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Migration
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The movement of populations from place to place is one of the earliest social phenomena history records. The earliest migration recorded in the Bible was when, after the confusion of tongues, men wandered over the face of the earth ( Genesis 11:8 ) under conditions only vaguely known today. The Book of Exodus more clearly describes the withdrawal of the Hebrew tribes from the land and rule of ancient Egypt. A typical illustration of tribal migration was the separation of Abraham and Lot, when the latter gathered his substance and set his face towards Sodom, while Abraham took his way to the plains, founded a nation and went into history as the Father of the Mighty. Of the Greeks too, it may be said that the dominant fact of their leading epoch was the wandering of the race, until its narrow borders widened out into Magna Græcia. Throughout early Latin literature runs the same story of the migrations and conquests of the Latin race, reaching a climax in the colossal structure of the Roman Empire. Modern writers have discussed the fall of that structure and the building of that strange conglomerate of Asiatic and European, of Germanic and Romance elements, till a new, and greater, Europe arose from the old.
General movements of population are termed migrations . It is a general term indicating a permanent change of habitat, i.e. a more or less serious intent to take up permanent residence in the new country. The terms immigration and emigration denote respectively the entry into and the departure from any given country. Generally speaking, immigration presents more serious problems than emigration, though certain dangers do arise from an excess of emigration. Many problems grow out of immigration, and to these, legislators and rulers have turned their attention.
Migrations have taken place under a variety of conditions. In general they have been voluntary : peoples have come and gone of their own free will . But forced migrations have not been unknown in history, as when a conquering people has expelled, killed, or sold the conquered into slavery. The rule, however, has been to leave the population on the soil under conditions more or less severe. The latest principle, dominant among Western nations is to disturb the population as little as possible, either in their person or property. The right to exile a people has been abandoned, and the noted case when England transported the Acadians in 1755 marks the date when sentiment turned against it and practice rapidly followed; transferred to a new authority as the Filipinos were, the people do not migrate. Indeed, in the treaties transferring territory to new hands, the inhabitants are sometimes expressly guaranteed against expulsion, as in the Louisiana Purchase Treaty of 1803. Enforced migration has taken other forms. It has shown itself in the organization of criminal colonies, as seen in Tasmania. It has been practised by Russia in the attempt to settle Siberia. While compulsory migration has not played a great part, assisted migration has been a large factor in either inducing or directing the movement of population. Assistance may be given either by the land which gives or that which receives the emigrant. An illustration of the former is the aid given to emigrants from Prussia to Argentine and to the Kamerun region. In times of colonial expansion this method has been especially effective. Prospective colonists have been given bonuses in the form of tax-exemptions and liberal grants of land; the last mode is best illustrated in the grants in the London charter of 1609-12. Liberation from civil and criminal prosecution was also an effective means to induce migration; this was used in England when the jails were emptied, and debtors flocked to Georgia, and when the courts offered the choice of self-imposed exile to accused and condemned persons. Cases are not wanting where countries have attracted immigrants to themselves in various ways. Conspicuous as an example was the United States, where for decades "contract labour" supplied the market and made it possible for absolutely impecunious labourers to migrate to America. So extensive had this assistance become that Congress has for many years legislated with the view of preventing further aid of this kind.
Migration today differs in many important particulars from that of earlier times. Down to a quite recent date peoples moved as tribes, nations, or races, moving and settling en masse . Taking forceful possession of extended areas, they maintained their individuality either under colonial systems or as separate groups; they finally established nations. With these migrating groups went their own institutions, language, religion, industrial methods, and political and legal systems. Usually they moved into uninhabited or sparsely settled areas, where no question of amalgamation could arise. With certain exceptions, the Roman Empire being the most noted, migrations have entailed the settling of a highly cultured people among those of a lower culture. In all such cases of migration en masse the native habitat was forever abandoned, and the migrating tribes, thoroughly equipped, entered a new environment and yielded entirely to new influences. In these particulars different conditions now obtain: migration is effected by families and individuals. These go from dense and highly cultured populations where free opportunity is usually closed, taking few possessions with them; their language survives during their own generation, and in the succeeding one is exchanged for the language of the adopted country, though they usually retain their religion. They must fit into a new industrial system, however, unlike their own. As a rule, they renounce their natural political allegiance and assume a new political status, abandoning the relations attaching to their former status and assuming new political and contractual relations. Such migration means to the emigrants the death of a nation, so far as concerns them, while to their new country it brings a serious modification, the extent of which depends upon the relative virility of the newly added national element.
These characteristics of modern migrations have given rise to a threefold movement. In certain lands, as Germany, where migration to America means a loss to German citizenship, attempts have been made to colonize, and thus save the migrating persons to German citizenship and culture. Those nations, moreover, which they enter look with increasing caution and suspicion on the numbers and character of the incoming population. When once admitted, the problem presents itself of granting them citizenship. To what extent shall the immigrant assume the rights and duties of an acquired nationality? The problem of migration is thus inextricably bound up with a political one.
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
The primary cause of the migration of peoples is the need for larger food supplies. From the time when nomadic peoples were constantly migrating down to the present westward movements, one principle has been uniformly followed — they have gone from areas of low, to areas of high food-supply. This has been a constant impelling and expelling power. In the last analysis, migration results when the forces of increasing population and decreasing food supply are not in equilibrium, and it tends to equilibration of forces among societies of men: equilibration of food in relation to population; equilibration of rights as related to authority; equilibration of industrial energy as between labour and capital. These express in the most general terms the meaning of migration. First came the tribal migrations, such as the exodus of Lot and Abraham towards Zoar and their subsequent separation in search of richer pastures. The nomad tribes on the steppes of Asia take up the journey to the waterways to find richer pastures for their herds. The migration of Germans, Slavs, and similar nations came later, and, pushed on by the same inexorable necessity, they moved south from the Caspian and Baltic regions, overrunning Rome, and taking possession of Gaul and Britain. With the industrial changes in England, when the modern age dawned, lessening supplies of food pushed men beyond the sea. In more modern times the hunger-stricken peoples of European lands have come to the new parts of the world, to America, North and South; to Australia and South Africa ; from Russia they have pushed into Asia, while Japan lays hold of outlying islands where congested population may find room for expansion. Moreover, there are secondary causes which play back and forth with varying degrees of force and effectiveness. These causes operate temporarily though powerfully. They usually act reciprocally in the different countries, and, like the sun and moon affecting the tides, now oppose each other, now act in conjunction.
At the close of the eighteenth century a change in the attitude of the principal governments resulted in greater freedom for those who wished to migrate. During the first half of the nineteenth century the laws limiting or prohibiting emigration were gradually modified or repealed. At this time most countries, especially those of the Western world, favoured immigration, and few limitations existed checking the flow of population; free action was thus secured to social, political, and economic causes. The variations in the flow of immigrants to the United States illustrate with special clearness the operation of these causes. From 1820 to 1833 the number of immigrants gradually increased, but as hard times began here, culminating in the panic of 1837, immigration fell off. More marked still were the effects of economic conditions from 1846 till 1857. During this period unusual activity showed itself in the United States. Under the influence of Clay's tariff measures, manufactures had grown, creating an enlarged demand for labour, which was not forthcoming from the native population. The opening of Western lands absorbed much of the labour that otherwise would have gone into industry, and also drew on foreign sources for increased supply. The greatest impulse, however, was given by the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Not only was there a great demand for labour on the Pacific Coast; the effects of the discovery of gold were more far-reaching. Prices were high, money plentiful, business, so sensitive to these influences, was greatly stimulated, and a heavy demand for labour was created. By an interesting coincidence European economic conditions also favoured a heavy migration. With bad crops and sunless summers throughout Europe, the climax was reached in the potato famine of 1847 in Ireland. This destructive calamity occasioned a heavy migration from Ireland to the United States, where abundant and increasing opportunity was to be found. At the same time certain political causes operated in Europe. Notable among these causes was the overthrow of the attempted revolutions in the German states, especially Prussia ; large numbers of the Liberal Party left Germany. The results of the Crimean War are less easily measured, though it probably sent a certain number to our shores. The operation of these causes may be read clearly in the following statistics: in 1844, 78,615 persons came to our shores; in 1845, 114,371; in 1846, 154,416; in 1847, 234,968; in 1848, 226,527; in 1854 the high-water mark was reached when 427,833 immigrants landed here.
Equally forceful were the causes of immigration which manifested themselves at the close of the Civil War. Checked by the war, industry advanced by leaps and bounds at its conclusion, and men and capital were in abnormal demand. Immigration increased from 72,183 in 1862, when the national disaster was at its worst, to 459,403 in. 1873. During the misfortunes following the panic of 1873 the number fell (in 1878) to 138,469. In the eighties bad economic conditions again somewhat influenced migration to the United States, when it fell from 788,992 in 1882 to 334,203 in 1886. The panic of 1907 and the subsequent hard times are clearly recorded in the attenuated immigration to this country in 1908; whereas in 1907 it had received nearly a million and a quarter, in 1908 and 1909 the figures amounted to only three quarters of a million.
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Among the motives other than economic which prompt emigration is the desire to escape military service. This has been especially operative in such military countries as Germany. This cause is much more powerful during, or just after, a war. In 1872-73 there were 10,000 processes for desertion on this account alone and in great part due to emigration. Again migration because of religious persecution has been historically of great importance. In past centuries thousands went from the Continent to England, from Ireland and England to the Continent and to the New World, that they might enjoy freedom of worship. In recent years these influences have been most powerful in Russia and Turkey, whence persecutions affecting the Jews and the Greek Christians have sent large numbers of refugees, especially of the former class, to the United States. Another cause, difficult to measure, but of great influence, is the solicitation of relatives and friends. Once in the new country, in many instances relatives plan to bring those left behind, secure places for them, aid them in coming, and in general form a centre of attraction in the new land, drawing powerfully on those beyond the sea. Along with this is the fear, periodically recurring with the agitation for restriction, that further immigration may be cut off, and at such times considerable increase is seen. This was particularly noticeable before the American legislation of 1903.
A phase of this subject which cannot be overlooked and which is of increasing importance in the United States is the commercial. On the one hand is an employing class, eager for cheap foreign labour; on the other hand are various agencies whose business is the transportation of goods and people. As the main profits of, say, the steamship companies come from the immigrants who travel in the steerage, the reasoning is clear to the line of action which they follow. Everywhere, in lands where migration originates, is the ubiquitous immigration agent. His business is to induce people to migrate. Exaggerated reports, sometimes amounting to actual misrepresentation, are too often resorted to. On this legislation has had its important bearing. The greatest influence exerted by the employing class is by means of contract labour. At first generally desirable, when labour was scarce, this has since become most unpopular, and through law and adverse popular opinion is now of comparatively little importance.
IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES
The many varied problems of immigration are best illustrated by its history in the United States. Perhaps no more composite nation has existed since the Roman Empire engulfed the various nationalities of Western Europe. At a very early period in the history of the American Colonies, the Negro was introduced — a race so remote anthropologically, from the first colonists as to be impossible of assimilation. The American Indians, isolated from the first, have ever since been tending to extinction, and hence need not be considered as a possibility in the problem of national and social composition. As time passed, other races came to still further complicate the problem. Besides these distinct racial elements must be reckoned an infinite number and variety of nationalities marked by lesser differences and capable of assimilation.
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The settlers of the original Thirteen Colonies, while fairly homogeneous, yet presented some diversity. There were English, at first the dominant element, Irish, and Scotch, and persons of mixed British origin. There were a goodly number of Germans in Pennsylvania. and remnants of the Dutch settlement in New York and New Jersey. A few Swedes had come to Delaware and a sprinkling of Finns. The French were represented by the Huguenots in Georgia and in the Carolinas. It has been estimated that the population of one million in 1750 had developed from an original migration of 80,000. Additional racial modification resulted from the annexation of new territories of alien population. In 1803, by the treaty with France, Louisiana was added, with some accession of population and a considerable effect upon the customs and ideas of the nation as a whole. This addition was chiefly French, though a few Spaniards were included. The acquisition of Florida in 1821 brought a few Spaniards, although their influence is negligible. The enlargement westward, from 1845, when Texas was admitted, till 1848, when the Mexican Treaty added an extensive cession, brought a number of Spaniards, Mexicans, and half-breeds. Following upon the Spanish War of 1898, which resulted in an accession of nearly 8,000,000 of alien, mainly Far-Eastern, races, the extension of American dominion into the Pacific has vastly complicated the problem of nationalization, at the same time rendering more difficult the control of immigration from the Orient.
The beginning of migration to the English Colonies in America was the Jamestown settlement of 1607. In New England the first real migration of any extent was the company that reached Salem, Massachusetts, under John Endicott in 1628. Figures on the subsequent arrivals, while not certainly accurate, are nevertheless very interesting. The diversity of religion was not so marked, though there was some variation. The early German immigrants were mostly Protestants. Maryland was settled by Catholics. Into the South drifted a large number of Huguenots. In New England there was a strong Separatist element. The formation of the State of Pennsylvania by Quakers gave them a stronghold in that commonwealth.
The beginning of immigration into the United States (i.e. of post-Revolution immigration) dates from 1789. Before that time it is more proper to speak of colonists than of immigrants. Statistics as to the aliens coming to, or returning from, the United States are inaccurate and incomplete from 1789 till 1820. Not only are the absolute figures unsatisfactory, but no distinction was made between newcomers and returning Americans; nor was any attention paid to the returning immigrant. Roughly speaking, about 250,000 immigrants landed here from 1789 to 1820. From the meagre figures recorded any analysis is imperfect. The dominant elements were English, Scotch, and Irish. There came to the United States as immigrants, from 1820 to 1910, a grand total of more than 28,000,000. The numbers by decades were as follows: —
Decade Immigrants 1821-1830 143,439 1831-1840 599,125 1841-1850 1,713,251 1851-1860 2,598,214 1861-1870 2,314,824 1871-1880 2,812,191 1881-1890 5,246,613 1891-1900 3,682,864 1901-1910 8,938,470The figures given for the last decade are, of course, partly conjectural. The statistics recently issued for the year ending 30 June, 1910, give a total of 1,041,570 immigrants to the United States for that year: 736,038 males, 305,532 females. These included 192,673 Italians ; 128,348 Poles; 84,260 Jews ; 71,380 Germans; 53,498 English. These are the largest numbers of immigrants known for any year so far except the years 1907 (1,285,349) and 1906 (1,100,735). It will be seen, too, that the last decade shows a very large number of immigrants as contrasted with any previous decade. These figures are only absolute. It is in relative statistics that meaning lies. From the standpoint of social significance the relation between the influx of population and the native population is the important concern. This is true, considered from the country giving or the country receiving the immigrants. The following figures show the percentages of the native and of the alien population for a series of decades: —
Decade Native Percentage Alien Percentage 1850 90.3 9.7 1860 86.8 13.2 1870 85.6 14.4 1880 86.7 13.3 1890 85.2 14.8 1900 86.3 13.7In 1890 there were 17,314 foreign born to each 100,000 native; in 1900 the proportion was 15,886 to 100,000. The largest proportion of foreign-born is in North Dakota , which in 1890 had 42.7 per cent; in 1900, 35.4 per cent foreign-born. In 1900 there were seven states with more than 25 per cent foreign-born. North Carolina had in 1900 the lowest percentage of foreigners, two-tenths of one per cent, the average in the Southern States being below 5 per cent. From these relative figures it is clear that the effect of immigration is not materially changing.
So also as regards emigration. Not the absolute numbers leaving, but the migration relative to the total, and again to the annual excess of births over deaths, is significant. A very large migration from a country with a very high birth-rate probably has no effect, or only a slight effect. When a million a year leave a country like China, it merely means that famine, disease, infanticide, etc., are less important factors in keeping down population; the greater the migration, the less burden the remaining population must bear. In many Western countries this is not the case, and when heavy emigration takes place the nation may be materially weakened either for war or peace. The following figures illustrate this condition : out of every 1000 inhabitants of Italy 6.87 migrated in 1888; from Great Britain and Ireland, 7.46; from Scotland 8.88; from Ireland 15.06; from Sweden 9.86; from Germany only 2.10. Most remarkable has been the effect upon Ireland, where so great has been the emigration since the potato famine that the population is now little more than half what it then was, this being about the decrease which would be produced by an emigration of 15 in 1000 during a generation.
Statistics require analysis. Immigration statistics are no exception to the rule, and much meaning may be drawn from them by proper analysis. Immigrants are not merely so many units, so many homogeneous things to be blocked off in columns of hundreds, thousands, and millions, and then abandoned. Immigrants are human beings, statistics must be dealt with in the light of that fact, and careful account must be taken of all the conditions to which their lives are subject. These cover age, sex, training, traditions, and property. Of these the most obvious and significant are age and sex. As to age, immigration to the United States has always drawn heavily upon adult life, the mass of immigrants coming to the United States during their productive period. Of German immigrants up to 1894, upwards of 60 per cent were between the ages of fifteen and forty-five. Of all immigrants to the United States in 1887, 70.51 per cent were between fifteen and forty. In 1909, out of 751,786 immigrants admitted, 624,876 were between 14 and 44 years of age; 88,393 were under 14, and 18,517 were 45 or over. These figures indicate about the normal age conditions of immigrants coming to the United States, serving to emphasize the large amount of ready labour brought in, and the large addition to the labour force of the country at a very slight cost. Caution is needed, however, in calculating the value of this influx of foreign labour. Some have taken the average cost of raising a labourer to the productive stage; others have estimated what value of goods this foreign labour would produce. The better way is to reckon the profits attributable to immigrant labour in excess of their expense. to the new country; this would give the actual value accruing from the immigration.
As regards sex among immigrants, males have always far exceeded females. This is illustrated by the statistics of 1909: out of the total arrivals of 751,786 during that year, 519,969 were males and 231,817 (somewhat less than one-third) were females ; again, in 1910, out of 1,041,570 immigrants, 736,038 were males. This tends to destroy the equilibrium between the sexes in the countries concerned. It leads in many instances to a large withdrawal of money from the United States to the home land. It retains the interest of the immigrant in his native land, and leads many to return to families from which they have only temporarily separated. It increases that shifting population, especially in the large cities, and greatly augments the numbers of the "birds of passage". On the whole, the results are unfortunate. The condition is far more marked with certain nationalities. The characteristic feature of Chinese immigration to the United States has been the absence of women. The tendency among Italians to leave their families at home is strong. Of 165,248 immigrants from the South of Italy in 1909, there were 135,080 males and 30,168 females. From Northern Italy the proportion was less marked: 18,844 males to 6,306 females. From Ireland came 15,785 males and 15,400 females. In the case of the Japanese more women than men immigrated to the United States.
Statistics of departing emigrants have not been kept with accuracy and completeness; hence it is difficult, if not impossible, to know just how many foreigners actually reside in the United States. In 1908 there entered the country 782,870 immigrant aliens. The same year saw 395,072 depart. These figures for that year show a net gain of 387,797, a rather small number. Of course, this number of departures was exceptional — resulting from the panic of 1907. Out of a total of 751,786 landing in 1909, as many as 225,802 departed, leaving a net increase of 525,984.
The study of illiteracy in connexion with immigration reveals the foreigners to us, enlarges our knowledge of the countries from which they come, and helps to explain the conditions of literacy or illiteracy in the United States. Moreover, as it is strongly urged that illiteracy should exclude immigrants, existing conditions as to foreign education will help to set the limits to this form of regulation. The statistics on this phase of the subject are kept fairly constant by the shifting of the sources of migration from the north to the south of Europe. As education of the masses has not advanced as rapidly in the countries now supplying the immigrant as in countries farther north, so the percentage of illiteracy does not fall with the general advance of education. In 1909, out of a total immigration of 751,786, the totally illiterate numbered 191,049. This number takes in only those over 14 years of age; but, as the great majority of those coming are over 14, and those under that age are, probably, more generally educated, they may be neglected. The percentage of illiteracy of all over 14 years in 1909 was 29; in 1907 it was 30; in 1906 it was 28. There is, then, no general diminution in illiteracy among immigrants to the United States. The degree of illiteracy among those from Southern Europe is considerably above the average; among those from northern Europe a good deal below.
MIGRATION AS AFFECTING OTHER COUNTRIES
The last quarter of the nineteenth century saw a large migration to South America. The Argentine Republic has presented interesting phases of the subject. For half a century immigration has been an object of public attention and statistical record. There are about 200,000 immigrants annually, and about 80,000 emigrants. In 1907 there were 209,103 immigrants and 90,190 emigrants. Of the immigrants there were 90,282 Italians, 86,606 Spaniards, and sprinklings of other nationalities. In 1909 there entered Argentina 125,497 Spaniards and 93,479 Italians, with small numbers of Russians, Germans, etc. Since 1857 the balance of immigrants against emigrants has been 2,550,197. There have migrated to Brazil since the records were kept, 2,723,964. In 1908 Brazil received 94,695 immigrants. In 1909 there migrated from the German Empire 24,921, of whom 19,930 came to the United States. Italy in 1908 lost 486,674 emigrants and received back 281,000. Austria-Hungary sent out 386,528 in 1907, of whom 352,983 went to the United States . In 1902, 55,368 Russians emigrated to the United States ; in 1903, 68,105; in 1904, 80,892; in 1905, 72,475; in 1906, 112,764.
LEGAL CONTROL OF MIGRATION
The legal control of migration began when it ceased to be collective and began to be individual. Laws have been passed preventing people from leaving their native land, and also, by the country of destination, forbidding or regulating entrance thereto. Extensive regulation has been found necessary applying to transportation companies and their agents, the means of transportation, treatment en route and at terminal points. The justification of public interference is to be found in the right of a nation to control the variations of its own population. The highest necessity is that arising from war : on this ground nations almost universally regulate very closely the movements of population, forbidding emigration, that they may not lose their soldiers, and guarding immigration as a military precaution. Restrictive measures are also justified on grounds of health and morals, and on the general ground that a national family has a right to say who shall join it. Historically speaking, the right of the individual to emigrate is of rather recent date. The old theory was that a man may not leave his native 1and without the consent of the ruler. This situation arose from a variety of causes. After the dissolution of the feudal system, the population carried some of the advantages and some of the incumbrances of that system over into the monarchic state. One of its leading principles was the fixedness of the mass of the people to the soil. Again, in England, after the ravages of the Great Plague in 1351, laws were enacted requiring people to remain in their own parish or town. As time passed, and the industrial revolution brought its changes, this legislation still farther limited freedom of movement. Furthermore, when the patriarchal idea of the State gave way to the military, the personal bond of national unity yielded to the impersonal, but the obligation of the subject as a member of this new national family did not weaken, the presumption being that no one could abrogate this allegiance. The opposition to emigration was based upon military necessity, upon the desire to maintain a strong industrial population at home, upon the jealousy existing among the nations, and upon the desire to keep the nation intact.
Gradually this attitude toward migration was abandoned. The Treaty of Westphalia extended the right to migrate for religious reasons. The great migrations westward, as discovery and the settlement of new lands became a dominant interest, did much to break the crust of conservatism and allow life to operate in all ways more freely. The development of means of transportation made transoceanic voyages possible, leading immigrants into new and unoccupied areas. The growth of a colonial system under which the mother country reaped large profits broke down the narrow policies and removed the old prejudices, and migration to the colonies was encouraged — in some instances enforced. Along with these changed conditions came the radical philosophy of the eighteenth century, the teaching of natural rights and an insistence upon the individual's privilege to go to, and remain in, that part of the world which best suited his fancy. Thus was a condition reached when limitations could be removed. In England, in 1824, the law limiting emigration was repealed. In Continental countries the same liberal policy has obtained. In Russia, in European Turkey, and in certain Oriental lands the old policy is still partially prevalent, though in these countries more liberal measures are being adopted. But, generally, there is no longer question of prohibiting emigration, but rather of encouraging it, and always of making regulations for the arrival and departure of emigrants. European governments have undertaken this control partly on their own account, partly in co-operation with the United States. The fortunate sentiment constantly grows stronger that joint action is necessary to successful regulation.
France is the country where emigration plays the smallest part. With a birth-rate in some years above, in others slightly below the death-rate, she has no surplus population. It has been truly said that Germany has population to spare, but no territory; England has an excess of both people and territory; but France has no surplus people and little vacant land. The annual emigration from France is 6000. The total since 1860, probably not more than 300,000. The regulations in France deal almost exclusively with the means of transportation, the condition of ships, waiting-room inspection, the health and morals of the emigrant, etc. There are no general legal barriers to free migration. The same thing may be said of Belgium and Holland. The emigration law of Italy of 1901 is the most thorough enactment among the laws of the European states: it places matters concerning emigration under the Foreign Office; all persons leaving Italy must register with the Government; persons under 14 years may not leave alone; parents and guardians must leave their children or wards in competent hands. Strict care is taken that persons shall not take passage who will be liable to return under foreign immigration tests. A fund has been created with which to care for those who are forced to return.
These countries, constantly losing population, have so far had few problems connected with immigration. Immigration into them is practically unrestricted. In Germany, on the contrary, very minute and effective control is exercised. Besides its conformity to their general practice of close public regulation, certain special conditions urge such a course. Germany is, of all lands, most completely organized for military purposes; a vigorous attempt is constantly made, therefore to prevent desertion from the military forces, whether with the colours or in the Reserves. Hence their laws touching the emigration of eligibles are very strict; and treaty rights for such persons who go to foreign countries are very uncertain and imperfect. Again, up to a recent date Germany has been of all lands the point of departure, not only of her own, but of the emigrants of other European states. This has been true, not merely because, geographically, she lies in the pathway of commerce, but also because for a long time the traffic went out from German ports and over German steamship lines. Germany has been compelled to guard, not only her own emigrants, but, what has perhaps been a more pressing necessity and more difficult task, the inspection of the alien emigrant. The many trans-German emigrants are subjected to two, and often to three, inspections before they finally embark. Of such persons the Russians are the most rigorously dealt with: they must have Russian passports and tickets through to their destination and their baggage must be examined and disinfected.
In the United States immigration problems have developed, demanding, and finally receiving, minute and comprehensive regulation. As the subject has such important international bearings the treaties covering the subject demand attention. The most noted of these, dealing with the immigration of Chinese, was the famous Burlingame Treaty of 1868, between the United States and China. In this treaty the contracting parties freely and fully recognize the inalienable right of people everywhere to migrate. They also recognize that migration should be voluntary, and they agree to allow such migration to their respective countries. In 1880 a second treaty between the United States and China reversed the previous policy, and allowed each country at its option to prohibit further immigration, a provision upon which the United States acted in 1882. The last treaty (upon which subsequent legislation touching Chinese immigration has been based) was signed in 1894. A treaty similar to the Burlingame Treaty was concluded between the United States and Japan in 1894. This agreement gives to the subjects of either contracting power the right to enter, and reside in, the country of the other power. A treaty granting privileges of immigration to Italians was signed by the United States and Italy in 1871. This treaty marks the beginning of extensive emigration from that country to the United States. Thus, through treaties a certain amount of control has been exercised over immigration. But the problem of controlling immigration into the United States has been complicated by the dual system of government, state and national. Until the adoption of the Constitution of 1787 the matter rested entirely with the state governments. In that instrument no direct grant of power is made to the Federal Congress for the exclusive control of immigration. It was only after considerable litigation, and several decisions by the Supreme Court, that Congress was, in 1876, given exclusive jurisdiction. Among the earlier attempts to regulate the matter were laws passed by some of the states, particularly New York and Massachusetts. In 1824 New York passed a law covering many details of registration, reports, head tax, etc. This act went on appeal to the Supreme Court, which voided the law as conflicting with the authority of Congress to control international relationships. Other acts touching certain phases of immigration were all declared null by the court, and the exclusive jurisdiction lies today in the Federal Congress.
The activity of the Federal Congress dates from 1819, and was called forth, not by any desire to limit the quantity or quality of the immigration, but by the necessity of checking the brutal agencies engaged in transportation. The first statute covering this was passed by Congress in 1819. It limited the number of persons any one ship could bring; at first only two persons per ton, and later only one person per two tons, of the ship's displacement. Subsequent acts made provision for more sanitary ships, better food, and more space to each immigrant. During the first half of the century no serious opposition arose to the immigrant as such. Beginning with 1844, at the rise of the Knownothing Party, a new attitude was taken by many. This party grew strong, especially in the South, and from 1844 to 1856 it carried many states. It elected members to Congress and to local assemblies, and governors of states. One of its tenets was opposition to immigration, and as a party strong in the Southern states it did much to determine that antipathy of the South to immigration which was maintained for many years. The close of the Civil War marks a new attitude towards the immigrant. It was a period of rapidly expanding industries and there was an increased, indeed an abnormal, demand for labour. An Act was passed by Congress, in 1864, which greatly encouraged the importation of labour, really authorizing contract labour. This Act was operative till 1868. Under its influence and other favourable conditions there was a vast increase in immigration by 1866. From 72,183 in 1862, the numbers sprang up to 332,577 in 1866.
In the early seventies sentiment began rapidly to form against certain types of immigrant. This was partly due to the organization of the labour movement. It was more largely due to a vast increase of Oriental migration. Acts were passed prohibiting the equipping of ships to carry on the trade in coolies. A system of coolie labour had developed amounting practically to slavery. In 1875 any person contracting for coolie labour was liable to indictment for felony. From 1877 on, an opposition, centred on the Pacific Coast, developed against the further immigration of Chinese labour, and this first took shape in the treaty of 1880 mentioned above. On 6 May, 1882, an Act was passed by Congress forbidding the admission of Chinese labour for ten years. This Act, with certain changes, has been continued to the present day. No Chinese labourer may now enter the United States. No Chinese may become a citizen unless he be born here, in which case citizenship is secured to him by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. These restrictions, both as to entry and naturalization, have been from time to time extended till they now apply to nearly all Orientals. The following table shows the growth of Chinese immigration to the United States in sixteen typical years: —
Year Immigrants Year Immigrants 1857 4,524 1881 11,890 1858 7,183 1882 39,579 1859 3,215 1885 22 1860 6,117 1890 1,716 1865 3,702 1895 975 1870 15,714 1900 1,247 1875 16,437 1906 1,544 1880 5,502 1910 1,770It will thus be seen that the Chinese Immigration Law has been fairly successful as a measure of exclusion.
The first statute covering the general question of immigration was enacted by Congress on 3 August, 1882. The purpose of this and subsequent legislation has been threefold. It was necessary to provide for a more effective administration of matters of immigration. This involved the concentration of authority in federal hands and the creation of a fund for this purpose. The Act of 1891 gave the control of immigration to the Federal Government exclusively, doing away with concurrent administration. The Act of 1882 had begun the formation of a fund by imposing a head-tax of 50 cents on each alien immigrant entering a port of the United States ; this tax was afterwards (1903) raised to $2 per head, and it now produces enough to carry on the department and leave a slight surplus. The law of 1891 created the office of superintendent of immigration, later changed to commissioner-general of immigration. The Act of 1903 added much to the needed control. It created a number of excluded classes, which may be grouped under three general heads: those physically, those mentally, and those morally diseased. Under the general head of physically unsound are many excluded classes, the most stringent rules covering those having loathsome and contagious diseases, especially trachoma and tubercular affections. Idiots and lunatics are excluded. Among those regarded by the Act as morally unfit, or "the anti-social class", are Anarchists and those accused of plotting against government, all criminals and fugitives from justice, all women immigrating for immoral purposes, all prostitutes and procurers of girls or women for purposes of prostitution. There is provision excluding paupers and those who are likely to become a public charge. All those are excluded who have come under contract to labour, or who have their expenses paid by another, except that immigrants' relatives may send money to aid them. Certain of these cases are made criminal: importation of Women for lewd purposes, prepaying passages under contract to labour, promising employment to aliens through advertising, bringing diseased aliens in by other than regular routes — all these are constituted criminal offences against the United States.
The Act of 20 February, 1907, is the latest statute of the United States dealing comprehensively with immigration. It constitutes the proceeds of the head-tax a permanent immigrant fund (changed by the Act of 1909), formed so that these moneys go to the general fund. This law of 1907 still further extends the limits of the excluded classes. It makes the prohibition of contract labour stricter, as well as the exclusion of lewd women and girls, and of the procurers of such. It forbids the advertising by anyone for purposes of securing labour to come to this country; limiting such advertisement to furnishing necessary data of sailing, rates, etc. This Act also requires that a list and full descriptions of the aliens coming with each ship shall be furnished. Provision is also made for deporting such persons as may be illegally landed, the time for legal deportation being extended from one year to three years. The Circuit and District Courts are given full jurisdiction in all matters arising under the immigration laws. The Act furthermore makes provision for the calling of an international conference to discuss matters relating to immigration. Some details are relegated to be dealt with by the Department of Commerce and Labor.
EFFECTS OF LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Restrictive legislation shows its results in three ways; the number of immigrants debarred and returned immediately on attempting to land; the number subsequently apprehended and deported; the number of those stopped at the port of departure. Figures are obtainable on the first and second of these classes; they are only conjectured as to the last. it is, however, unfair to measure the effects of legislation by these tests alone; the deterrent influences are also powerful. During the past seventeen years about one per cent of all those coming to the ports of the United States have been either debarred from or deported after, entering. The following table shows approximately the percentage of immigrants debarred or deported for all reasons in certain typical years during that period: —
Year GrossImmigration Debarred Deported Total
Excluded Percentage
Excluded 1892 579,663 2,164 637 2,801 .483 1895 258,536 2,419 177 2,596 1.004 1900 448,572 4,246 356 4,602 1.025 1905 1,026,499 11,879 845 12,724 1.239 1906 1,100,735 12,432 676 13,108 1.190 1907 1,285,349 13,064 995 14,059 1.093 1908 782,870 10,902 2,069 12,971 1.656 1909 751,786 10,411 2,124 12,535 1.667
Of the 10,411 excluded in 1909, 4401 were likely to become public charges; 2084 had trachoma; 1172 were contract labourers, while 402 were sent back as immoral. Although a larger number of Chinese have been admitted in recent years, a larger number has also been deported. There are, of course, many obvious difficulties in the way of enforcement. Many of the reasons for debarring are difficult to establish — such as many forms of disease, various types of immorality, and weak physical condition with no real organic ailment. Again, the
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Mâcon, Ancient Diocese of
(MATISCONENSIS) Located in Burgundy. The city of Mâcon, formerly the capital of the ...Mé 6
Mé 6
Ménard, Léon
Writer, b. at Tarrascon, 12 Sept., 1706; d. in Paris, 1 Oct., 1767. When he had completed his ...Ménard, Nicolas-Hugues
Of the Congregation of St. Maur, b. in Paris, 1585; d. 21 Jan., 1644. His father was was private ...Ménard, René
Missionary, b. at Paris, 1604, d. about 10 August, 1661, in what is now Wisconsin. After the ...Méndez and Gualaquiza
Vicariate Apostolic established by Leo XIII on 3 February, 1893, in the southern part of the ...Mérida
(EMERITENSIS IN INDIIS) A suffragan see of Santiago of Venezuela or Caracas, comprises the ...Mérode, Frédéric-François-Xavier Ghislain de
A Belgian prelate and statesman, born at Brussels, 1820; died at Rome, 1874. The son of ...Mè 1
Mè 1
Mège, Antoine-Joseph
A Maurist Benedictine, born in 1625 at Clermont ; died 15 April, 1691, at the monastery of St. ...Mö 1
Mö 1
Möhler, Johann Adam
Theologian, b. at Igersheim (Würtemberg), 6 April, 1796; d. at Munich, 12 April, 1838. The ...Mü 9
Mü 9
Mühlbacher, Engelbert
An historian, born at Gresten, Austria, 4 Oct., 1843; died at Vienna, 17 July, 1903. He received ...Müller, Adam Heinrich
Publicist and political economist , convert, b. at Berlin, 30 June, 1779; d. at Vienna, 17 Jan., ...Müller, Johann
Physiologist and comparative anatomist, b. at Coblenz, 14 July, 1801; d. at Berlin, 28 April, ...Müller, Johann
(Regiomontanus). German astronomer, b. in or near Königsberg, a small town in lower ...Müller, Karl
Professor at Düsseldorf, b. at Darmstadt, 29 Oct., 1818; d. at Neuenahr, 15 Aug., 1893, ...Münch-Bellinghausen, Baron Eligius Franz Joseph von
(Pseudonym: FRIEDRICH HALM) An Austrian dramatist, born at Cracow, 2 April, 1806; died at ...Münster
D IOCESE OF M ÜNSTER (M ONASTERIENSIS ). Diocese in the Prussian Province of ...Münster, University of
The town of Münster in Westphalia obtained its university in 1771 through the initiative ...Müntz, Eugène
French savant and historian; b. at Soulz-sous--Forêts, near Mülhausen, Alsace, 11 ...Ma 464
Ma 464
Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian
Professor of law, born 24 September, 1823, at Wismar (Mecklenburg); died 9 April, 1900, at ...Mabillon, Jean
Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Saint-Pierremont between Mouzon and ...Mabinogion
A collection of medieval Welsh tales in prose. The word is a derivation of the mab , "son", ...Macao
(MACAOENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of Goa, founded 23 January, 1575, by the Bull "Super ...Macarius
The name of two celebrated contemporary Nitrian monks of the fourth century: Macarius the ...Macarius Magnes
A Christian apologist of the end of the fourth century. Some authorities regard the words ...Macarius of Antioch
A Patriarch, deposed in 681. Macarius's dignity seems to have been a purely honorary one, for ...Macarius, Saint
Bishop of Jerusalem (312-34). The date of Macarius's accession to the episcopate is found in ...Maccabee, Judas
Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the ...Maccabees, The
(Greek Hoi Makkabaioi ; Latin Machabei ; most probably from Aramaic maqqaba ="hammer"). ...Maccabees, The Books of
The title of four books, of which the first and second only are regarded by the Church as ...MacCaghwell, Hugh
(Cavellus). Archbishop and theologian, born at Saul, Co. Down, 1571; died 22 September, 1626. He ...MacCarthy, Bartholomew
Irish scholar and chronologist, b. at Conna, Ballynoe, Co. Cork, 12 Dec., 1843; d. at ...MacCarthy, Denis Florence
Well-known Irish poet of the nineteenth century, born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin, 26 ...MacCarthy, Nicholas Tuite
Called the Abbé de Lévignac, born in Dublin on 19 May, 1769; died at Annécy, ...MacCuilenan, Cormac
(836-908). An Irish bishop and King of Cashel, Cormac MacCquilenan was of the race of ...MacDonald, John
Laird of Glenaladale and Glenfinnan, philanthropist, colonizer, soldier, born in Glenaladale, ...MacDonell, Alexander
First Bishop of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, b. 17 July 1760, at Inchlaggan in Glengarry, ...Mace
(1) A short, richly ornamented staff, often made of silver, the upper part furnished with a knob ...Macedo, Francisco
Known as a S. Augustino, O.F.M., theologian, born at Coimbra, Portugal, 1596; he entered the ...Macedonians
(Macedonians) A heretical sect which flourished in the countries adjacent to the Hellespont ...Macerata and Tolentino
Located in the Marches, Central Italy. Macerata is a provincial capital, situated on a hill, ...MacFarland, Francis Patrick
Third Bishop of Hartford born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, 16 April, 1819; died at Hartford, ...MacGeoghegan, James
Born at Uisneach, Westmeath, Ireland, 1702; died at Paris, 1763. He came of a long family long ...Machabees, The
(Greek Hoi Makkabaioi ; Latin Machabei ; most probably from Aramaic maqqaba ="hammer"). ...Machabees, The Books of
The title of four books, of which the first and second only are regarded by the Church as ...Machabeus, Judas
Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the ...MacHale, John
Born March 6, 1791 at Tubbernavine, Co. Mayo, Ireland ; died at Tuam, November 4, 1881. He ...Machiavelli
Historian and statesman, b. at Florence, 3 May, 1469; d. there, 22 June, 1527. His family is ...Machpelah
The burial-place in the vicinity of ancient Hebron which Abraham bought from Ephron the Hethite ...Machutus, Saint
(Maclovius; Malo). Born about the year 520 probably in Wales and baptized by St. Brendan . ...Mackenzie
This vicariate which was detached from the Athabaska-Mackenzie Vicariate in 1901 and intrusted to ...Maclovius, Saint
(Maclovius; Malo). Born about the year 520 probably in Wales and baptized by St. Brendan . ...MacMahon, Heber
( Also EMER or EVER). Bishop of Clogher, Ireland, and patriotic leader, born at Farney, ...MacMahon, Marie-Edmé-Patrice-Maurice de
Duc de Magenta, Marshal of France, President of the French Republic; born at Sully, ...MacNeven, William James
Distinguished Irish-American physician and medical educator, b. at Ballynahowna, near Aughrim, ...Macri
(or MACRAS?) A titular see in Mauretania Sitifiensis. This town figures only in the "Notitia ...Macrina the Elder, Saint
Our knowledge of the life of the elder Macrina is derived mainly from the testimony of the ...Macrina the Younger, Saint
Born about 330; died 379. She was the eldest child of Basil and Elder Emmelia, the granddaugher of ...Mactaris
A titular see of the Byzantine Empire. This town is not spoken of by any ancient geographers ...Madagascar
On the second day of March, 1500, a fleet of thirteen ships, commanded by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, ...Madaurus
A titular see of Numidia. It was an old Numidian town which, having once belonged to the Kingdom ...Maderna, Carlo
(1556-1629) known principally by his extension of St. Peter's, at the command of the pope, from ...Maderno, Stefano
(1576-1636), a sculptor of the Roman School and of the era just preceding Bernini, his ...Madianites
(In Authorized Version M IDIANITES ). An Arabian tribe ( Septuagint Madienaîoi ...Madras
(MADRASPATAM; MADRASPATANA) Archdiocese in India. Its area is about 40,350 square miles, and ...Madrid-Alcalá
(M ATRITENSIS -A LACHENSIS, or C OMPLUTENSUS : Complutum being the name given by the Romans ...Madruzzi, Christopher
Born of a noble family of Trent, 5 July, 1512; died at Tivoli, Italy, 5 July, 1578. He studied ...Madura Mission
As shown in the "Atlas Geographicus S.J.", the ancient Jesuit missions in India under the ...Maedoc, Saint
(MOEDHOG, MOGUE, ÆDDAN FOEDDOG, AIDUS, HUGH) First Bishop of Ferns, in Wexford, b. ...Maelruan, Saint
(Maolruain, Melruan, Molruan). Founder and first Abbot of Tamalcht (Tallacht), in the County of ...Maelrubha, Saint
(MA-RUI, MOLROY, ERREW, SUMMARYRUFF, also SAGART-RUADH) An abbot and martyr, founder of ...Maerlant, Jacob van
The greatest Flemish poet of the Middle Ages, b. about 1235; d. after 1291. Of his life little ...Maestro di Camera del Papa
In former times there were four so-called palace prelates ( prelati palatini ): the Major ...Maffei, Bernardino
Poet, orator, and antiquarian, b. at Bergamo, 27 Jan., 1514; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1549. He studied ...Maffei, Francesco
Italian painter, b. at Vicenza ; d. at Padua, 1660. His influence upon the art of his own and ...Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione
Italian littérateur and archaeologist, b. at Verona, 1 June, 1675; d. there, 11 Feb., ...Maffei, Raffaelo
Humanist, historian and theologian, b. 17 February, 1451; d. 25 January, 1522. He was a native of ...Magaud, Antoine-Dominique
French painter, b. at Marseilles 1817; d. there, 1899. He studied in Paris under Léon ...Magdala
( Hebrew Migdal = tower, fortress; Aramaic Magdala ; Greek Magdala ). It is perhaps the ...Magdalens
The members of certain religious communities of penitent women who desired to reform their ...Magdeburg
Capital of the Prussian Province of Saxony, situated on the Elbe; pop. 241,000; it is noted for ...Mageddo
Chanaanite city, called in Hebrew, Megiddo ; in Septuagint, Mageddó(n) ; in ...Magellan, Ferdinand
(Portuguese Fernão Magalhaes ). The first circumnavigator of the real world; born ...Magi
(Plural of Latin magus ; Greek magoi ). The "wise men from the East" who came to adore ...Magin Catalá
Born at Montblanch, Catalonia, Spain, 29 or 30 January, 1761; died at Santa Clara, California, ...Maginn, Edward
Coadjutor Bishop of Derry, b. at Fintona, Ireland, 16 Dec., 1802; d. at Derry, 17 January, ...Magisterium and Tradition
The word tradition (Greek paradosis ) in the ecclesiastical sense, which is the only one in ...Magistris, Simone de
Born in 1728; died 6 October, 1802; a priest of the Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri, at Rome, whom ...Magliabechi, Antonio
Italian scholar and librarian, b. 20 Oct., 1633, at Florence ; d. there, 4 July, 1714. He was ...Magna Carta
The charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215 and confirmed with ...Magnesia
A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Ephesus, lying about 40 miles north-east of Smyrna and ...Magnien, Alphonse
An educator of the clergy, born at Bleymard, in the Diocese of Mende , France, 9 June, 1837; ...Magnificat
The title commonly given to the Latin text and vernacular translation of the Canticle (or Song) ...Magnus, Olaus
Swedish historian and geographer, b. at Skeninge, Sweden, 1490; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1558 [or ...Magnus, Saint
(MAGNOALDUS, MAGINALDUS, popularly known as ST. MANG) An apostle of the Algäu, d. about ...Magnus, Valerianus
(M AGNI ) Born at Milan, 1586, presumably of the noble family of de Magni; died at ...Magrath, John Macrory
Born in Munster, Ireland, in the fifteenth century; date and place of death unknown. Like many ...Magydus
A titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perga. It was a small town with no history, on ...Mahony, Ven. Charles
Irish Franciscan martyr ; b. after 1639; d. at Ruthin, Denbighshire, 12 August, 1679. The British ...Mai, Angelo
Roman cardinal and celebrated philologist, b. at Schilpario, in the Diocese of Bergamo, 7 March ...Maignan, Emmanuel
French physicist and theologian ; b. at Toulouse, 17 July, 1601; d. at Toulouse, 29 October, ...Mailla, Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyria de
Jesuit missionary; b. 16 Dec., 1669, at Château Maillac on the Isère; d. 28 June, ...Maillard, Antoine-Simon
Missionary b. in France (parentage, place and date of birth unknown); d. 12 August, 1762. He ...Maillard, Oliver
Celebrated preacher, b. at Juignac, (?), Brittany, about 1430; d. at Toulouse, 22 July, 1502. He ...Maimbourg, Louis
French church historian, b. at Nancy, 10 January, 1610; d. at Paris, 13 August, 1686. In 1626 he ...Maimonides, Teaching of Moses
Moses ben Maimun (Arabic, Abu Amran Musa), Jewish commentator and philosopher, was born of ...Maina Indians
(Also M AYNA ) A group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Mainan, ...Maine
Maine is commonly known as the Pine Tree State, but is sometimes called the Star in the East. ...Maine de Biran, François-Pierre-Gonthier
A philosopher ; born at Grateloup near Bergerac, Dordogne, France, 29 November, 1766; died at ...Maintenon, Françoise, Marquise de
Born at Niort, 28 November 1635; died at Saint-Cyr, 15 April 1719. She was the granddaughter of ...Mainz
German town and bishopric in Hesse [now Rhineland-Palatine -- Ed. ]; formerly the seat of an ...Maipure Indians
(Maypure) A former important group of tribes on the Upper Orinoco River, from above the Meta ...Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey de
Founder of Montreal, b. in Champagne, France, early in the seventeenth century; d. in Paris, 9 ...Maistre, Joseph-Marie, Comte de
French philosophical writer, b. at Chambéry, in Savoy, in 1753, when Savoy did not ...Maistre, Xavier de
French romance writer, younger brother of Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre , b. at Chambery, ...Maitland
(MAITLANDENSIS) Located in New South Wales. Maitland, the principal settlement on Hunter ...Majano, Benedetto da
A well-known Florentine sculptor and architect of the Renaissance, b. at Majano, Tuscany. ...Majella, St. Gerard
Born in Muro, about fifty miles south of Naples, in April, 1726; died 16 October, 1755; ...Majorca and Iviza
(MAJORICENSIS ET IBUSENSIS) A suffragan of Valencia, with the episcopal residence at Palma on ...Majordomo
(Latin, Major domus ; Italian, Maggiordomo ). The majordomo or chief steward of the ...Majority
( Latin majoritas ) Majority, the state of a person or thing greater, or superior, in ...Majunke, Paul
Catholic journalist, born at Gross-Schmograu in Silesia, 14 July, 1842; died at Hochkirch near ...Malabar
In its narrower application Malabar was the name of a district of India stretching about 145 ...Malabar Rites
A conventional term for certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the ...Malacca
(Malacensis) The Diocese of Malacca comprises the southern portions of the Malay Peninsula, ...Malachias
( Hebrew Mál'akhî ), one of the twelve minor prophets. I. PERSONAGE AND NAME It ...Malachy, Saint
St. Malachy, whose family name was O'Morgair, was born in Armagh in 1094. St. Bernard describes ...Malaga
Diocese of Malaga (Malacitana). Diocese in Spain, by the Concordat of 1851 made a suffragan ...Malagrida, Gabriel
A Jesuit missionary to Brazil, b. 18 September or 6 December, 1689, at Menaggio, in Italy ; ...Malatesta, House of
The name of an Italian family prominent in the history of the fourteenth and fifteenth ...Malchus
(Málchos). Greek form of M ALLUCH (i.e. counsellor), a name common in the Semitic ...Maldonado, Juan
(MALDONATUS) A theologian and exegete, b. in 1533 at Casas de Reina, in the district of ...Malebranche, Nicolas
A philosopher and theologian, priest of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri ; b. at Paris, 6 ...Malediction (in Scripture)
Four principal words are rendered maledictio in the Vulgate, "curse" in Douay Version : (1) ...Malherbe, François
French poet, b. at Caen, Normandy, in 1555; d. at Paris, 16 October, 1628. He was the eldest son ...Maliseet Indians
Also MALECITE, MALESCHITE and AMALECITE, the last being the official Canadian form. A tribe ...Mallard, Ernest-François
A French mineralogist, b. 4 February, 1833, at Châteauneuf-sur-Cher; d. 6 July, 1894, in ...Mallinckrodt, Herman von
German parliamentarian; born 5 Feb., 1821, at Minden, Westphalia ; died 26 May, 1874, at Berlin. ...Mallinckrodt, Pauline
A sister of the Catholic political leader Hermann Mallinckrodt , and foundress of the Sisters ...Malling Abbey
An abbey of Benedictine nuns, at West Malling in the County of Kent, England. The earliest ...Mallory, Stephen Russell
An American statesman; born in the Island of Trinidad, W. I., 1813; died at Pensacola, Florida, ...Mallus
A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus. According to legend, Mallus founded by ...Malmesbury
A small decayed market town in Wiltshire, England, ninety-five miles west of London, formerly the ...Malmesbury, The Monk of
Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. ...Malo, Saint
(Maclovius; Malo). Born about the year 520 probably in Wales and baptized by St. Brendan . ...Malone, William
Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, ...Malory, Sir Thomas
Of Malory no single biographical statement is beyond conjecture save that he was a knight, that ...Malpighi, Marcello
Founder of comparative physiology, b. at Crevalcore, 10 March, 1628; d. at Rome, 29 Sept., 1694. ...Malta
The group of Maltese islands, including Malta (91.5 sq. m.), Gozo (24 3/4 sq. m.), Comine (1 sq. ...Malta, Knights of
(Also known as K NIGHTS OF M ALTA ). The most important of all the military orders, both ...Maltret, Claude
(Or M ALTRAIT ) French Jesuit, b. at Puy, 3 Oct., 1621; d. Toulouse, 3 Jan., 1674. He entered ...Malvenda, Thomas
An exegete and historical critic, b. at Jativa, Valencia, 1566; d. 7 May, 1628. He entered the ...Malvern
Located in Worcestershire, England, a district covered by a lofty range between the Severn and ...Mamachi, Thomas Maria
Dominican theologian and historian, born at Chios in the Archipelago, 4 December, 1713; died at ...Mame, Alfred-Henri-Amand
Printer and publisher, b. at Tours, 17 Aug., 1811; d. at Tours, 12 April, 1893. The founder ...Mameluco
(From the Arabic, memluk , "slave", the household cavalry of the former sultans of Egypt, ...Mamertine Prison
The so-called "Mamertine Prison ", beneath the church of S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, via di ...Mamertus, Claudianus
(The name Ecdicius is unauthorized). A Gallo-Roman theologian and the brother of St. ...Mamertus, Saint
Bishop of Vienne, date of birth unknown; died shortly after 475. Concerning the life of ...Mammon
Mamona ; the spelling Mammona is contrary to the textual evidence and seems not to occur in ...Man
(Anglo-Saxon man =a person, human being; supposed root man =to think; German, Mann , ...Manahem
(From a Hebrew meaning "the consoler"; Septuagint, Manaem ; Aquila, Manaen .) Manahem ...Manahen, Saint
( Manaen ) A member of the Church of Antioch , foster-brother, or household-friend ( ...Manasses
The name of seven persons of the Bible , a tribe of Israel , and one of the apocryphal ...Mance, Jeanne
Foundress of the Montreal Hôtel-Dieu, and one of the first women settlers in Canada, b. ...Manchester
(MANCHESTERIENSIS) A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Boston, U.S.A. The city of Manchester is ...Manchuria
A north-eastern division of the Chinese Empire and the cradle of the present [1910] imperial ...Mandan Indians
A formerly important, but now reduced, tribe occupying jointly with the Hidatsa (Minitari or ...Mandeville, Jean de
(MAUNDEVILLE, MONTEVILLA) The author of a book of travels much read in the Middle Ages, died ...Manfredonia
(SIPONTINA) The city of Manfredonia is situated in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Central ...Mangalore
(M ANGALORENSIS ) Diocese on the west coast of India, suffragan of Bombay. It comprises the ...Mangan, James Clarence
Irish poet, b. in Dublin, 1 May, 1803; d. there, 20 June, 1849. He was the son of James Mangan, ...Manharter
A politico-religious sect which arose in Tyrol in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its ...Manichæism
Manichæism is a religion founded by the Persian Mani in the latter half of the third ...Manifestation of Conscience
(RATIO CONSCIENTIÆ) A practice in many religious orders and congregations, by which ...Manila
(DE MANILA) This archdiocese comprises the city of Manila, the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, ...Manila Observatory
Founded by Father Frederic Faura, S.J., in 1865; constituted officially The Philippine Weather ...Maniple
Form, Material, and Use The maniple is an ornamental vestment in the form of a band, a little ...Manitoba
One of the smallest, but economically and historically one of the most important, of the Canadian ...Mann, Theodore Augustine
English naturalist and historian, b. in Yorkshire, 22 June, 1735; d. at Prague in Bohemia, 23 ...Manna
(Greek man, manna ; Latin man, manna ). The food miraculously sent to the Israelites ...Manning, Henry Edward
Cardinal Priest of Sts. Andrew and Gregory on the Coelian Hill and second Archbishop of ...Mannyng, Robert
Poet. He came from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England. From his own account he entered the house of ...Mansard, François
(Also spelled Mansart ). French architect, born in Paris, probably of Italian stock, in ...Mansard, Jules
French architect, grand-nephew of François, was originally Jules Hardouin, but took the ...Mansi, Gian Domenico
Italian prelate and scholar born at Lucca, of a patrician family, 16 February, 1692; died ...Mantegna, Andrea
Italian painter ; born according to some authorities, at Vicenza, according to others at ...Mantelletta
An outer vestment reaching to the knees, open in front, with slits instead of sleeves on the ...Mantua
Diocese of Mantua (Mantuana), in Lombardy. The city is situated on the Mincio River, which ...Mantuanus, Baptista
(Or SPAGNOLI). Carmelite and Renaissance poet, born at Mantua, 17 April, 1447, where he also ...Manu, The Laws of
"The Laws of Manu" is the English designation commonly applied to the "Manava Dharma-sastra", a ...Manuel Chysoloras
First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth ...Manuscripts
Every book written by hand on flexible material and intended to be placed in a library is called ...Manuscripts of the Bible
Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version ...Manuscripts, Illuminated
I. ORIGIN A large number of manuscripts are covered with painted ornaments which may be ...Manuterge
The name given to the towel used by the priest when engaged liturgically. There are two kinds of ...Manutius, Aldus
(Aldo Manuzio). Scholar and printer; born in 1450, at Sermoneta, near Rome ; died in 1515. He ...Manzoni, Alessandro
Italian poet and novelist, b. at Milan, 7 March, 1785; d. 22 May, 1873. He was the son of Pietro ...Map, Walter
(Sometimes wrongly written M APS ) Archdeacon of Oxford, b. at, or in the vicinity of, ...Maphrian
The Syriac word mafriano signifies one who fructifies, a consecrator. It is used to designate ...Maréchal, Ambrose
The third Archbishop of Baltimore ; born at Ingres near Orléans, France, 28 August, ...Maran, Prudentius
A learned Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. 14 October, 1683, at Sezanne, in the ...Marash
An Armenian Catholic Diocese. The ancient name of this village was most probably Germanicia, ...Maratta, Carlo
An Italian painter, b. at Camerino, in the Rome, 15 December, 1713. From very early years ...Marbodius
Bishop of Rennes, ecclesiastical writer and hymnologist, b. about 1035 at Angers, France, d. ...Marca, Pierre de
French bishop and scholar, b. at Gan in Béarn, 24 Jan., 1594, of a family distinguished ...Marcellian and Mark, Saints
Martyred at Rome under Diocletian towards the end of the third century, most likely in 286. ...Marcellina, Saint
The only sister of St. Ambrose of Milan , b. about 330-5; d. about 398. She was older than St. ...Marcellinus Comes
Latin chronicler of the sixth century. He was an Illyrian by birth, but spent his life at the ...Marcellinus of Civezza, O.F.M.
(In the world PITRO RANISE) Modern Franciscan author, born at Civezza in Liguria, Italy, 29 ...Marcellinus, Flavius
Date of birth unknown; died 12 September, 413. He was a high official ( tribunus et notarius ) ...Marcellinus, Pope
Date of birth unknown; elected 30 June, 296; died 304. According to the "Liber Pontificalis" he ...Marcello, Benedetto
Born in Venice in 1696; died at Brescia in July, 1739. Marcello's life was a strange mixture of ...Marcellus I, Saint, Pope
His date of birth unknown; elected pope in May or June, 308; died in 309. For some time after ...Marcellus II, Pope
(MARCELLO CERVINI DEGLI SPANNOCHI) Born 6 May, 1501, at Montepulciano in Tuscany ; died 6 ...Marcellus of Ancyra
One of the bishops present at the Councils of Ancyra and of Nicaea, a strong opponent of ...March, Auzias
A Catalan poet, b. perhaps in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, at Valencia ; d. there ...Marchand, Jean Baptiste
Second principal in order of succession of the Sulpician College of Montreal and missionary of ...Marchant, Peter
A theologian, b. at Couvin, a village in the principality of Liège, in 1585; d. at ...Marchesi, Pompeo
A Lombard sculptor of the neoclassic school, born at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; ...Marchi, Giuseppe
An archeologist, born at Tolmezzo near Udine, 22 Feb., 1795; died at Rome, 10 Feb., 1860. He ...Marcian
(M ARCIANUS, Markiânos ) Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. ...Marciane
A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra. It figures in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" from ...Marcianopolis
A titular see in Lower Maesia, on the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan after his ...Marcionites
Heretical sect founded in A.D. 144 at Rome by Marcion and continuing in the West for 300 ...Marco Polo
Traveller; born at Venice in 1251; died there in 1324. His father Nicolo and his uncle Matteo, ...Marcopois
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Edessa. The native name of this city is not known, ...Marcosians
A sect of Valentinian Gnostics, founded by Marcus and combated at length by Irenaeus (Haer. ...Marcoux, Joseph
A missionary among the Iroquois, b. in Canada, 16 March, 1791; d. there 29 May, 1855. He was ...Marcus
The name of three leading Gnostics. I. The founder of the Marcosians and elder contemporary ...Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
Roman Emperor, A.D. 161-180, born at Rome, 26 April, 121; died 17 March, 180. HIS EARLY LIFE ...Marcus Diadochus
( Markos ho diadochos ) An obscure writer of the fourth century of whom nothing is known but ...Marcus Eremita
( Markos ho eremites , or monachos , or asketes ). A theologian and ascetic writer ...Marcus, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; consecrated 18 Jan., 336; d. 7 Oct., 336. After the death of Pope ...Mardin
A residential Armenian archbishopric, a Chaldean bishopric, and a residential Syrian bishopric ...Marenco
(1) Carlo Italian dramatist, born at Cassolo (or Cassolnuovo) in Piedmont in 1800; died at ...Marenzio, Luca
Musical composer, born in 1550 at Coccaglia, near Brescia ; died at Rome 1599. His chief legacy ...Margaret Clitherow, Saint
Martyr, called the "Pearl of York", born about 1556; died 25 March 1586. She was a daughter of ...Margaret Colona, Blessed
Poor Clare, born in Rome, date uncertain; died there, 20 September, 1284. Her parents died in ...Margaret Haughery
Margaret Haughery, "the mother of the orphans ", as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, ...Margaret Mary, Saint
Religious of the Visitation Order. Apostle of the Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, born ...Margaret of Cortona, Saint
A penitent of the Third Order of St. Francis, born at Laviano in Tuscany in 1247; died at ...Margaret of Hungary, Blessed
Daughter of King Bela I of Hungary and his wife Marie Laskaris, born 1242; died 18 Jan., 1271. ...Margaret of Lorraine, Blessed
Duchess d'Alencon, religious of the order of Poor Clares, born in 1463 at the castle of ...Margaret of Savoy, Blessed
Marchioness of Montferrat, born at Pignerol in 1382; died at Alba, 23 November, 1464. She was the ...Margaret of Scotland, Saint
Born about 1045, died 16 Nov., 1092, was a daughter of Edward "Outremere", or "the Exile", by ...Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament
Carmelite nun, b. in Paris, 6 March, 1590; d. there 24 May, 1660. She was the second daughter of ...Margaret Pole, Blessed
Countess of Salisbury, martyr ; b. at Castle Farley, near Bath, 14 August, 1473; martyred at ...Margaret, Saint
Virgin and martyr ; also called M ARINA ; belonged to Pisidian Antioch in Asia Minor, where ...Margaritae
(DECRETI DECRETORUM DECRETALIUM). The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries who ...Margil, Antonio
Born at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; died at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the ...Margotti, Giacomo
A Catholic publicist, born 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where ...Maria de Agreda
(Or, according to her conventual title, Maria of Jesus) A discalced Franciscan nun ; born ...Maria Theresa
Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, born 1717; died ...Maria-Laach
(Abbatia Beatæ Marle Virginis ad lacum, or Beatæ Marle lacensis) A Benedictine ...Mariales, Kantes
A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660. He was of a noble Venetian ...Marian Priests
This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of ...Mariana
Archdiocese of Mariana (Marianensis). Mariana, situated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the ...Mariana Islands
The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the ...Mariana, Juan
Author and Jesuit, b. at Talavern, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 ...Mariannhill, Congregation of the Missionaries of
Mariannhill is located in Natal, near Pinetown, 15 miles from Durban, and 56 from ...Marianus of Florence
A Friar Minor and historian, born at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact ...Marianus Scotus
There were two Irish scholars of this name who attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both ...Marie Antoinette
Queen of France. Born at Vienna, 2 November, 1755; executed in Paris, 16 October, 1793. She was ...Marie Christine of Savoy, Blessed
Born at Cagliari, Sardinia, 14 November, 1812; died at Naples, 31 January, 1836. She was the ...Marie de France
A French poetess of the twelfth century. She has this trait in common with the other ...Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed
Known also as Madame Acarie, foundress of the French Carmel, born in Paris, 1 February, 1566; died ...Marie de l'Incarnation, Venerable
(In the world, MARIE GUYARD). First superior of the Ursulines of Quebec , born at Tours, ...Marienberg
A Benedictine abbey of the Congregation of St. Joseph near Mals, Tyrol (in Vintschau). The ...Marignolli, Giovanni de'
Born at Florence about 1290; place and date of death unknown. When quite a youth he received the ...Marina
(DE MARINIS) The name of an ancient and noble family of the Republic of Genoa, distinguished ...Marina, Saint
Virgin and martyr ; also called M ARINA ; belonged to Pisidian Antioch in Asia Minor, where ...Marini, Luigi Gaetano
A natural philosopher, jurist, historian, archeologist, born at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus ...Marinus I, Pope
(882-884) There is reason for believing that Marinus I was elected on the very day of the ...Marinus II, Pope
Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946. A Roman, and a cardinal of the title of St. ...Mariotte, Edme
French physicist, b. at Dijon, France, about 1620; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1684. His residence was ...Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints
All martyred at Rome in 270. Maris and his wife Martha, who belonged to the Persian nobility, ...Marisco, Adam de
(or ADAM MARSH) A Franciscan who probably came from the county of Somerset, but the date ...Mariscotti, Saint Hyacintha
A religious of the Third Order of St. Francis and foundress of the Sacconi; born 1585 of a noble ...Marius Aventicus, Saint
(Or AVENTICENSIS) Bishop of Avenches (Switzerland) and chronicler, born about 530 in the ...Marius Maximus, Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus
Roman historian, lived c. 165-230. No connected account of his life exists, but he is frequently ...Marius Mercator
Ecclesiastical writer, born probably in Northern Africa about 390; died shortly after 451. In 417 ...Mark and Marcellian, Saints
Martyred at Rome under Diocletian towards the end of the third century, most likely in 286. ...Mark of Lisbon
(Properly MARCOS DA SILVA). Friar minor, historian, and Bishop of Oporto in Portugal, b. at ...Mark, Gospel of
The subject will be treated under the following heads: I. Contents, Selection and Arrangement of ...Mark, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; consecrated 18 Jan., 336; d. 7 Oct., 336. After the death of Pope ...Mark, Saint
(Greek Markos , Latin Marcus ). It is assumed in this article that the individual ...Maroni, Paul
Missionary, b. 1 Nov., 1695. He entered the Austrian province of the Jesuits on 27 Oct., 1712, ...Maronia
A titular see in the province of Rhodopis, suffragan of Trajanopolis. The town is an ancient ...Maronites
This article will give first the present state of the Maronite nation and Church ; after which ...Marquesas Islands
(INSULARUM MARCHESI) Located in Polynesia, includes all the Marquesas Islands, eleven in ...Marquette (Michigan)
(SAULT STE. MARIE and MARQUETTE, MARIANOPOLITANA ET MARQUETTENSIS) The Diocese comprises the ...Marquette League
A society founded in New York, in May, 1904, by Rev. H.G. Ganss, of Lancaster, Pa., with a ...Marquette University
Marquette University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is an outgrowth of Marquette College, which was ...Marquette, Jacques
Jesuit missionary and discoverer of the Mississippi River, b. in 1636, at Laon, a town in north ...Marriage Banns
(Latin bannum , pl. bann-a,-i from an Old English verb, bannan , to summon). In ...Marriage, Civil
"Marriage", says Bishop, "as distinguished from the agreement to marry and from the act of ...Marriage, History of
The word marriage may be taken to denote the action, contract, formality, or ceremony by which ...Marriage, Mixed
(Latin Matrimonia mixta ). Technically, mixed marriages are those between Catholics and ...Marriage, Moral and Canonical Aspect of
Marriage is that individual union through which man and woman by their reciprocal rights ...Marriage, Mystical
In the Old and the New Testament , the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations ...Marriage, Putative
Putative (Latin, putativus supposed) signifies that which is commonly thought, reputed, or ...Marriage, Ritual of
The form for the celebration of the Sacrament of Matrimony, as it stands in the "Rituale Romanum" ...Marriage, Sacrament of
That Christian marriage (i.e. marriage between baptized persons ) is really a sacrament of ...Marriage, Validation of
Validation of marriage may be effected by a simple renewal of consent when its nullity arises ...Marryat, Florence
Novelist and actress, b. 9 July, 1838, at Brighton, England ; d. 27 October 1899, in London, ...Marseilles
Diocese of Marseilles (Massiliensis), suffragan of Aix, comprises the district of Marseilles in ...Marshall Islands
(Vicariate Apostolic.) These islands, a German possession since 1885, lying in the Pacific ...Marshall, Thomas William
Controversial writer, b. 1818; d. at Surbiton, Surrey, 14 Dec., 1877. He was son of John Marshall, ...Marsi
(MARSORUM.) Diocese in the province of Aquila, Central Italy, with its seat at Pescina. With ...Marsico Nuovo and Potenza
(MARSICENSIS ET POTENTINA) Suffragan diocese of Salerno. Marsico Nuevo is a city of the ...Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, Count de
Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730. He ...Marsilius of Padua
Physician and theologian, b. at Padua about 1270; d. about 1342. Contrary to the assertion of ...Martène, Edmond
An historian and liturgist, born 22 December, 1654, at Saint-Jean-de-Losne near Dijon ; died 20 ...Martín, Enrico
Date and place of birth unknown; d. in Mexico in 1632. According to some he was of Spanish ...Martel, Charles
Born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741. He was the natural son of Pepin of ...Martha, Maris, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints
All martyred at Rome in 270. Maris and his wife Martha, who belonged to the Persian nobility, ...Martha, Saint
Mentioned only in Luke 10:38-42 ; and John 11, 12, sqq. The Aramaic form occurs in a ...Martial, Saint
Bishop of Limoges in the third century. We have no accurate information as to the origin, ...Martiall, John
(Or MARSHALL) Born in Worcestershire 1534, died at Lille, 3 April, 1597. He was one of the six ...Martianay, Jean
Born 30 Dec., 1647, at Saint-Sever-Cap, Diocese of Aire ; died 16 June, 1717, at Saint ...Martianus Capella
Roman writer of Africa who flourished in the fifth century. His work is entitled: "De nuptiis ...Martigny, Joseph-Alexander
Canon of Belley, archaeologist; b. at Sauverny, Ain, in 1808; d at Belley, 19 August, 1880. He ...Martin
Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster of Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July ...Martin I, Pope Saint
Martyr, born at Todi on the Tiber, son of Fabricius ; elected Pope at Rome, 21 July, 649, to ...Martin II, Pope
Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946. A Roman, and a cardinal of the title of St. ...Martin IV, Pope
(Simon de Brie). Born at the castle of Montpensier in the old French province of Touraine at ...Martin of Braga
(Bracara; or, of Dumio). Bishop and ecclesiastical writer; b. about 520 in Pannonia; d. in ...Martin of Leon, Saint
A priest and canon regular of the Augustinians ; b. at Leon in Spain ( Old Castile ) before ...Martin of Tours, Saint
Bishop; born at Sabaria (today Steinamanger in German, or Szombathely in Hungarian ), Pannonia ...Martin of Troppau
A chronicler, date of birth unknown; died 1278. His family name was Strebski, and, being by ...Martin of Valencia, O.F.M.
(Juan Martin de Boil) Born at Villa de Valencia, Spain, about the middle of the fifteenth ...Martin V, Pope
(Oddone Colonna) Born at Genazzano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; died at Rome, 20 Feb., 1431. ...Martin y Garcia, Luis
Twenty-fourth General of the Society of Jesus ; born of humble parentage at Melgar de ...Martin, Felix
Antiquary, historiographer, architect, educationist, b. 4 October, 1804, at Auray, seat of the ...Martin, Gregory
Translator of the Douai Version of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate ; b. in Maxfield, parish ...Martin, Konrad
Bishop of Paderborn ; b. 18 May, 1812, at Geismar, Province of Saxony ; d. 16 July, 1879, at ...Martin, Paulin
French Biblical scholar, born at Lacam, Lot, 20 July 1840; died at Amélie-les-Bains, ...Martina, Saint
Roman virgin, martyred in 226, according to some authorities, more probably in 228, under the ...Martini, Antonio
Archbishop of Florence, Biblical scholar; b. at Prato in Tuscany, 20 April, 1720; d. at ...Martini, Martino
(Chinese name Wei ). Distinguished Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Chinese, in the ...Martini, Simone
(Also known as SIMONE DI MARTINO, and as SIMONE MEMMI). Sienese painter, born in Siena, 1283; ...Martinian and Processus, Saints
The dates of these martyrs are unknown. The "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" (ed. De ...Martinique
(SANCTI PETRI ET ARCIS GALLICAÆ) Diocese ; Martinique is one of the French Lesser ...Martinov, John
Born 7 October, 1821; died 26 April, 1894. Having passed through his university course at St. ...Martinsberg
(Or P ANNONHALMA ) An important Benedictine abbey in Hungary about fourteen English miles ...Martinuzzi, George
Monk, bishop, cardinal, b. at Kamicac, Dalmatia, 1482; d. 16 December, 1551. His real name was ...Martyr
The Greek word martus signifies a witness who testifies to a fact of which he has knowledge ...Martyr d'Anghiera, Peter
Historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives, b. at Arona, near Anghiera, on ...Martyrology
By martyrology is understood a catalogue of martyrs and saints arranged according to the ...Martyropolis
A titular see, suffragan of Amida in the Province of Mesopotamia or Armenia Quarta. It was ...Martyrs in China
The first Christian martyrs in China appear to have been the missionaries of Ili Bâliq ...Martyrs, Acts of the
In a strict sense the Acts of the Martyrs are the official records of the trials of early ...Martyrs, Japanese
There is not in the whole history of the Church a single people who can offer to the ...Martyrs, The Ten Thousand
On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology. On 18 March: ...Maruthas, Saint
Bishop of Tagrit or Maypherkat in Mesopotamia, friend of St. John Chrysostom , d. before 420. ...Mary Anne de Paredes, Blessed
Born at Quito, Ecuador, 31 Oct. 1618; died at Quito, 26 May, 1645. On both sides of her family ...Mary de Cervellione
(or DE CERVELLO) Popularly styled "de Socos" (of Help). Born about 1230 at Barcelona ; ...Mary de Sales Chappuis, Venerable
(MARIE-THÉRÈSE CHAPPUIS) Belonging to the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, ...Mary Frances of the Five Wounds of Jesus, Saint
Of the Third Order of St. Francis , b. at Naples, 25 March, 1715; d. there, 6 October, 1791. ...Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi, Saint
Carmelite Virgin, born 2 April, 1566; died 25 May, 1607. Of outward events there were very few in ...Mary Magdalen, Saint
Mary Magdalen was so called either from Magdala near Tiberias, on the west shore of Galilee, or ...Mary of Cleophas
This title occurs only in John, xix, 25. A comparison of the lists of those who stood at the foot ...Mary of Egypt, Saint
Born probably about 344; died about 421. At the early age of twelve Mary left her home and came to ...Mary of Romans 16:6
Unknown outside of this single verse ( omans 16:6 ). She had "laboured much among" the Roman ...Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Stuart, born at Linlithgow, 8 December, 1542; died at Fotheringay, 8 February, 1587. She was ...Mary Tudor
Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; born 18 February, 1516; died 17 November, 1558. Mary was the ...Mary, Blessed Virgin, The
The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God. In general, the ...Mary, Children of
The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin ...Mary, Devotion to the Heart of
As in the article on Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus , this subject will be considered ...Mary, Devotion to the Virgin
Down to the Council of Nicaea Devotion to Our Blessed Lady in its ultimate analysis must be ...Mary, Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The earliest document commemorating this feast comes from the sixth century. St.Romanus, the ...Mary, Little Brothers of
Generally known as Marist School Brothers. This religious teaching institute is modern in its ...Mary, Missionaries of the Company of
The Company of Mary was founded by Blessed Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort in 1713. As early as ...Mary, Mother of John Mark
Mary, the mother of John, who was surnamed Mark ( Acts 12:12 ). We know nothing of her; but from ...Mary, Name of
(In Scripture and in Catholic use) New Testament, Mariam and sometimes Maria — ...Mary, Name of
The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God. The Hebrew ...Mary, Society of (Marist Fathers)
(Initials S.M.) A religious order of priests, so called on account of the special devotion ...Mary, Society of, of Paris
This society was founded in 1817 by Very Reverend William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, France. ...Mary, Tomb of the Blessed Virgin
The tomb of the Blessed Virgin is venerated in the Valley of Cedron, near Jerusalem. Modern ...Maryland
One of the thirteen English colonies which after the Revolution of 1776 became the original States ...Masaccio
(T OMMASO ). Italian painter, born about 1402, at San Giovanni di Valdarno, a stronghold ...Mascoutens Indians
A Wisconsin tribe of Algonquian stock of considerable missionary importance in the seventeenth ...Masolino da Panicale
Son of Cristoforo Fini; b. in the suburb of Panicale di Valdese, near Florence, 1383; d. c. 1440. ...Mason, Richard Angelus a S. Francisco
English — or Irish — Franciscan writer; b. in Wiltshire, 1599; d. at Douai, 30 ...Masonry
The subject is treated under the following heads: I. Name and Definition;II. Origin and Early ...Maspha
Name of several places in the Bible . The Septuagint transcribes Masphá, Massephá, ...Massé, Enemond
One of the first Jesuits sent to New France ; born at Lyons, 1574; died at Sillery, l2 May, ...Mass, Chapter and Conventual
As a general rule, churches in which the Divine office is to be said publicly every day must also ...Mass, Liturgy of the
A. Name and Definition The Mass is the complex of prayers and ceremonies that make up the ...Mass, Music of the
Under this heading will be considered exclusively the texts of the Mass (and not, therefore, the ...Mass, Nuptial
"Missa pro sponso et sponsa", the last among the votive Masses in the Missal. It is composed of ...Mass, Parochial
The parish is established to provide the parishioners with the helps of religion, especially ...Mass, Sacrifice of the
The word Mass ( missa ) first established itself as the general designation for the ...Massa Candida
Under the date 24 August, the "Martyrologium Romanum" records this commemoration: At Carthage, ...Massa Carrara
DIOCESE OF MASSA CARRARA (MASSENSIS). Diocese in Central Italy (Lunigiana and Garfagnana). ...Massa Marittima
(MASSANA) Massa Marittima, in the Province of Grosseto, in Tuscany, first mentioned in the ...Massachusetts
One of the thirteen original United States of America . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts covers ...Massacre, Saint Bartholomew's Day
This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the ...Massaia, Guglielmo
A Cardinal, born 9 June, 1809, at Piova in Piedmont, Italy ; died at Cremona, 6 August, 1889. ...Masses, Bequests for
"The efficacy of prayers for the dead ", remarks the Court of Appeals of the State of New York ...Masses, Bequests for (Canada)
The law governing bequests, being concerned with "property and civil rights ", falls within ...Masses, Bequests for (England)
Before the Reformation dispositions of property, whether real or personal, for the purposes of ...Masses, Devises and Bequests for (United States)
Prior to the period of the Reformation in England in 1532, Masses for the repose of the souls ...Massillon, Jean-Baptiste
A celebrated French preacher and bishop ; born 24 June, 1663; died 28 September, 1742. The son ...Massorah
The textual tradition of Hebrew Bible, an official registration of its words, consonants, vowels ...Massoulié, Antoine
Theologian, born at Toulouse, 28 Oct., 1632; died at Rome, 23 Jan., 1706. At an early age he ...Massuet, René
Benedictine patrologist, of the Congregation of St. Maur; born 13 August, 1666, at St. Ouen de ...Massys, Quentin
(MESSYS, METZYS) A painter, born at Louvain in 1466; died at Antwerp in 1530 (bet. 13 July ...Master of Arts
An academic degree higher than that of Bachelor. The conferring of the degree of Master of Arts, ...Master of Liesborn, The
A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery ...Master of the Sacred Palace
This office (which has always been entrusted to a Friar Preacher) may briefly be described as ...Mastrius, Bartholomew
Franciscan, philosopher and theologian, born near Forli, at Meldola, Italy, in 1602; died 3 ...Mataco Indians
(Or Mataguayo). A group of wide tribes of very low culture, ranging over a great part of the ...Mater
A titular bishopric in the province of Byzantium, mentioned as a free city by Pliny under the ...Materialism
As the word itself signifies, Materialism is a philosophical system which regards matter as the ...Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the
Second Sunday in October. The object of this feast is to commemorate the dignity of the Mary ...Mathathias
The name of ten persons of the Bible , variant in both Hebrew and Greek of Old Testament and in ...Mathew, Theobald
Apostle of Temperance, born at Thomastown Castle, near Cashel, Tipperary, Ireland, 10 October, ...Mathieu, François-Désiré
Bishop and cardinal, born 27 May, 1839; died 26 October, 1908. Born of humble family at ...Mathusala
One of the Hebrew patriarchs, mentioned in Genesis 5. The word is variously given as Mathusale ...Matilda of Canossa
Countess of Tuscany, daughter and heiress of the Marquess Boniface of Tuscany, and Beatrice, ...Matilda, Saint
Queen of Germany, wife of King Henry I (The Fowler), b. at the Villa of Engern in Westphalia, ...Matilda, Saint
(MATILDA VON HACKEBORN-WIPPRA). Benedictine; born in 1240 or 1241 at the ancestral castle of ...Matins
I. NAME The word "Matins" ( Latin Matutinum or Matutinae ), comes from Matuta , the Latin ...Matricula
A term having several meanings in the field of Christian antiquity. (1) The word is applied ...Matteo da Siena
(Matteo di Giovanni di Bartolo). Painter, born at Borgo San Sepolcro, c. 1435; died 1495. His ...Matteo di Termini
(Matteo Di Termini), born in the first half of the thirteenth century, at Termini, a village of ...Matteo of Aquasparta
A celebrated Italian Franciscan, born at Aquasparta in the Diocese of Todi , Umbria, about ...Matter
(Greek hyle ; Latin materia ; French matière ; German materie and stoff ), ...Matteucci, Carlo
Physicist, born at Forli, in the Romagna, 21 June, 1811; died at Ardenza, near Leghorn, 25 July, ...Matthew of Bassi
Founder and first Superior-General of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, the principal branch ...Matthew of Cracow
Renowned scholar and preacher of the fourteenth century, b. at Cracow about 1335, d. at Pisa, 5 ...Matthew, Gospel of Saint
I. CANONICITY The earliest Christian communities looked upon the books of the Old Testament as ...Matthew, Saint
Apostle and evangelist. The name Matthew is derived from the Hebrew Mattija , being ...Matthew, Sir Tobie
English priest, born at Salisbury, 3 October, 1577, died at Ghent, 13 October, 1655. He was the ...Matthias Corvinus
King of Hungary, son of Janos Hunyady and Elizabeth Szilagyi of Horogssey, was born at ...Matthias of Neuburg
Also NEUENBURG (NEOBURGENSIS). Chronicler, born towards the close of the thirteenth century, ...Matthias, Saint
Apostle. The Greek Matthias (or, in some manuscripts, Maththias ), is a name derived ...Maundy Thursday
The feast of Maundy (or Holy) Thursday solemnly commemorates the institution of the Eucharist ...Maunoury, Auguste-François
Hellenist and exegete, b. at Champsecret, Orne, France, 30 Oct., 1811; d. at Séez, ...Maurice
(Matricius, Maurikios ). Roman Emperor, born in 539; died in November, 602. He sprang from ...Maurice, Saint
Leader ( primicerius ) of the Theban Legion, massacred at Agaunum, about 287 (286, 297, 302, ...Maurists, The
A congregation of Benedictine monks in France, whose history extends from 1618 to 1818. It ...Maurus Magnentius Rabanus, Blessed
( Also Hrabanus, Reabanus). Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, celebrated theological ...Maurus, Saint
Deacon, son of Equitius, a nobleman of Rome, but claimed also by Fondi, Gallipoli, Lavello ...Maurus, Sylvester
Writer on philosophy and theology, b. at Spoleto, 31 Dec., 1619; d. in Rome, 13 Jan., 1687. He ...Maury, Jean-Siffrein
Cardinal and statesman, born at Valréas, near Avignon, 26 June, 1746; died at Rome on ...Maxentius, Joannes
Joannes Maxentius, leader of the so-called Scythian monks, appears in history at Constantinople ...Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius
Roman Emperor 306-12, son of the Emperor Maximinianus Herculius and son-in-law of the chief ...Maxfield, Venerable Thomas
( Vere Macclesfield) English priest and martyr, b. in Stafford gaol, about 1590, martyred ...Maximianopolis
A titular see of Palestina Secunda, suffragan of Scythopolis. Its ancient name, Adad-Remmon, ...Maximianus
(MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS MAXIMIANUS, surnamed HERCULIUS.) Roman Emperor, was adopted by ...Maximilian
The name of several martyrs. (1) Maximilian of Antioch A soldier, martyred at Antioch, Jan. ...Maximilian I
Duke of Bavaria, 1598-1622, Elector of Bavaria and Lord High Steward of the Holy Roman Empire, ...Maximinus Thrax
Roman Emperor 235-8, son of a Goth and an Alanic mother. When the Emperor Septimius Severus was ...Maximinus, Caius Valerius Daja
Under his uncle Augustus Galerius, the Caesar of Syria and Egypt, from the year 305; in 307 ...Maximinus, Saint
Bishop of Trier, b. at Silly near Poitiers, d. there, 29 May, 352 or 12 Sept., 349. He was ...Maximopolis
A titular see of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra. The true name of the city is Maximianopolis, and ...Maximus of Constantinople, Saint
Known as the Theologian and as Maximus Confessor , born at Constantinople about 580; died in ...Maximus of Turin, Saint
Bishop and theological writer, b. probably in Rhaetia, about 380; d. shortly after 465. Only ...Maxwell, William
Fifth Earl of Nithsdale (Lord Nithsdale signed as Nithsdaill) and fourteenth Lord Maxwell, b. in ...Maxwell, Winifred
Countess of Nithsdale, d. at Rome, May, 1749. She was the daughter of William, first Marquis of ...Maya Indians
The most important of the cultured native peoples of North America, both in the degree of their ...Mayer, Christian
Moravian astronomer, born at Mederizenhi in Moravia, 20 Aug., 1719, died at Heidelberg, 16 ...Mayhew, Edward
Born in 1569; died 14 September, 1625. He belonged to the old English family of Mayhew or Mayow of ...Mayne, Blessed Cuthbert
Martyr, b. at Yorkston, near Barnstaple, Devonshire ( baptized 20 March, 1543-4); d. at ...Maynooth College
The National College of Saint Patrick, at Maynooth in County Kildare, about twelve miles from ...Mayo Indians
An important tribe occupying some fifteen towns on Mayo and Fuerte rivers, southern Sonora and ...Mayo, School of
(Irish Magh Eo , which means, according to Colgan, the Plain of the Oaks, and, according to ...Mayor, John
(MAJOR, MAIR; also called JOANNES MAJORIS and HADDINGTONUS SCOTUS) A Scotch philosopher and ...Mayoruna Indians
A noted and savage tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, ranging the forests between the Ucayali, the ...Mayotte, Nossi-Bé, and Comoro
PREFECTURE APOSTOLIC OF MAYOTTE, NOSSI-BE, AND COMORO (MAYOTTÆ, NOSSIBEÆ, ET ...Mayr, Beda
A Bavarian Benedictine philosopher, apologist, and poet, b. 15 January, 1742 at Daiting near ...Mayron, Francis
(DE MAYRONIS) Born about 1280, probably at Mayronnes, Department of Basses-Alpes, he entered ...Mazarin, Jules
Born either at Rome or at Piscina in the Abruzzi, of a very old Sicilian family, 14 July, 1602; ...Mazatec Indians
An important Mexican tribe of Zapotecan linguistic stock, occupying the mountain region of ...Mazenod, Charles Joseph Eugene de
Bishop of Marseilles, and founder of the Congregation of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, b. at ...Mazzara del Vallo
DIOCESE OF MAZZARA DEL VALLO (MAZARIENSIS). The city is situated in the province of Trepani, ...Mazzella, Camillo
Theologian and cardinal, born at Vitulano, 10 Feb., 1833; d. at Rome, 26 March, 1900. He ...Mazzolini, Lodovico
(Also known as MAZZOLINI DA FERRARA, LODOVICO FERRARESA, and IL FERRARESE) Italian painter, b. ...Mazzolini, Sylvester
(M OZOLINI, also P RIERIAS ) Theologian, b. at Priero, Piedmont, 1460; d. at Rome, ...Mazzuchelli, Pietro Francesco
(Also known as IL MORAZZONE, MARAZZONE, and MORANZONE). Milanese painter, b. at Moranzone near ...Mb 1
Mb 1
Mbaya Indians
(Guaycurü) A predatory tribe formerly ranging on both sides of the Paraguay River, on the ...Mc 11
Mc 11
McCabe, Edward
Cardinal, born in Dublin, 1816; died at Kingstown, 11 February, 1885; he was the son of poor ...McCarthy, Justin
Irish politician, journalist, novelist, and historian, b. at Cork, 22 Nov., 1830; d. at ...McCloskey, William George
Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky, b. at Brooklyn, N.Y., 10 Nov., 1823; d. 17 September, 1909. He ...McGee, Thomas D'Arcy
An editor, politician, and poet, born at Carlingford, Co. Louth, Ireland, 13 April, 1825; ...McLoughlin, John
Physician and pioneer, born in the parish of La Riviere du Loup, Canada, 19 October, 1784; died ...McMahon, Martin Thomas
Soldier, jurist; born at Laprairie, Canada, 21 March, 1838; died in New York, 21 April, 1906. His ...McMaster, James Alphonsus
An editor, convert, born at Duanesburg, New York, U. S. A., 1 April, 1820; died in Brooklyn, New ...McQuaid, Bernard John
The first Bishop of Rochester, U. S. A.; born in New York City, 15 December, 1823; died at ...McSherry, James Jr.
Jurist, son of the author James McSherry ; born at Frederick, Maryland, 30 December, 1842; died ...McSherry, James Sr.
Author; born at LibertyTown, Frederick County, Maryland, 29 July, 1819; died at Frederick City, ...McSherry, Richard
Physician; born at Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia ), 21 November, 1817; died ...Me 153
Me 153
Meagher, Thomas Francis
Soldier, politician, b. at Waterford, Ireland, 3 August, 1823; accidentally drowned in the ...Meath
(MIDENSIS). Diocese in Ireland, suffragan of Armagh. In extent it is the largest diocese in ...Meaux
(Melsa). A Cistercian abbey about four miles east of Beverley in the East Riding of ...Meaux, Diocese of
(MELDENSIS.) Meaux comprises the entire department of Seine and Marne, suffragan of Sens ...Mecca
Mecca, the capital of Arabia and the sacred city of the Mohammedans, is situated in the district ...Mechanism
There is no constant meaning in the history of philosophy for the word Mechanism. Originally, ...Mechitar
(MECHITHAR, MEKHITAR, MCHITAR or MOCHTOR, a word which means "Comforter") Mechitar is the name ...Mechitarists
Armenian Benedictines, founded by Mechitar in 1712. In its inception the order was looked upon ...Mechlin
( Latin MECHLINIA; French MALINES; MECHLINIENSIS). Archdiocese comprising the two Belgian ...Mechtel, Johann
Chronicler; b. 1562 at Pfalzel near Trier (Germany); d. after 1631, perhaps as late as 1653 at ...Mechtild of Magdeburg
A celebrated medieval mystic, b. of a noble family in Saxony about 1210; d. at the ...Mechtilde, Saint
(MATILDA VON HACKEBORN-WIPPRA). Benedictine; born in 1240 or 1241 at the ancestral castle of ...Mecklenburg
A division of the German Empire, consists of the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and ...Medaille, Jean Paul
Jesuit missionary; b. at Carcassonne, the capital of the Department of Aude, France, 29 ...Medal of Saint Benedict
A medal, originally a cross, dedicated to the devotion in honour of St. Benedict. One ...Medal, Miraculous
The devotion commonly known as that of the Miraculous Medal owes its origin to Zoe Labore, a ...Medals, Devotional
A medal may be defined to be a piece of metal, usually in the form of a coin, not used as money, ...Medardus, Saint
Bishop of Noyon, b. at Salency (Oise) about 456; d. in his episcopal city 8 June, about 545. His ...Medea
A titular see of Thrace, suffragan of Heraclea. This name and the modern name (Midieh) are ...Medellín
(MEDELLENSIS). Archdiocese in the Republic of Colombia, Metropolitan of Antioquia and ...Media and Medes
( Medía, Mêdoi ). An ancient country of Asia and the inhabitants thereof. The ...Mediator (Christ as Mediator)
The subject will be treated under the following heads: (1) Definition of the word mediator; (2) ...Medices, Hieronymus
(DE MEDICIS) Illustrious as a scholastic of acumen and penetration, b. at Camerino in ...Medici, Catherine de'
Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589. She was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke ...Medici, House of
A Florentine family, the members of which, having acquired great wealth as bankers, rose in a ...Medici, Maria de'
Queen of France ; b. at Florence, 26 April, 1573; d. at Cologne, 3 July, 1642. She was a ...Medicine and Canon Law
In the early centuries the practice of medicine by clerics, whether secular or regular, was not ...Medicine, History of
The history of medical science, considered as a part of the general history of civilization, ...Medina, Bartholomew
Dominican theologian, b. at Medina, 1527; d. at Salamanca, 1581. With Dominico Soto , Melchior ...Medina, Juan de
Theologian ; born 1490; died 1547; he occupied the first rank among the theologians of the ...Medina, Miguel de
Theologian, born at Belalcazar, Spain, 1489; died at Toledo, May, 1578. He entered the Franciscan ...Medrano, Francisco
A Spanish lyric poet, b. in Seville, not to be confounded with Sebastian Francisco de Medrano ...Medulic, Andras
A Croatian painter and engraver, called by Italian authors Medola, Medula, Schiavone, Schiaon, ...Meehan, Charles Patrick
Irish historical writer and translator, b. in Dublin, 12 July, 1812; d. there 14 March 1890. ...Megara
A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia. The city, which was built on an arid strip of ...Megarians
The Megarian School is one of the imperfectly Socratic Schools, so called because they developed ...Mehrerau
Formerly a Benedictine, now a Cistercian Abbey ; situated on Lake Constance, west of Bregenz, in ...Meignan, Guillaume-René
Cardinal Archbishop of Tours, French apologist and Scriptural exegete, b. at Chauvigné, ...Meilleur, Jean-Baptiste
French Canadian physician and educator, b. at St. Laurent, P.Q., 9 May, 1796; d. 7 Dec., 1878. He ...Meinwerk, Blessed
Tenth Bishop of Paderborn, d. 1036: Meinwerk (Meginwerk) was born of the noble family of the ...Meissen
A former see of north-east Germany. The present city of Meissen, situated in the Kingdom of ...Meissonier, Ernest
French painter, b. at Lyons 21 February, 1815; d. at Paris, 31 January, 1891. If the Lyonese ...Meléndez Valdés, Juan
Spanish poet and politician, b. at Ribera del Fresno (Badajoz) 11 March, 1754; d. in exile at ...Melancthon, Philipp
Collaborator and friend of Luther, born at Bretten (in Unterpfalz, now Baden ), 16 February, ...Melania (the Younger), Saint
Born at Rome, about 383; died in Jerusalem, 31 December, 439. She was a member of the famous ...Melbourne
Archdiocese of Melbourne (Melburnen) Located in the state of Victoria, Southeastern ...Melchers, Paul
Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, b. 6 Jan., 1813, at Münster, Westphalia ; d. 14 ...Melchisedech
[Gr. Melchisedek , from the Hebrew meaning "King of righteousness (Gesenius)] was King of ...Melchisedechians
A branch of the Monarchians, founded by Theodotus the banker. (See MONARCHIANS.) Another quite ...Melchites
(Melkites). ORIGIN AND NAME Melchites are the people of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt who ...Meletius of Antioch
Bishop, b. in Melitene, Lesser Armenia ; d. at Antioch, 381. Before occupying the see of ...Meletius of Lycopolis
Meletius, Bishop of Lycopolis in Egypt, gave his name to a schism of short duration. There ...Melfi and Rapolla
DIOCESE OF MELFI AND RAPOLLA (MELPHIENSIS ET RAPOLLENSIS) Diocese in the province of Potenza, ...Meli, Giovanni
Sicilian poet, b. at Palermo, 4 March, 1740, d. 20 Dec., 1815. He was the son of a goldsmith of ...Melia, Pius
Italian theologian, b. at Rome, 12 Jan., 1800; d. in London, June 1883. He entered the Society ...Melissus of Samos
A Greek philosopher, of the Eleatic School, b. at Samos about 470 B.C. It is probable that he ...Melitene
The residence of an Armenian Catholic see, also a titulary archbishopric. According to Pliny ...Melito, Saint
Bishop of Sardis, prominent ecclesiastical writer in the latter half of the second century. Few ...Melk, Abbey and Congregation of
(MOLCK, MELLICUM). Situated on an isolated rock commanding the Danube, Melk has been a noted ...Melkites
(Melkites). ORIGIN AND NAME Melchites are the people of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt who ...Melleray
(MELLEARIUM) Melleray, situated in Brittany (Loire-Inférieure), Diocese of Nantes, in ...Mellifont Abbey
Located three miles from Drogheda, Co. Louth, Diocese of Armagh, it was the first Cistercian ...Mellitus, Saint
Bishop of London and third Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 24 April, 624. He was the leader of ...Melo
Located in Uruguay. It was decided in 1897 to erect two sees suffragan to Montevideo, one of ...Melos
A titular see, suffragan of Naxos in the Cyclades. The name seems to have been derived from a ...Melozzo da Forlí
An Italian painter of the Umbrian School, b. at Forlì, 1438; d. there 1494. Lanzi's ...Melrose Abbey
The Abbey of Melrose, located in in Roxburghshire, founded in 1136 by King David I, was the ...Melrose, Chronicle of
(CHRONICA DE MAILROS) It opens with the year 735, ends abruptly in 1270, and is founded solely ...Melzi, Francesco
Born at Milan, about 1490; died 1568. He was a mysterious personage. He was a friend of Leonardo ...Memberton
Principal chief of the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia at the time of the establishment of the ...Membre, Zenobius
Born 1645 at Bapaume, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, he was a member of the Franciscan ...Memling, Hans
Flemish painter, b. about 1430-35; d. at Bruges 11 August, 1494. This date was discovered ...Memorial Brasses
Just when memorial brasses first came into use is not known; the earliest existing dated ...Memory
(Latin memoria ) Memory is the capability of the mind, to store up conscious processes, ...Memphis
Ancient capital of Egypt ; diocese of the province of Arcadia or Heptanomos, suffragan of ...Men of Understanding
(HOMINES INTELLIGENTIAE). Name assumed by a heretical sect which in 1410-11 was cited before ...Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino
Poet, historian and literary critic, b. at Santander, Spain, in 1856; d. at Santander in 1912. ...Mena, Juan de
Spanish poet, born 1411 at Cordova ; died 1456 at Torrelaguna. Prominent at the court of Juan II ...Menaion
( menaîon from mén, "month") The Menaion is the name of the twelve books, one ...Menas, Saint
Martyr under Diocletian, about 295. According to the Greek Acts published with Latin translation ...Mencius
(Latinized form of Chinese MENG-TZE, i.e. MENG THE SAGE). Philosopher, b. 371 or 372 B.C. He was ...Mendíburu, Manuel de
Born at Lima, 29 October, 1805; died 21 January, 1885. He was educated in the University of S. ...Mendaña de Neyra, Alvaro de
A Spanish navigator and explorer, born in Saragossa, 1541; died in Santa Cruz, Solomon ...Mende
(MIMATENSIS) This diocese includes the department of Lozère, in France. Suffragan of ...Mendel, Mendelism
Gregor Johann Mendel (the first name was taken on entrance to his order), b. 22 July, 1822, at ...Mendes de Silva, João
Better known as Amadeus of Portugal, b. 1420, d. at Milan, 1482, began his religious life in ...Mendicant Friars
Mendicant Friars are members of those religious orders which, originally, by vow of ...Mendieta, Jerónimo
A Spanish missionary; born at Vitoria, Spain, 1525; died in the City of Mexico, 9 May, 1604. ...Mendoza, Diego Hurtade de
A Spanish diplomat and writer, and one of the greatest figures in the history of Spanish ...Mendoza, Francisco Sarmiento de
A Spanish canonist and bishop ; b. of a noble family at Burgos ; d. 1595, at Jaén. ...Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de
Cardinal and Primate of Spain, b. at Guadalajara, 3 May, 1428; d. there, 11 January, 1495. He ...Meneses, Osorio Francisco
Spanish painter, b. at Seville, 1630; d. probably in the same place, 1705. It is extraordinary ...Menestrier, Claude-François
Antiquarian, b. at Lyons, 9 March, 1631; d. at Paris, 21 Jan., 1705. He inherited a taste for ...Menevia
(MENEVENSIS) Menevia is said to be derived from Menapia , the name of an ancient Roman ...Mengarini, Gregario
Pioneer missionary of the Flathead tribe and philologist of their language, b. in Rome, 21 July, ...Mengs, Anthon Rafael
A Bohemian painter, usually regarded as belonging to the Italian or Spanish school, b. at ...Mennas
Patriarch of Constantinople from 536 to 552. Early in 536 Pope St. Agapetus came to ...Mennonites
A Protestant denomination of Europe and America which arose in Switzerland in the sixteenth ...Menochio, Giovanni Stefano
Jesuit biblical scholar, b. at Padua, 1575; d. in Rome, 4 Feb., 1655. He entered the Society of ...Menologium
Although the word Menologium (in English also written Menology and Menologe) has been in some ...Menominee Indians
A considerable tribe of Algonquian linguistic stock, formerly ranging over north-eastern ...Mensa, Mensal Revenue
( Latin, Mensa, table). The Latin word mensa has for its primitive signification "a table ...Mensing, John
(MENSINGK) A theologian and celebrated opponent of Luther, born according to some at ...Mental Reservation
The name applied to a doctrine which has grown out of the common Catholic teaching about lying and ...Mentelin, Johannes
(MENTEL) Born c. 1410; died 12 Dec., 1478; an eminent German typographer of the fifteenth ...Menzini, Benedetto
Priest and poet, b. at Florence, 1646; d. at Rome, 7 Sept., 1704. His family being poor, he ...Mercadé, Eustache
French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century. The dates of his birth and death are not known. ...Mercedarians
(Order of Our Lady of Mercy). A congregation of men founded in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco, born ...Mercier, Louis-Honoré
A French Canadian statesman, b. 15 October, 1840, at Ibervile, Quebec, of a family of farmers; ...Mercuriali, Geronimo
Better known by his Latin name Mercurialis; famous philologist and physician, b. at Forli, 30 ...Mercy, Brothers of Our Lady of
Founded at Mechlin in 1839 by Canon J.B. Cornelius Scheppers for the instruction and care of ...Mercy, Corporal and Spiritual Works of
Mercy as it is here contemplated is said to be a virtue influencing one's will to have ...Mercy, Sisters of
A congregation of women founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1827, by Catherine Elizabeth McAuley, ...Mercy, Sisters of, of St. Borromeo
Originally a pious association of ladies formed in 1626 for the care of the sick in the ...Meredith, Edward
English Catholic controversialist, b. in 1648, was a son of the rector of Landulph, Cornwall. ...Merici, Saint Angela
Foundress of the Ursulines, born 21 March, 1474, at Desenzano, a small town on the southwestern ...Merit
By merit ( meritum ) in general is understood that property of a good work which entitles the ...Mermillod, Gaspard
Bishop of Lausanne and cardinal, born at Carouge, Switzerland, 22 September, 1824; died in Rome, ...Merneptah I
(1234?-1214 B.C.), the fourth king of the nineteenth Egyptian dynasty and the supposed Pharaoh ...Mersenne, Marin
French theologian, philosopher, and mathematician; b. 8 September, 1588, near Oizé (now ...Mesa
(Greek Mosá ; Moabite Stone, ms‘ ; Hebrew, mys‘ , meaning ...Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, and Armenia
Created by Gregory XVI on 17 Dec., 1832. Mgr. Trioche, Archbishop of Babylon or Bagdad, became ...Mesrob
(Also called MASHTOTS) One of the greatest figures in Armenian history, he was born about 361 ...Messalians
( Praying folk; participle Pa'el of the Aramaic word meaning "to pray "). An heretical ...Messene
A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia. Under this name at least, the city dates only ...Messias
(Or Messias .) The Greek form Messias is a transliteration of the Hebrew, Messiah , ...Messina
(MESSINENSIS) Located in Sicily. The city is situated, in the shape of an amphitheatre, along ...Messina, Antonello da
Born at Messina, about 1430; died 1497. After studying for some time in Sicily he crossed over ...Messingham, Thomas
An Irish hagiologist, born in the Diocese of Meath, and studied in the Irish College, Paris, ...Metalwork in the Service of the Church
From the earliest days the Church has employed utensils and vessels of metal in its liturgical ...Metaphrastes, Symeon
( Sumeòn ’o metaphrástes ). The principal compiler of the legends of ...Metaphysics
I. The Name. II. The Definition. III. The Rejection of Metaphysics.IV. Relation of Metaphysics to ...Metastasio, Pietro
Italian poet, b. at Rome, 1698; d. at Vienna, 1782. Of humble origins, his father, once a ...Metcalfe, Edward
Born in Yorkshire, 1792; died a martyr of charity at Leeds, 7 May, 1847. He entered the ...Metellopolis
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor. The inscriptions make known a Phrygian town ...Metempsychosis
(Greek meta empsychos , Latin metempsychosis : French metempsychose : German ...Metham, Thomas
A knight, confessor of the Faith ; died in York Castle, 1573. He was eldest son of Thomas ...Methodism
A religious movement which was originated in 1739 by John Wesley in the Anglican Church, and ...Methodius and Cyril, Saints
(Or CONSTANTINE and METHODIUS). These brothers, the Apostles of the Slavs, were born in ...Methodius I
Patriarch of Constantinople (842-846), defender of images during the second Iconoclast ...Methodius of Olympus, Saint
Bishop and ecclesiastical author, date of birth unknown; died a martyr, probably in 311. ...Methuselah
One of the Hebrew patriarchs, mentioned in Genesis 5. The word is variously given as Mathusale ...Methymna
A titular see in the island of Lesbos. It was once the second city of the island, and enjoyed ...Metrophanes of Smyrna
A leader of the faithful Ignatian bishops at the time of the Photian schism (867). Baronius ...Metropolis
A titular episcopal see and suffragan of Ephesus. Strabo (XIV, 1, 2; XIV, 1, 15), who speaks of ...Metropolitan
Metropolitan , in ecclesiastical language, refers to whatever relates to the metropolis, the ...Metternich, Klemens Lothar Wenzel Von
Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859; son of Count Georg, ...Metz
A town and bishopric in Lorraine. I. THE TOWN OF METZ In ancient times Metz, then known as ...Meun, Jean Clopinel de
(Or MEUNG.) French poet, b. c. 1260 in the little city of Meung-sur-Loire; d. at Paris ...Mexico
GEOGRAPHY The Republic of Mexico is situated at the extreme point of the North American ...Mexico, Archdiocese of
(MEXICANA.) Boundaries The boundaries of the Diocese of Mexico were at first not well defined. ...Mezger, Francis, Joseph, and Paul
Three brothers, learned Benedictines of the monastery of St. Peter in Salzburg, and professors ...Mezzofanti, Giuseppe
A cardinal, the greatest of polyglots, born 19 September, 1774; died 15 March, 1849. He was the ...Mi 103
Mi 103
Miami Indians
An important tribe of Algonquian stock formerly claiming prior dominion over the whole of what ...Michael Cærularius
( Keroulários ). Patriarch of Constantinople (1043-58), author of the second and ...Michael de Sanctis, Saint
(DE LOS SANTOS). Born at, Vich in Catalonia, 29 September, 1591; died at Valladolid, 10 ...Michael O'Loghlen
Born at Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1789; died 1846. Educated at Ennis Academy, and Trinity ...Michael of Cesena
(MICHELE FUSCHI) A Friar Minor, Minister General of the Franciscan Order, and theologian, ...Michael Scotus
(SCOTT or SCOT) A thirteenth century mathematician, philosopher, and scholar. He was born in ...Michael the Archangel, Saint
( Hebrew "Who is like God ?"). St. Michael is one of the principal angels ; his name was ...Michael, Military Orders of Saint
(1) A Bavarian Order, founded in 1721 by Elector Joseph Clemens of Cologne, Duke of Bavaria, ...Michaud, Joseph-François
Historian, born at Albens, Savoy, 1767; died at Passy, 30 September, 1839. He belonged to an ...Micheas of Ephraim
Also called Michas. In Hebrew the complete form of the name is Mikhayahu or Mikhayehu ...Micheas, Book of
Micheas (Hebr. Mikhah; Jeremiah 26:18 : Mikhayah keth.), the author of the book which holds the ...Micheas, Son of Jemla
Also called Michas. In Hebrew the complete form of the name is Mikhayahu or Mikhayehu ...Michel, Jean
A French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century, who revised and enlarged the mystery of the ...Michelangelo Buonarroti
Italian sculptor, painter, and architect, b. at Caprese in the valley of the upper Arno, 6 March, ...Michelians
A German Protestant sect which derives its name from "Michel", the popular designation of its ...Michelis, Edward
A theologian, born in St. Mauritz, 6 Feb., 1813; died in Luxemburg, 8 June, 1855. After his ...Michelozzo di Bartolommeo
An architect and sculptor, born at Florence circa 1391; died 1472. He exercised a quiet, but ...Michigan
The State of Michigan is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by Canada, Lake Huron ...Michoacan
(MICHOACANENSIS) Located in Mexico, the Diocese of Michoacan was established in 1536 by Pope ...Mickiewicz, Adam
Born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, 1798; died at Constantinople, 1855. He studied at Novogrodek ...Micmacs
( Souriquois of the early French ) The easternmost of the Algonquin tribes and probably ...Micrologus
Either a "synopsis" or a "short explanation", and in the Middle Ages used as an equivalent for ...Middendorp, Jakob
Theologian and historian; b. about 1537 at Oldenzaal, or, according to others, at Ootmarsum, ...Middle Ages
A term commonly used to designate that period of European history between the fall of the Roman ...Middlesbrough
(MEDIOBURGENSIS) In medieval history it was known as Myddilburga or Middilburga, with many ...Midianites
(In Authorized Version M IDIANITES ). An Arabian tribe ( Septuagint Madienaîoi ...Midrashim
The term commonly designates ancient rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures. It is the ...Midwives
Midwives come under the canon law of the Church in their relation towards two of the sacraments, ...Migazzi, Christoph Anton
Cardinal, Prince Archbishop of Vienna, b. 1714, in the Tyrol, d. 14 April, 1803, at Vienna. At ...Mignard, Pierre
A French painter, born at Troyes, 7 November, 1612; died at Paris, 30 May, 1695. Though destined ...Migne, Jacques-Paul
Priest, and publisher of theological works, born at Saint-Flour, 25 October, 1800; died at Paris, ...Migration
The movement of populations from place to place is one of the earliest social phenomena history ...Milan
(MEDIOLANENSIS) Located in Lombardy, northern Italy. The city is situated on the Orona River, ...Milde, Vinzenz Eduard
Prince- Archbishop of Vienna, born at Brünn, in Moravia, in 1777; died at Vienna in ...Miles Gerard, Venerable
Martyr ; born about 1550 at Wigan; executed at Rochester 13 (30?) April, 1590. Sprung perhaps ...Miles, George Henry
A dramatist and man of letters, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 31 July, 1824; died near ...Mileto
(MILETENSIS) Located in Calabria, in the province of Reggio, southern Italy. According to ...Miletopolis
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus. Miletopolis was a town north of Mysia, at ...Miletus
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, in Caria. Situated on the western coast ...Miletus, Vitus
(Originally MÜLLER) A Catholic theologian, born at Gmünd, Swabia, 1549; died at ...Milevum
A titular see of Numidia. In Ptolemy's "Geography", IV, iii, 7, the city is mentioned under the ...Milic, Jan
A pre-Hussite reform preacher and religious enthusiast, born at Kremsier in Moravia, died 29 ...Military Orders, The
Including under this term every kind of brotherhood of knights, secular as well as religious, ...Millennium and Millenarianism
The fundamental idea of millenarianism, as understood by Christian writers, may be set forth ...Miller, Ferdinand Von
Born at Fürstenfeldbruck, 1813; died at Munich, 1887. He laboured for the development of ...Millet, Jean-François
French painter ; b. at Gruchy, near Cherbourg, 4 October, 1814; d. at Barbizon, 20 January, 1875. ...Millet, Pierre
( Or Milet). A celebrated early Jesuit missionary in New York State, b. at Bourges, ...Milner, John
Born in London, 14 October, 1752: died at Wolverhampton, 19 April, 1826. At the age of twelve ...Milner, Venerable Ralph
Layman and martyr, born at Flacsted, Hants, England, early in the sixteenth century; suffered ...Milo Crispin
Monk, and cantor of the Benedictine Abbey of Bec ; wrote the lives of five of its abbots : ...Milopotamos
A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Candia. Certain historians and geographers identify ...Miltiades, Pope Saint
The year of his birth is not known; he was elected pope in either 310 or 311; died 10 or 11 ...Miltiz, Karl von
Papal chamberlain and nuncio, b. about 1480, the son of Sigismund von Miltiz, "Landvogt" of ...Milwaukee
(MILWAUKIENSIS) Established as a diocese, 28 Nov., 1843; became an archbishopric, 12 ...Mind
(Greek nous ; Latin mens , German Geist , Seele ; French ame esprit ). The word ...Minden
Diocese of Minden (former see of Westphalia ). Minden on the Weser is first heard of in ...Ming, John
A philosopher and writer, born at Gyswyl, Unterwalden, Switzerland, 20 Sept., 1838; died at ...Minimi
Minimi (or M INIMS ) are the members of the religious order founded by St. Francis of Paula. ...Minister
The term minister has long been appropriated in a distinctive way to the clergy. The language ...Minkelers, Jean-Pierre
Inventor of illuminating gas; b. at Maastricht, Holland, 1748; d. there 4 July, 1824. At the age ...Minnesota
One of the North Central States of the American Union, lies about midway between the eastern and ...Mino di Giovanni
(Called DA FIESOLE.) Born 1431; died 1484. He is inscribed in the "Libro della Matricola" of ...Minor
( Latin minor ), that which is less, or inferior in comparison with another, the term being ...Minor Orders
( Latin Ordines Minores ). The lower degrees of the hierarchy are designated by the name of ...Minorca
(Minoricensis). Suffragan of Valencia, comprises the Island of Minorca, the second in size of ...Minsk
(MINCENSIS) A suffragan of Mohileff, in Western Russia. The city of Minsk is situated on ...Mint, Papal
The right to coin money being a sovereign prerogative, there can be no papal coins of earlier ...Minucius Felix
Christian apologist, flourished between 160 and 300; the exact date is not known. His ...Mirabilia Urbis Romæ
The title of a medieval Latin description of the city of Rome, dating from about 1150. ...Miracle
(Latin miraculum , from mirari , "to wonder"). In general, a wonderful thing, the word ...Miracle Plays and Mysteries
These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian ...Miracles, Gift of
The gift of miracles is one of those mentioned by St. Paul in his First Epistle to the ...Miraculous Medal
The devotion commonly known as that of the Miraculous Medal owes its origin to Zoe Labore, a ...Miraeus, Aubert
(Also called Aubert le Mire). Ecclesiastical historian, born at Brussels, 30 Nov., 1573; died ...Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco Pico della
Italian philosopher, nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, b. about 1469; d. 1533. Though very ...Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della
Italian philosopher and scholar, born 24 February, 1463; died 17 November, 1494. He belonged to a ...Miridite, Abbey of
(MIRIDITARUM, or SANCTI ALEXANDRI DE OROSHI). The name of an abbatia nullius in Albania, ...Miserere
The first word of the Vulgate text of Psalm 1 (Hebrew, li). Two other Psalms (lv and lvi) begin ...Misericorde, Congregation of the Sisters of
A congregation of women founded 16 January, 1848, for the purpose of procuring spiritual and ...Misocco and Galanca
(MESAUCINAE ET CALANCAE). This prefecture in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, comprises the ...Missa Pro Populo
The parish is established to provide the parishioners with the helps of religion, especially ...Missal
(Latin Missale from Missa , Mass), the book which contains the prayers said by the priest ...Mission Indians (of California)
A name of no real ethnic significance, but used as a convenient popular and official term to ...Mission, Congregation of Priests of the
A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul. The ...Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, Congregation of
Founded by John Baptist Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza, Italy (d. 1 June, 1905); approved in ...Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales of Annecy
Amid the many activities to which St. Francis devoted himself, he long had the desire to found a ...Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle
Otherwise known as the "Paulist Fathers" A community of priests for giving missions and ...Missions, California
I. LOWER CALIFORNIA California became known to the world through Hernando Cortés, the ...Missions, Catholic
The history of Catholic missions would necessarily begin with the missionary labours of Christ, ...Missions, Catholic Indian, of Canada
The French discoverers of Canada did not fail to impress the aborigines they met with a vague ...Missions, Catholic Indian, of the United States
The spiritual welfare of the native tribes of America was a subject of deep concern to the ...Missions, Catholic Parochial
This term is used to designate certain special exertions of the Church's pastoral agencies, ...Mississippi
Mississippi, one of the United States of America , takes its name from the Mississippi River ...Missouri
The State of Missouri was carved out of the Louisiana Territory, and derives its name from the ...Missouri Test-Oath
In January, 1865, there assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, a "Constitutional Convention" composed ...Mithraism
A pagan religion consisting mainly of the cult of the ancient Indo-Iranian Sun-god Mithra. It ...Mitre
Form, Material, and Use The mitre is a kind of folding-cap. It consists of two like parts, each ...Mittarelli, Nicola Giacomo
(In religion GIAN BENEDETTO) A monastic historian, born 2 September, 1707, at Venice ; ...Mitylene
A titulary archbishopric in the island of Lesbos. Inhabitated, first by the Pelasgians, then by ...Mivart, St. George Jackson
Corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Member of the Council of ...Mixe Indians
(Also Mije, Latin Mi-she) A mountain tribe in southern Mexico, noted for their extreme ...Mixed Marriage
(Latin Matrimonia mixta ). Technically, mixed marriages are those between Catholics and ...Mixteca Indians
(Also Misteca, Latin Mish-te-ka) One of the most important civilized tribes of southern ...Mo 199
Mo 199
Moab, Moabites
In the Old Testament, the word Moab designates (1) a son of Lot by his elder daughter ( ...Mobile
DIOCESE OF MOBILE ( French MOBILE, Spanish MAUBILA, Latin MOBILIENSIS). Suffragan of New ...Mocissus
A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia. Procopius (De ædif., V, iv) informs us that this ...Mocoví Indians
The name is also written Macobio, Mbocobi, Mocobio. They are a warlike and predatory tribe of the ...Modalism (Monarchianism)
Heretics of the second and third centuries. The word, Monarchiani , was first used by Tertullian ...Modena
ARCHDIOCESE OF MODENA (MUTINENSIS) Located in central Italy, between the rivers Secchia and ...Modernism
Origin of the Word Theory of Theological Modernism The essential error of Modernism ...Modestus, Vitus, and Crescentia, Saints
According to the legend, martyrs under Diocletian ; feast, 15 June. The earliest testimony for ...Modigliana
DIOCESE OF MODIGLIANA (MUTILIANENSIS) Located in the Province of Florence, in Tuscany. The city ...Modra
A titular see of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicæa. The city of Modra figures only in ...Mohammed and Mohammedism
I. THE FOUNDER Mohammed, "the Praised One", the prophet of Islam and the founder of ...Mohammedan Confraternities
The countries where Mohammedanism prevails are full of religious associations, more or less ...Mohileff
(Mohyloviensis) Latin Catholic archdiocese and ecclesiastical province in Russia. For the ...Mohr, Christian
Born at Andernach, 1823; died at Cologne, 1888. He practised his profession of sculptor chiefly ...Mohr, Joseph
Born at Siegburg, Rhine Province, 11 Jan., 1834; died at Munich, 7 February, 1892. Father Mohr did ...Moigno, François-Napoléon-Marie
Physicist and author, b. at Guéméné (Morbihan), 15 April, 1804; d. at ...Molai, Jacques de
(DE MOLAY). Born at Rahon, Jura, about 1244; d. at Paris, 18 March, 1314. A Templar at Beaune ...Molesme, Notre-Dame de
A celebrated Benedictine monastery in a village of the same name, Canton of Laignes ...Molfetta, Terlizzi, and Giovinazzo
(MELPHICTENSIS, TERLITIENSIS ET JUVENACENSIS) Molfetta is a city of the province of Bari, in ...Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
(Properly, JEAN-BAPTISTE POQUELIN, the name by which he became known to fame having been assumed ...Molina, Antonio De
A Spanish Carthusian and celebrated ascetical writer, born about 1560, at Villanueva de los ...Molina, Juan Ignacio
(Mol. or Molin). Naturalist and scientist ; b. 20 July, 1740, at Guaraculen near Talca ...Molina, Luis de
One of the most learned and renown theologians of the Society of Jesus, b. of noble parentage at ...Molinism
The name used to denote one of the systems which purpose to reconcile grace and free will. This ...Molinos, Miguel de
Founder of Quietism, born at Muniesa, Spain, 21 December, 1640; died at Rome, 28 December, ...Molitor, Wilhelm
(Pseudonyms, ULRIC RIESLER and BENNO BRONNER) A poet, novelist, canonist and publicist, born at ...Molloy, Francis
(O'MOLLOY) A theologian, grammarian born in King's County, Ireland, at the beginning of the ...Molloy, Gerald
A theologian and scientist, born at Mount Tallant House, near Dublin, 10 Sept., 1834; died at ...Molo, Gasparo
(he wrote his name also MOLA and MOLI) A skilful Italian goldsmith and planisher, chiefly known ...Moloch
( Hebrew Molech , king). A divinity worshiped by the idolatrous Israelites. The Hebrew ...Molokai
An interesting island, one of the North Pacific group formerly known as the Sandwich Islands, or ...Molyneux, Sir Caryll
Baronet of Sefton, and third Viscount Molyneux of Maryborough in Ireland, born 1624; died 1699. He ...Mombritius, Bonino
A philologist, humanist, and editor of ancient writings, born 1424; died between 1482 and 1502. ...Monaco, Principality and Diocese of
Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, on the skirts of the Turbie and the Tête de Chien ...Monad
(From the Greek monas, monados ). Monad , in the sense of "ultimate, indivisible unit," ...Monarchia Sicula
A right exercised from the beginning of the sixteenth century by the secular rulers of Sicily, ...Monarchians
Heretics of the second and third centuries. The word, Monarchiani , was first used by Tertullian ...Monasteries in Continental Europe, Suppression of
Under this title will be treated only the suppressions of religious houses (whether monastic in ...Monasteries in England, Suppression of
From any point of view the destruction of the English monasteries by Henry VIII must be ...Monasteries, Double
Religious houses comprising communities of both men and women, dwelling in contiguous ...Monastery, Canonical Erection of a
A religious house (monastery or convent ) is a fixed residence of religious persons. It supposes, ...Monasticism
Monasticism or monachism, literally the act of "dwelling alone" (Greek monos, monazein, monachos ...Monasticism, Eastern
(1) Origin The first home of Christian monasticism is the Egyptian desert. Hither during ...Monasticism, Pre-Chalcedonian
Egypt was the Motherland of Christian monasticism. It sprang into existence there at the ...Monasticism, Western
(1) Pre-Benedictine Period The introduction of monasticism into the West may be dated from ...Moncada, Francisco De
Count of Osona, Spanish historian, son of the Governor of Sardinia and Catalonia, born at ...Mondino dei Lucci
Mondino (a diminutive for Raimondo; Mundinus) dei Lucci. Anatomist, b. probably at Bologna, ...Mondoñedo
(Latin MONDUMETUM, or MINDON, MINDONIENSIS, also BRITONIENSIS, DUMIENSIS, and VILLABRIENSIS) ...Mondovi
DIOCESE OF MONDOVÌ (MONTISREGALIS) Located in Piedmont, province of Cuneo, northern ...Mone, Franz
A historian and archeologist, born at Mingolsheim near Bruchsal, Baden, 12 May, 1796; died at ...Moneta
(MONETUS) A theologian, born at Cremona, Italy, date unknown; died at Bologna, 1240. He ...Mongolia
The name used to designate an immense uneven plateau, part of the Chinese Empire, extending, ...Mongus, Peter
( moggos , "stammerer", or "hoarse".) Intruded Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria (d. ...Monica, Saint
Widow ; born of Christian parents at Tagaste, North Africa, in 333; died at Ostia, near Rome, ...Monism
(From the Greek monos , "one", "alone", "unique"). Monism is a philosophical term which, ...Monita Secreta
A code of instructions alleged to be addressed by Acquaviva, the fifth general of the Society, to ...Monk
A monk may be conveniently defined as a member of a community of men, leading a more or less ...Monk of Malmesbury, The
Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. ...Monogram of Christ
By the Monogram of Christ is ordinarily understood the abbreviation of Christ's name formed by ...Monomotapa
Whatever may be the etymological meaning of the word Monomotapa , the origin of which is much ...Monophysites and Monophysitism
The history of this sect and of its ramifications has been summarized under E UTYCHIANISM (the ...Monopoli, Diocese of
(MONOPOLITANA). A diocese in the Province of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy. The city has a ...Monopoly, Moral Aspects of
According to its etymology, monopoly ( monopolia ) signifies exclusive sale, or exclusive ...Monotheism
Monotheism (from the Greek monos "only", and theos "god") is a word coined in comparatively ...Monothelitism and Monothelites
(Sometimes written MONOTHELETES, from monotheletai , but the eta is more naturally ...Monreale
Located in the province of Palermo, Sicily, on the skirts of Mount Caputo. The city is built in a ...Monroe, James
A soldier, convert, born in Albemarle county, Virginia, U.S.A. 10 Sept., 1799; died at Orange, ...Monsabré, Jacques-Marie-Louis
A celebrated pulpit orator, born at Blois, France, 10 Dec., 1827; died at Havre, 21 Feb., ...Monseigneur
(From mon , "my" and seigneur , ("elder" or "lord," like Latin senior ) A French ...Monsell, William, Baron Emly
Born 21 Sept., 1812; died at Tervoe, Co. Limerick, Ireland, 20 April, 1894. His father was ...Monsignor
( Dominus meus; monseigneur , My Lord). As early as the fourteenth century it was the custom ...Monstrance (Ostensorium)
(From ostendere , "to show"). Ostensorium means, in accordance with its etymology, a ...Monstrelet, Enguerrand de
A French chronicler, born about 1390 or 1395; died in July, 1453. He was most probably a native of ...Mont-St-Michel
A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Avranches, Normandy, France. It is unquestionably the ...Montañés, Juan Martínez
A noted Spanish sculptor of the seventeenth century, died 1649, sometimes called "the Sevillian ...Montagna, Bartolomeo
Italian painter, chief representative of the Vicenza School, b. at Orzinuovi about 1450; d. at ...Montagnais Indians (Chippewayans)
A name given in error to the C HIPPEWAYANS , owing to a fancied resemblance to the ...Montagnais Indians (Quebec)
French for "Mountaineers". The collective designation of a number of bands speaking dialects ...Montaigne, Michel-Eyquen de
Writer, b. at the château of Montaigne, in Périgord, France, on 28 Feb., 1533; d. ...Montalcino
DIOCESE OF MONTALCINO (ILCINENSIS) Montalcino is a small town about twenty miles from Siena, ...Montalembert, Charles-Forbes-René
CHARLES-FORBES-RENÉ, COMTE DE MONTALEMBERT. Born in London, 15 April, 1810; died in ...Montalto
DIOCESE OF MONTALTO (MONTIS ALTI) Located in Ascoli Piceno. The situation of the little town ...Montana
The third largest of the United States of America , admitted to the Union 8 November, 1889; ...Montanists
Schismatics of the second century, first known as Phrygians, or "those among the Phrygians" ( oi ...Montanus, Benedictus Arias
Orientalist, exegete, and editor of the "Antwerp Polyglot", born at Frejenal de la Sierra in ...Montauban
(MONTIS ALBANI) A suffragan of Toulouse, comprises the entire department of Tarn and Garonne. ...Montault, Xavier Barbier De
Born at Loudun, 6 February, 1830; died at Blaslay, Vienne ( France ), 29 March, 1901. He came of ...Montboissier, Blessed Peter of
(Better known as PETER THE VENERABLE). Born in Auvergne, about 1092; died at Cluny, 25 ...Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Louis-Joseph
A French general, born 28 Feb., 1712, at Candiac, of Louis-Daniel and Marie-Thérèse ...Monte Cassino, Abbey of
An abbey nullius situated about eighty miles south of Rome, the cradle of the Benedictine ...Monte Vergine
An abbey in the province of Naples, Italy, near the town of Avellino, commanding a magnificent ...Montefeltro
(FERETRANA) Located in the province of Urbino, in the Marches, Central Italy. The earliest ...Montefiascone
(MONTIS FALISCI) Located in the province of Rome. The city is situated nearly 2000 feet above ...Montemayor, Jorge De
(MONTEMÔR) A writer, born at Montemôr, province of Coimbra, Portugal, about 1520; ...Montenegro
A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea; the territory was in ...Montepulciano
DIOCESE OF MONTEPULCIANO (MONTIS POLITIANI) Diocese in the province of Siena, in Tuscany. The ...Monterey and Los Angeles
DIOCESE OF MONTEREY AND LOS ANGELES (MONTEREYENSIS ET ANGELORUM). Comprises that part of the ...Montes Pietatis
Montes Pietatius are charitable institutions of credit that lend money at low rates of ...Montesa, Military Order of
This order was established in the Kingdom of Aragon to take the place of the Order of the ...Montesino, Antonio
A Spanish missionary, date of birth unknown; died in the West Indies, 1545. Of his early life ...Montesinos, Luis de
Spanish theologian, date and place of birth unknown; d. 7 Oct., 1621. He entered the Dominican ...Montesqieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de
French writer and publicist, b. in the Château de la Brède near Bordeaux, 18 ...Monteverde, Claudio
A distinguished musician, born at Cremona, May, 1567; died at Venice, 29 Nov., 1643. He studied ...Montevideo
(MONTISVIDEI) Located in Uruguay, comprises the whole of the republic. This territory was ...Montfaucon, Bernard de
French scholar, b. in 1655, at the château de Soulatge, Department of Aude, arrondissement ...Montfort, Simon de
An Earl of Leicester, date of birth unknown, died at Toulouse, 25 June, 1218. Simon (IV) de ...Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel
Inventor; b. at Vidalon-lez-Annonay, Department of Ardèche, France, 26 August, 1740; d. ...Months, Special Devotions for
During the Middle Ages the public functions of the Church and the popular devotions of the ...Montmagny, Charles Huault De
The second French Governor of Canada, born in France towards the end of the sixteenth century, ...Montmirail, John de
(MONTE-MIRABILI) Son of Andrew, Lord of Montmirail and Ferté-Gaucher, and Hildiarde ...Montmorency, Anne, First Duke of
Born at Chantilly, 15 March, 1492; died at Paris, 12 November, 1567. He belonged to that family ...Montor, Alexis-François Artaud De
A diplomat and historian, born at Paris, 31 July, 1772; died at Paris, 12 Nov., 1849. An ...Montpellier
The Diocese of Montpellier (Montis Pessulani) comprises the department of Hérault, and is a ...Montreal, Archdiocese of
Metropolitan of the ecclesiastical Province of Montreal. Suffragans: the Dioceses of ...Montreuil
Charterhouse of Notre-Dame-des-Pres, at Montreuil, in the Diocese of Arras, Department of ...Montreuil Abbey
A former convent of Cistercian nuns in the Diocese of Laon, now Soissons, France. Some ...Montyon, Antoine-Jean-Baptiste-Robert Auget, Baron de
Famous French philanthropist; b. at Paris, 23 December, 1733; d. there 29 December, 1820. He was ...Moore, Arthur
Count, b. at Liverpool, 1849; d. at Mooresfort, Tipperary, Ireland, 1904, was the son of ...Moore, Michael
(Or MOOR) Priest, preacher, and professor, b. at Dublin, Ireland, 1640; d. at Paris, 22 ...Moore, Thomas
Poet and biographer, b. 28 May, 1779, at Dublin, Ireland ; d. 26 February, 1852, at Devizes, ...Mopsuestia
A titular see of Cilicia Secunda in Asia Minor and suffragan of Anazarbus. The founding of ...Moréri, Louis
An encyclopaedist, b. at Bargemont in the Diocese of Fréjus, France, 25 March, 1643, d. at ...Mor, Antonis Van Dashort
(MOOR) Commonly called ANTONIO MORO, or ANTHONIS MORE, a Dutch painter, b. at Utrecht in 1519; ...Moral Theology
Moral theology is a branch of theology, the science of God and Divine things. The distinction ...Morales, Ambrosio
Spanish historian, b. at Cordova, 1513; d. in 1591. After his studies at the University of ...Morales, Christóbal
A composer, born at Seville, 2 Jan., 1512; died at Málaga, 14 June, 1553. From 1 Sept., ...Morales, Juan Bautista
Missionary, b. about 1597 at Ecija in Andalusia, Spain ; d. Fu-ning, China, 17 Sept., 1664. He ...Morales, Luis de
Spanish painter, b. at Badajoz in Estremadura about 1509; d. at Badajoz, 1586. His life was ...Moralities
( Also: MORALITY PLAYS or MORAL PLAYS). Moralities are a development or an offshoot of the ...Morality
It is necessary at the outset of this article to distinguish between morality and ethics , ...Moran, Francis Patrick
Third Archbishop of Sydney, b. at Leighlinbridge, Ireland, 16 Sept., 1830; d. at Manly, Sydney, ...Moratín, Leandro Fernandez de
Spanish poet and playwright, b. at Madrid, 10 March, 1760; at Paris, 21 June, 1828. He is ...Moravia
( German MÄHREN). Austrian crown land east of Bohemia. In the century before the Christian ...Moravian Brethren
(MORAVIAN BRETHREN, or UNITAS FRATRUM). DEFINITION AND DOCTRINAL POSITION "Bohemian Brethren" ...Morcelli, Stefano Antonio
An Italian Jesuit and learned epigraphist; b. 17 January, 1737, at Chiari near Brescia ; d. ...More, Helen
(DAME GERTRUDE.) Benedictine nun of the English Congregation; b. at Low Leyton, Essex, ...More, Henry
Great-grandson of the martyred English chancellor ; b., 1586; d. at Watten in 1661. Having ...More, Thomas, Saint
Saint, knight, Lord Chancellor of England, author and martyr, born in London, 7 February, ...Morel, Gall
Poet, scholar, aesthete, and educationist, b. at St. Fiden, Switzerland, on 24 March, 1803; d. at ...Morell, Juliana
Dominican nun, b. at Barcelona, Spain, 16 February, 1594; d. at the convent of the Dominican ...Morelos, José María
Mexican patriot, b. at Valladolid (now called Morelia in his honour ), Mexico, on 30 September, ...Moreto y Cabaña, Augustine
Spanish dramatist; b. at Madrid, 9 April, 1618, d. at Toledo, 28 Octoher, 1669. He received what ...Morgagni, Giovanni Battista
Called by Virchow, the "Father of Modern Pathology", a distinguished Italian physician and ...Morgan, Venerable Edward
Welsh priest, martyr, b. at Bettisfield, Hanmer, Flintshire, executed at Tyburn, London, 26 ...Morghen, Raffaello
Italian engraver, b. at Portici, 19 June, 1768 (1761?); d. at Florence, 8 April, 1833. His ...Moriarty, David
Bishop and pulpit orator, b. in Ardfert, Co. Kerry, in 1812; d. 1 October, 1877. He received ...Morigi, Michaelangelo (Caravaggio)
A Milanese painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1569, d. at Porto d' Ercole in 1609. His family name was ...Morimond, Abbey of
Fourth daughter of Cîteaux situated in Champagne, Diocese of Langres , France ; was ...Morin, Jean
A French priest of the Oratory, b. at Blois, in 1591, d. at Paris, 28 Feb., 1659. According to ...Mormons
( Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.) This religious body had ...Morocco
(Prefecture Apostolic of Morocco). The country known as Morocco (from Marrakesh, the name of ...Morone, Giovanni
Cardinal, Bishop of Modena, b. at Milan 25 Jan., 1509; d. at Rome, 1 Dec., 1580. He belonged ...Moroni, Gaetano
The author of the well-known "Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica", b. at Rome, 17 ...Moroni, Giovanni Battista
A painter, b. at Bondo, near Albino, in the territory of Bergamo, between 1520 and 1525; d. at ...Morris, John
Canon, afterwards Jesuit, F.S.A., b. in India, 4 July, 1826; d. at Wimbledon, 22 Oct., 1893, ...Morris, John Brande
Born at Brentford, Middlesex, 4 September, 1812; died at Hammersmith, London, 9 April, 1880; he ...Morris, Martin Ferdinand
Lawyer and jurist, b. 3 December, 1834, at Washington, D.C.; d. 12 September, 1909, at Washington, ...Morse
( Latin morsus ). Also called the MONILLE, FIRMULA, FIRMULE, PECTOIRALE, originally the ...Morse, Venerable Henry
Martyr ; b. in 1595 in Norfolk; d. at Tyburn, 1 Feb., 1644. He was received into the church at ...Mortification
One of the methods which Christian ascesticism employs in training the soul to virtuous and ...Mortmain
(Old Fr., morte meyn ), dead-hand, or "such a state of possession of land as makes it ...Morton, John
Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. in Dorsetshire about 1420, d. at Knowle, Kent, 15 Sept., ...Morton, Robert
English priest and martyr, b. at Bawtry, Yorks, about 1548; executed in Lincoln's Inn Fields, ...Mosaic Legislation
The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws and decisions comprised in the ...Mosaics
Mosaics, as a term, according to the usual authorities is derived through generations of gradual ...Moschus, Johannes
( ho tou Moschou , son of Moschus) A monk and ascetical writer, b. about 550 probably at ...Moscow
(Russian Moskva ). The ancient capital of Russia and the chief city of the government ...Moses
Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian, lived in the thirteenth and early part ...Moses Bar Cephas
A Syriac bishop and writer, b. at Balad about 813; d. 12 Feb., 903. He is known through a ...Moses Maimonides, Teaching of
Moses ben Maimun (Arabic, Abu Amran Musa), Jewish commentator and philosopher, was born of ...Moses of Chorene
(MOSES CHORENENSIS) Perhaps the best known writer of Armenia, called by his countrymen "the ...Mossul
The seat of a Chaldean archdiocese, a Syrian diocese, and an Apostolic Mission. The origin of ...Most Precious Blood, Archconfraternity of the
Confraternities which made it their special object to venerate the Blood of Christ first arose in ...Most Precious Blood, Feast of the
For many dioceses there are two days to which the Office of the Precious Blood has been ...Most Pure Heart of Mary, Feast of the
In its principal object this feast is identical with the feast of the "Inner Life of Mary", ...Mostar and Markana-Trebinje
(MANDATRIENSIS, MARCANENSIS ET TRIBUNENSIS) When at the Berlin Congress (1878) ...Mosynoupolis
Titular see, suffragan of Trajanopolis in Rhodope. A single bishop is known, Paul, who assisted ...Motet
A short piece of music set to Latin words, and sung instead of, or immediately after, the ...Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente
Franciscan missionary, b. at Benavente, Spain, at the end of the fifteenth century; d. in the ...Motu Proprio
The name given to certain papal rescripts on account of the clause motu proprio (of his own ...Mouchy, Antoine de
(Called DEMOCHARES.) Theologian and canonist, b. 1494, at Ressons-sur-Matz, near Beauvais, in ...Moufang, Franz Christoph Ignaz
Theologian, b. at Mainz, 17 Feb., 1817; d. there, 27 Feb., 1890. His early studies were made at ...Moulins
D IOCESE OF M OULINS (M OLINENSIS ). Suffragan of Sens -- comprises the entire ...Mount Athos
Athos is a small tongue of land that projects into the Aegean Sea, being the eastern-most of the ...Mount Calvary, Congregations of
I. DAUGHTERS OF MOUNT CALVARY Founded in 1619 by Virginia Centurione (d. 1651), daughter of the ...Mount Carmel, Feast of Our Lady of
This feast was instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386 under the title ...Mount Saint Mary's College
Mount St. Mary's College , the second oldest among the Catholic collegiate institutions in the ...Movers, Franz Karl
Exegete and Orientalist, b. at Koesfeld, Westphalia, 17 July, 1806; d. at Breslau, 28 Sept., ...Moxos Indians
(MOYOS INDIANS). According to one authority, they are named from Musu, their Quichua name; ...Moy De Sons, Karl Ernst, Freiherr Von
A jurist, born 10 August, 1799, at Munich ; died 1 August, 1867, at Innsbruck (Tyrol). He ...Moye, Ven. John Martin
Priest of the Diocese of Metz, founder of the Sisters of Divine Providence, missionary in China, ...Moylan, Francis
Bishop of Cork, born at Cork, 1739; died in 1815. He was the son of a rich merchant. As the ...Moylan, Stephen
An American patriot and merchant, born in Ireland in 1734; died at Philadelphia, 11 April, ...Mozambique
(Mocambique) The former official and still usual name given to the Portuguese possessions on ...Mozarabic Rite
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. History and Origin; II. Manuscripts and ...Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
One of the greatest musical geniuses in history, born at Salzburg, Austria, 27 January, 1756; died ...Mozetena Indians
A group of some half dozen tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock upon the headwaters of ...Mozzetta
A short, cape-shaped garment, covering the shoulders and reaching only to the elbow, with an open ...Mozzi, Luigi
Controversialist, born at Bergamo, 26 May, 1746; died near Milan, 24 June, 1813. He entered the ...Mr 1
Mr 1
Mrak, Ignatius
The second Bishop of Marquette, U.S.A., born 16 October, 1818, in Hotovle, in the Diocese of ...Mu 31
Mu 31
Muchar, Albert Anton Von
An historian, born at Linez, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1781; died at Graz, Styria, 6 June, 1849. He was ...Mulhall, Michael George
Statistician, b. in Dublin, 29 September, 1829; d. there 13 Dec., 1900. He was educated at the ...Mulholland, St. Clair Augustine
Born at Lisburn, Co. Antrium, Ireland, 1 April 1839; died at Philadelphia, 17 Feb., 1910. ...Mullanphy, John
Merchant, philanthropist, b. near Enniskillen, Co. Fremanagh, Ireland, 1758; d. at St. Louis, ...Mullock, John T.
Bishop of St. John's, Newfoundland, born in 1807 at Limerick, Ireland ; died at St. John's, ...Mundwiler, Fintan
Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Meinrad, Indiana, born at Dietikon in Switzerland, ...Munich-Freising
ARCHDIOCESE OF MUNICH-FREISING (MONASENSIS ET FRISINGENSIS). An archdiocese in Bavaria. This ...Munkács
Diocese in Hungary, of Greek Catholic Rite, suffragan of Gran. It dates from the fifteenth ...Mura, Saint
Born in Co. Donegal, Ireland, about 550. He was appointed Abbot of Fahan by St. Columba. The ...Muratori, Luigi Antonio
Librarian in Modena, one of the greatest scholars of his time, b. 21 Oct., 1672; d. 23 Jan., ...Muratorian Canon
Also called the Muratorian Fragment, after the name of the discoverer and first editor, L. A. ...Murder
( Latin homo , man; and caedere , to slay) Homicide signifies, in general, the killing of a ...Muret, Marc-Antoine
French humanist, b. at Muret, near Limoges, in 1526; d. at Rome, in 1585. He studied at Poitiers ...Muri
(MURI-GRIES) An abbey of monks of the Order of S. Benedict, which flourished for over ...Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban
Spanish painter ; b. at Seville, 31 December, 1617; d. there 5 April, 1682. His family surname ...Murner, Thomas
Greatest German satirist of the sixteenth century, b. at Oberehnheim, Alsace, 24 Dec., 1475; d. ...Muro-Lucano
(MURANENSIS) Located in the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, southern Italy. The town is ...Murray, Daniel
An Archbishop of Dublin, b. 1768, at Sheepwalk, near Arklow, Ireland ; d. at Dublin. He was ...Murray, John O'Kane
Physician, historian, b. in County Antrim, Ireland, 12 Dec., 1847; d. at Chicago, Illinois, ...Murray, Patrick
Theologian, b. Clones, County Monaghan, Ireland, 18 November, 1811; d. 15 Nov., 1882, in ...Museums, Christian
Though applicable to collections composed of Christian objects representative of all epochs, ...Mush
An Armenian Catholic see, comprising the sanjaks of Mush and Seert, in the vilayet of Bitlis. It ...Mush, John
(Alias RATCLIFFE) A priest, b. in Yorkshire, 1551 or 1552; d. at Wenge, Co. Bucks, 1612 or ...Music of the Mass
Under this heading will be considered exclusively the texts of the Mass (and not, therefore, the ...Music, Ecclesiastical
By this term is meant the music which, by order or with the approbation of ecclesiastical ...Musical Instruments in Church Services
For almost a thousand years Gregorian chant, without any instrumental or harmonic addition, was ...Musso, Cornelius
Friar Minor Conventual, Bishop of Bitonto, prominent at the Council of Trent ; born at Piacenza ...Musti
A titular see of Proconsular Africa, suffragan of Carthage. This town, which was a Roman ...Musuros, Markos
A learned Greek humanist, born 1470 at Retimo, Crete; died 1517 at Rome. The son of a rich ...Mutis, José Celestino
Eminent naturalist and scientist in South America, b. at Cadiz, Spain , 6 April, 1732; d. at ...Muzzarelli, Alfonso
A learned Italian Jesuit, b. 22 August, 1749, at Ferrara ; d. 25 May, 1813, at Paris. He ...My 12
My 12
Mylasa
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, or Stauropolis, in Caria. This city, the ...Myndus
A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis. This city, known through its coins and ...Myra
A titular see of Lycia in Asia Minor. The city was from time immemorial one of the chief places ...Myrina
A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. Herodotus (I, 149) mentions it as one of the ...Myriophytum
A titular see of Thracia Prima and suffragan of Heraclea. The early history of this city is ...Mysore
(MAISOUR); DIOCESE OF MYSORE (MYSURIENSIS) Diocese in India, suffragan to Pondicherry, ...Mysteries and Miracle Plays
These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian ...Mystery
(Greek mysterion , from myein , "to shut", "to close".) This term signifies in general ...Mystical Body of the Church
The analogy borne by any society of men to an organism is sufficiently manifest. In every ...Mystical Marriage
In the Old and the New Testament , the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations ...Mystical Theology
Mystical theology is the science which treats of acts and experiences or states of the soul ...Latest
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Reading 1, Exodus 14:21--15:1
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