. John HambleyEnglish martyr (suffered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and converted by reading one ... |
John I, Pope SaintPope St. John IDied at Ravenna on 18 or 19 May (according to the most popular calculation), 526. A Tuscan by ... |
John II, PopePope John II(533-535). The date of the birth of this pope is not known. He was a Roman and the son of ... |
John III, PopePope John III(561-574). A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574. He was of a distinguished family, ... |
John Ingram, VenerableVen. John IngramEnglish martyr, born at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, in 1565; executed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 ... |
John IV, PopePope John IV(640-642). A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. The ... |
John IX, PopePope John IX(898-900). Not only is the date of John's birth unknown, but the date of his election as ... |
John Joseph of the Cross, SaintSt. John Joseph of the CrossBorn on the Island of Ischia, Southern Italy, 1654; d. 5 March, 1739. From his earliest years ... |
John Larke, BlessedBl. John LarkeEnglish martyr ; died at Tyburn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethelburga's ... |
John MalalasJohn MalalasA Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century, born at Antioch where he spent most if ... |
John Nelson, BlessedBlessed John NelsonEnglish Jesuit martyr, b. at Skelton, four miles from York, in 1534; d. at Tyburn, 3 February, ... |
John Nepomucene, SaintSt. John NepomuceneBorn at Nepomuk about 1340; died 20 March, 1393. The controversy concerning the identity of John ... |
John of AntiochJohn of AntiochThere are four persons commonly known by this name. I John, Patriarch of Antioch ... |
John of Avila, BlessedBl. John of AvilaApostolic preacher of Andalusia and author, b. at Almodóvar del Campo, a small town in ... |
John of Beverley, SaintSaint John of BeverleyBishop of Hexham and afterwards of York; b. at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire; d. at ... |
John of BiclaroJohn of Biclaro(Johannes Biclariensis.) Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth ... |
John of CornwallJohn of Cornwall(JOHANNES CORNUBIENSIS, JOHANNES DE SANCTO GERMANO). John of Cornwall lived about 1176. He was ... |
John of EphesusJohn of Ephesus(Also known as JOHN OF ASIA). The earliest, and a very famous, Syriac historian. He was born ... |
John of FécampJohn of Fecamp(Also known as JEANNELIN on account of his diminutive stature). Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna ... |
John of FalkenbergJohn of FalkenbergAuthor, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy &151; ... |
John of Fermo, BlessedBlessed John of FermoMore often called JOHN OF LA VERNA, from his long sojourn on that holy mountain, b. at Fermo ... |
John of GenoaJohn of Genoa(Often called Balbi, or de Balbis.) Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there ... |
John of God, SaintSt. John of GodBorn at Montemor o Novo, Portugal, 8 March, 1495, of devout Christian parents ; died at ... |
John of HautevilleJohn of HautevilleMoralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184). Little is known of his ... |
John of JandunoJohn of JandunoAn Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century. John of ... |
John of MontecorvinoJohn of MontecorvinoA Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern ... |
John of MontesonoJohn of MontesonoTheologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain ; dates of birth and death ... |
John of NikiûJohn of NikiuAn Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century. The little we ... |
John of ParisJohn of Paris( Called also Quidort and de Soardis). Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, ... |
John of Parma, BlessedBlessed John of ParmaMinister General of the Friars Minor (1247-1257), b. at Parma about 1209; d. at Camerino 19 ... |
John of RagusaJohn of Ragusa(Sometimes confounded with John of Segovia ). A Dominican theologian, president of the ... |
John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa)John of Roquetaillade (De Rupescissa)Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362. After pursuing the ... |
John of RupellaJohn of RupellaFranciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century; d. ... |
John of Sahagun, SaintSaint John of SahagunHermit, b. 1419, at Sahagún (or San Fagondez) in the Kingdom of Leon, in Spain ; d. 11 ... |
John of Saint ThomasJohn of St. Thomas(Family name John Poinsot), theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 ... |
John of SalisburyJohn of Salisbury(JOHANNES DE SARESBERIA, surnamed PARVUS). Born about 1115; died 1180; a distinguished ... |
John of SegoviaJohn of SegoviaA Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in ... |
John of the Cross, SaintSt. John of the CrossFounder (with St. Teresa) of the Discalced Carmelites, doctor of mystic theology, b. at ... |
John of VictringJohn of Victring(JOHANNES VICTORENSIS or DE VICTORIA). Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at ... |
John of WinterthurJohn of Winterthur(Johannes Vitoduranus.) Historian, born about 1300 at Winterthur (Switzerland); died ... |
John ParvusJohn ParvusCalled in his day, JEHAN PETIT or LE PETIT. A French theologian and professor in the ... |
John Payne, BlessedBl. John PayneBorn in the Diocese of Peterborough ; died at Chelmsford, 2 April, 1582. He went to Douai in ... |
John Rigby, SaintSt. John RigbyEnglish martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ... |
John Roberts, SaintSt. John RobertsFirst Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ... |
John Rochester, BlessedBl. John RochesterPriest and martyr, born probably at Terling, Essex, England, about 1498; died at York, 11 May, ... |
John Sarkander, BlessedBl. John SarkanderMartyr of the seal of confession, born at Skotschau in Austrian Silesia, 20 Dec., 1576; died at ... |
John ScholasticusJohn Scholasticus( ho Scholastikos ; also called J OHN OF A NTIOCH ) Patriarch of Constantinople (J OHN ... |
John Shert, BlessedBl. John ShertA native of Cheshire; took the degree of B.A. at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1566. Successively ... |
John Stone, BlessedBl. John StoneEnglish martyr, executed at the Dane-John, Canterbury, probably in December, 1539, for denying ... |
John Story, BlessedBl. John Story( Or Storey.) Martyr ; born 1504; died at Tyburn, 1 June, 1571. He was educated at ... |
John TalaiaJohn TalaiaOrthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troubles. He had ... |
John the Almsgiver, SaintSt. John the Almsgiver(JOANNES ELEEMOSYNARIUS; JOANNES MISERICORS). Patriarch of Alexandria (606-16), b. at Amathus ... |
John the Baptist, SaintSt. John the BaptistThe principal sources of information concerning the life and ministry of St. John the Baptist are ... |
John the DeaconJohn the Deacon(J OHANNES D IACONUS ). Among the writers of the Middle Ages who bear this name, four ... |
John the Evangelist, SaintSt. John the EvangelistI. New Testament Accounts II. The Alleged Presbyter John III. The Later Accounts of John IV. Feasts ... |
John the FasterJohn the Faster( ‘o nesteutés, jejunator ) Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), ... |
John the Silent, SaintJohn the Silent(Hesychastes, Silentiarius). Bishop of Colonia, in Armenia, b. at Nicopolis, Armenia, 8 ... |
John Twenge, SaintSt. John TwengeLast English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ... |
John V, PopePope John V(685-686). A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 ... |
John VI, PopePope John VI(701-705). A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705. He ascended the ... |
John VII, PopePope John VII(705-707). The year of his birth is unknown; d. 18 October, 707. Few particulars of his life ... |
John VIII, PopePope John VIII(Reigned 872-82) A Roman and the son of Gundus. He seems to have been born in the first ... |
John X, PopePope John XBorn at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928. First a deacon, he became ... |
John XI, PopePope John XIDate of birth unknown, became pope in 931; d. 936. He was the son of Marozia by her first ... |
John XII, PopePope John XIIDate of birth unknown; reigned 955-64. The younger Alberic, after the downfall of his mother, ... |
John XIII, PopePope John XIIIDate of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972. After the death of John XII ... |
John XIV, PopePope John XIVDate of birth unknown; d. 984. After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, ... |
John XIX (XX), PopePope John XIX (XX)Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032. After the death of the last patricius of the House of Crescentius, ... |
John XV (XVI), PopePope John XV (XVI)Enthroned 985; d. April, 996. After John XIV had been removed by force, the usurper, Boniface ... |
John XVI (XVII)Antipope John XVI (XVII)Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013. After the death of John XV, Bruno, a relative of Otto ... |
John XVII (XVIII), PopePope John XVII (XVIII)Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003. When Sylvester II died on 12 May, 1003, there was no ... |
John XVIII (XIX), PopePope John XVIII (XIX)Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009. He was the son of a Roman ... |
John XXI (XX), PopePope John XXI (XX)Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277. The son ... |
John XXII, PopePope John XXII(JACQUES D'EUSE) Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 ... |
John XXIIIAntipope John XXIIIAntipope of the Pisan party (1400-15), b. about 1370; d. 22 November, 1419. Cardinal Baldassare ... |
John, Epistles ofEpistles of Saint JohnThree canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. John. The subject will ... |
John, Gospel ofGospel of Saint JohnThis subject will be considered under the following heads: I. Contents and Scheme of the ... |
Johnson, Blessed RobertBl. Robert JohnsonBorn in Shropshire, entered the German College, Rome, 1 October, 1571. Ordained priest at ... |
Johnson, Blessed ThomasBl. Thomas JohnsonCarthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ... |
Johnson, Lionel PigotLionel Pigot JohnsonBorn at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902. He was the youngest ... |
Johnston, Richard MalcolmRichard Malcolm JohnstonEducator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 ... |
Joinville, Jean, Sire deJean, Sire de JoinvilleSeneschal of Champagne, historian, b. in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317. His family held an ... |
Joliet, LouisLouis Joliet(Or JOLLIET). Louis Joliet, a discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, ... |
JolietteJoliette(JOLIETTENSIS). Diocese created by Pius X , 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese ... |
Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav vonPhilipp Johann Gustav von JollyGerman physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884. His ... |
JonasJonahThe fifth of the Minor Prophets. The name is usually taken to mean "dove", but in view of the ... |
Jonas of BobbioJonas of Bobbio(Or Jonas of Susa ) Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at ... |
Jonas of OrléansJonas of OrleansBishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844. From 818, when he ... |
JonathanJonathan(Hebrew, " Yahweh hath given", cf. Theodore; Septuagint 'Ionáthan .) Name of several ... |
Jones, InigoInigo JonesA famous English architect, b. 15 July, 1573, in London ; d. 21 June, 1652, and was buried in ... |
Jones, Venerable EdwardVen. Edward JonesPriest and martyr, b. in the Diocese of St. Asaph, Wales, date unknown; d. in London, 6 May ... |
Jordan, TheThe Jordan(In Hebrew Yâdên, from the root Yârâd, to descend). The difference ... |
JordanisJordanis (Jornandes)Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ... |
Jordanus of GianoJordanus of Giano(DE JANO). Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262. ... |
JornandesJordanis (Jornandes)Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ... |
JosaphatJosaphat( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ... |
Josaphat and BarlaamBarlaam and JosaphatThe principal characters of a legend of Christian antiquity, which was a favourite subject of ... |
Josaphat Kuncevyc, SaintSt. Josaphat KuncevycMartyr, born in the little town of Volodymyr in Lithuania (Volyn) in 1580 or -- according to ... |
Josaphat, Valley ofValley of Josaphat(JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ... |
JosephJosephThe eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes ... |
Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of SaintPious Workers of St. Joseph CalasanctiusFounded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, ... |
Joseph Calasanctius, SaintSt. Joseph CalasanctiusCalled in religion "a Matre Dei", founder of the Piarists, b. 11 Sept., 1556, at the castle of ... |
Joseph IIJoseph II(1741-90). German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and ... |
Joseph of ArimatheaJoseph of ArimatheaAll that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical Gospels. He was born ... |
Joseph of Cupertino, SaintSt. Joseph of CupertinoMystic, born 17 June, 1603; died at Osimo 18 September, 1663; feast, 18 September. Joseph ... |
Joseph of ExeterJoseph of Exeter(JOSEPHUS ISCANUS.) A twelfth-century Latin poet; b. at Exeter, England. About 1180 he went ... |
Joseph of IssacharJoseph of IssacharA man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses ... |
Joseph of Leonessa, SaintSt. Joseph of LeonessaIn the world named Eufranio Desiderio; born in 1556 at Leonessa in Umbria; died 4 February, ... |
Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, SaintSt. Joseph's Society For Colored MissionsThis organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in ... |
Joseph's Society for Foreign Missions, SaintSt. Joseph's Society For Foreign Missions(Mill Hill, London, N.W.) A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for ... |
Joseph, SaintSt. JosephSpouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus Christ . LIFE Sources ... |
Joseph, Sisters of SaintSisters of Saint JosephCONGREGATION OF THE SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. ... |
JosephitesJosephites(Sons of St. Joseph) A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in ... |
Josephus, FlaviusFlavius JosephusJewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem ; died about 101. He belonged to a distinguished ... |
JoshuaJosue (Joshua)The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ... |
JosiasJosias(J OSIAH – Hebrew for " Yahweh supports"; Septuagint 'Iosías ). A pious ... |
JosueJosue (Joshua)The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ... |
Joubert, JosephJoseph JoubertFrench philosopher ; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 ... |
Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée deClaude-Francois-Dorothee de JouffroyM ARQUIS d' A BBANS . Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besançon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. ... |
Jouffroy, Jean deJean de JouffroyFrench prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comté) about 1412; d. at the priory ... |
Jouin, LouisLouis JouinLinguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899. He ... |
Jouvancy, Joseph deJoseph de Jouvancy(JOSEPHUS JUVENCIUS). Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, ... |
Jouvenet, JeanJean JouvenetSurnamed T HE G REAT . French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717. ... |
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor deGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos(Also written JOVE-LLANOS). Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., ... |
Jovianus, Flavius ClaudiusFlavius Claudius JovianusRoman Emperor, 363-4. After the death of Julian the Apostate (26 June, 363), the army making ... |
JovinianusJovianusAn opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390). Our ... |
Jovius, PaulusPaulus Jovius(GIOVIO). Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552. Having ... |
Joyeuse, Henri, Duc deHenri, Duc de JoyeuseBorn in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the "Biographic Michaud ", in 1567; died at ... |
Juan Bautista de ToledoJuan Bautista de ToledoAn eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, ... |
Jubilate SundayJubilate SundayThe third Sunday after Easter, being so named from the first word of the Introit at Mass ... |
Jubilee, Holy Year ofHoly Year of JubileeThe ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is most probable that the ... |
Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew)Year of Jubilee (Hebrew)According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that ... |
Jubilees, Book ofBook of Jubilees( ta Iobelaia ). An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and ... |
JudaJudaThe name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the ... |
JudaismJudaismAt the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ... |
JudaizersJudaizers(From Greek Ioudaizo , to adopt Jewish customs -- Esther 8:17 ; Galatians 2:14 ). A ... |
Judas IscariotJudas IscariotThe Apostle who betrayed his Divine Master . The name Judas ( Ioudas ) is the Greek form of ... |
Judas MachabeusJudas MachabeusThird son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the ... |
Judde, ClaudeClaude JuddeFrench preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, ... |
Jude, Epistle of SaintEpistle of Saint JudeThe present subject will be treated under the following heads: I. The Author and the ... |
JudeaJudeaLike the adjective Ioudaios , the noun Ioudaia comes from the Aramæan Iehûdai ... |
Judge, EcclesiasticalEcclesiastical Judge(J UDEX E CCLESIASTICUS ) An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical ... |
Judges, The Book ofJudgesThe seventh book of the Old Testament , second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canon. I. ... |
Judgment, DivineDivine JudgmentThis subject will be treated under two heads: I. Divine Judgment Subjectively and Objectively ... |
Judgment, GeneralGeneral Judgment (Last Judgment)(Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ... |
Judgment, LastGeneral Judgment (Last Judgment)(Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ... |
Judgment, ParticularParticular JudgmentA. Dogma of Particular Judgment The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that ... |
Judica SundayJudica SundayName given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of ... |
Judith, Book ofBook of JudithHISTORY Nabuchodonosor, King of Nineveh, sends his general Holofernes to subdue the Jews. The ... |
Julia Billiart, SaintSaint Julie Billiart( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ... |
Julian and Basilissa, SaintsSaints Julian and BasilissaHusband and wife; died at Antioch or, more probably, at Antinoe, in the reign of Diocletian, ... |
Julian of EclanumJulian of EclanumBorn about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian ... |
Julian of SpeyerJulian of SpeyerOften called J ULIANUS T EUTONICUS . A famous composer, poet, and historian of the ... |
Julian the ApostateJulian the Apostate(FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS). Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, ... |
Juliana Falconieri, SaintSt. Juliana FalconieriBorn in 1270; died 12 June, 1341. Juliana belonged to the noble Florentine family of Falconieri. ... |
Juliana of Liège, SaintSt. Juliana of LiegeNun, b. at Retinnes, near Liège, Belgium, 1193; d. at Fosses, 5 April, 1258. At the age ... |
Juliana of NorwichJuliana of NorwichEnglish mystic of the fourteenth century, author or recipient of the vision contained in the book ... |
Juliana, SaintSt. JulianaSuffered martyrdom during the Diocletian persecution. Both the Latin and Greek Churches mention ... |
Julie Billiart, SaintSaint Julie Billiart( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ... |
JuliopolisJuliopolisTitular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicaea. The city was founded under ... |
Julitta and QuiricusSts. Quiricus and JulittaMartyred under Diocletian. The names of these two martyrs, who in the early Church enjoyed a ... |
Julius AfricanusJulius Africanus(c. 160-c. 240; the full name is Sextus Iulius Africanus, Greek Sextos Ioulios Aphrikanos ). ... |
Julius I, Pope SaintPope Saint Julius I(337-352). The immediate successor of Pope Silvester, Arcus, ruled the Roman Church for ... |
Julius II, PopePope Julius II(GIULIANO DELLA ROVERE). Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 ... |
Julius III, PopeJulius III(GIAMMARIA CIOCCHI DEL MONTE). Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555. ... |
Jumièges, Abbey ofBenedictine Abbey of JumiegesJumièges, situated on the north bank of the Seine, between Duclair and Caudebec, in ... |
Junípero SerraJunipero SerraBorn at Petra, Island of Majorca, 24 November, 1713; died at Monterey, California, 28 August, ... |
Jungmann, BernardBernard JungmannA dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Münster in Westphalia, 1 ... |
Jungmann, JosefJosef JungmannBorn 12 Nov., 1830, at Münster, Westphalia ; died at Innsbruck, 25 Nov., 1885. In 1850 he ... |
Jurisdiction, EcclesiasticalEcclesiastical JurisdictionThe right to guide and rule the Church of God. The subject is here treated under the following ... |
Jus SpoliiJus Spolii(RIGHT OF SPOIL; also called JUS EXUVIARUM and RAPITE CAPITE) Jus Spolii, a claim, exercised in ... |
Jussieu, DeDe JussieuName of five French botanists. (1) ANTOINE DE JUSSIEU, physician and botanist, b. at Lyons, ... |
JusteJusteThe name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, ... |
JusticeJusticeJustice is here taken in its ordinary and proper sense to signify the most important of the ... |
JustificationJustification(Latin justificatio ; Greek dikaiosis .) A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the ... |
Justin de Jacobis, BlessedBlessed Justin de JacobisVicar Apostolic of Abyssinia and titular Bishop of Nilopolis, h. at San Fele, Province of ... |
Justin Martyr, SaintSt. Justin MartyrChristian apologist, born at Flavia Neapolis, about A.D. 100, converted to Christianity about ... |
Justina and Cyprian, SaintsSts. Cyprian and JustinaChristians of Antioch who suffered martyrdom during the persecution of Diocletian at ... |
Justinian IJustinian IRoman Emperor (527-65) Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus was born about 483 at Tauresium ... |
Justiniani, BenedettoBenedetto Justiniani(GIUSTINIANI). Theological and Biblical writer, born at Genoa, about the year 1550; died at ... |
Justiniani, NicholasNicholas JustinianiDate of birth unknown, became monk in the Benedictine monastery of San Niccoló del Lido ... |
JustinianopolisJustinianopolisA titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste. This see is better known in history ... |
Justus, SaintSt. JustusFourth Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 627 (?). For the particulars of his life we are almost ... |
Juvencus, C. Vettius AquilinusJuvencusChristian Latin poet of the fourth century. Of his life we know only what St. Jerome tells us ... |
Juvenile CourtsJuvenile CourtsTribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences. The maximum age is usually ... |
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