Roman Colleges
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This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ecclesiastical auspices and are under ecclesiastical direction, with the exception of those that are treated separately under their respective titles throughout the Catholic Encyclopedia. The word "college" is used here to designate institutions established and maintained in Rome for the education of ecclesiastics ; it is equivalent to " seminary ". While the word seminario is applied occasionally, e.g. the Seminario Romano (S. Apollinare), the majority of these institutions, and especially those which have a national character, are known as "colleges". The training of priests in general is described in the article SEMINARY; here it suffices to note that the Roman colleges, in addition to the obvious advantages for study which Rome offers, also serve in a certain measure to keep up in the various countries of the world that spirit of loyal attachment to the Holy See which is the basis of unity. With this end in view the popes have encouraged the founding of colleges in which young men of the same nationality might reside and at the same time profit by the opportunities which the city affords. So too it is significant that within the last half century several colleges have developed as offshoots of the Propaganda (Urban College ) in which the students from various countries were received until each nationality became numerous enough to form the nucleus of a distinct institution. The colleges thus established are halls of residence in which the students follow the usual seminary exercises of piety, study in private, and review the subjects treated in class. In some colleges there are special courses of instruction (languages, music, archaeology etc.). but the regular courses in philosophy and theology are given in a few large central institutions, such as the Propaganda, the Gregorian University, the Roman Seminary, and the Minerva, i.e. the school of the Dominicans. The Roman colleges are thus grouped in several clusters, each of which included a centre for purposes of instruction and a number of affiliated institutions. Each college has at its head a rector designated by the episcopate of the country to which the college belongs and appointed by the pope. He is assisted by a vice-rector and a spiritual director . Discipline is maintained by means of the camerata system in which the students are divided into groups each in charge of a prefect who is responsible for the observance of rule. Each camerata occupies its own section of the college building, has its own quarters for recreation, and goes its own way about the city on the daily walk prescribed by the regulations. Meals and chapel exercises are in common for all students of the college. While indoors, the student wears the cassock with a broad cincture ; outside the college, the low-crowned three-cornered clerical hat and a cloak or soprana are added.
The scholastic year begins in the first week of November and ends about the middle of July. In most of the courses the lecture system is followed and at stated times formal disputations are held in accordance with scholastic methods. The course of studies, whether leading to a degree or not, is prescribed and it extends, generally speaking, through six years, two of which are devoted to philosophy and four to theology. To philosophy in the stricter sense are added courses in mathematics, languages, and natural sciences. Theology includes, besides dogmatic and moral theology, courses in liturgy, archaeology, Church history, canon law and Scripture. An oral examination is held in the middle of the year and a written examination ( concursus ) at the close. The usual degrees (baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctorate) are conferred in philosophy, theology, and canon law; since 1909 degrees in Sacred Scripture are conferred upon students who fulfill the requirements of the Biblical Institute. Each college spends the summer vacation at its villegiatura or country house located outside the city and generally in or near one of the numerous towns on the slopes of the neighbouring hills. Student life in the "villa" is quite similar to the routine of the academic year in regard to discipline and religious exercises; but a larger allowance is made for recreation and for occasional trips through the surrounding country. And while each student has more time for reading along lines of his own choice, he is required to give some portion of each day to the subjects explained in the classroom during the year. What has been said outlines fairly will the work of the Roman colleges. In matters of detail some variations will be found, and these are due chiefly to natural characteristics or to the special purpose for which the college was established.
ALMO COLLEGIO CAPRANICENSE (CAPRANICA)
This is the oldest Roman college, founded in 1417 by Cardinal Domenico Capranica in his own palace for 31 young clerics, who received an education suitable for the formation of good priests. Capranica himself drew up their rules and presented the college with his own library, the more valuable portion of which was later transferred to the Vatican. The cardinal's brother, Angelo, erected opposite his own palace a suitable house for the students. When the Constable de Bourbon laid siege to Rome in 1527 the Capranica students were among the few defenders of the Porta di S. Spirito, and all of them with their rector fell at the breach. The rector according to the university custom of those days was elected by the students and was always one of themselves. Alexander VII decided that the rector should be appointed by the protectors of the college. After the Revolution the college was re-established in 1807; the number of free students was reduced to 13, but paying students were admitted. Those entering must have completed their seventeenth year; they attend the lectures at the Gregorian University. The college counts among its graduates many cardinals and bishops ; not a few of the students have passed into the diplomatic service. The country seat is a villa at Monte Mario.
SEMINARIO ROMANO
Hardly had the Council of Trent in its 23rd session decreed the establishment of diocesan seminaries, when Pius IV decided to set a good example, and on 1 Feb 1565, the seminary was solemnly opened with 60 students. The rules were drawn up by P. Lainez, General of the Society of Jesus, and to this order Pius IV entrusted the management of the college. Up to 1773 the students attended the lectures in the Collage Romano; the residence was changed several times before 1608, when they settled in the Palazzo Borromeo in the Via del Seminario (now the Gregorian University). A country seat was erected for the students in a portion of the baths of Caravalla. Each year, at Pentecost, a student delivered a discourse on the Holy Ghost in the papal chapel. In 1773 the seminary was installed in the Collegio Romano of the Jesuits. After the changes in 1798 the number of the students, generally about 100, was reduced to 9. Pius VII restored the seminary which continued to occupy the Collegio Romano until 1824, when Leo XII gave back this building to the Jesuits and transferred the seminary to S. Apollinare, formerly occupied by the Collegio Germanico; the seminary, however, retained its own schools comprising a classical course, and a faculty of philosophy and theology, to which in 1856 a course of canon law was added. The direction of the seminary and,as a rule, the chairs were reserved to the secular clergy. After the departure of the Jesuits in 1848 the seminary again removed to the Collegio Romano. In the seminary there are 30 free places for students belonging to Rome ; the remaining students, who may be from other dioceses, pay a small pension. The Collegio Cerasoli with four burses for students of the Diocese of Bergamo endowed by Cardinal Cerasoli, is connected with the seminary. The students take part in the ceremonies in the church of the Seminario Pio. Their cassock is violet. The seminary possesses an excellent library. At the present time, by order of Pius X, a new building for the seminary is in process of construction near the Lateran Basilica. The schools of the seminary are attended by students from other colleges and religious communities. Gregory XV, Clement IX, Innocent XIII, and Clement XII were educated in this seminary.
SEMINARIO PIO
Also situated in the Palazzo di S. Apollinare, this was founded in 1853 by Pius IX for the dioceses of the Pontifical States. Each diocese is entitled to send a student who has completed his humanities; Sinigaglia may send two; the number of pupils is limited to 62. All must spend nine years in the study of philosophy, theology, canon law, and literature; they are supported by the revenues of the seminary and are distinguished by their violet sash. The seminary has a villa outside the Porta Portese. The students bind themselves by oath to return to their dioceses on the completion of their studies.
SEMINARIO VATICANO
Founded in 1636 by Urban VIII for the convenience of the clerics serving in the Vatican Basilica (St. Peter's). Its government was entrusted to the Vatican Chapter which appointed the rector. Shortly afterward a course of grammar and somewhat later, courses of philosophy and theology were added. Paying students were also admitted. In 1730 the seminary was transferred from the Piazza Rusticucci to its present location behind the apse of St. Peter's. From 1797 till 1805 it remained closed; on its reopening only 6 free students could be received, but the number rose to 30 or 40. After the events of 1870 the seminary dwindled. Leo XIII endeavoured to restore it, re-establishing the former courses and granting it a country residence in the Sabine hills. In 1897 it was authorized to confer degrees. In 1905 Pius X suppressed the faculties of philosophy and theology, the students of the former subject going to S. Apollinare, and of the latter to the Gregorian. They wear a purple cassock with the pontifical coat-of-arms on the end of their sash.
SEMINARIO DEI SS. PIETRO E PAOLO
Established in 1867 by Pietro Avanzani, a secular priest, to prepare young secular priests for the foreign missions. Pius IX approved it in 1874 and had a college erected, but this was later pulled down and since then the seminary has changed its location several times; at present it is in the Armenian College. The students follow the courses at the Propaganda ; at home they have lectures on foreign languages, including Chinese. They number 12. The college has a country residence at Montopoli in the Sabine hills. On finishing their studies the students go to the Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Shen-si or to Lower California.
SEMINARIO LOMBARDO DEI SS. AMBROGIO E CARLO
This college, founded in 1854 chiefly through the generosity of Cardinal Borromeo and Duke Scotti of Milan, was located in the palace of the confraternity of S. Carlo al Corso. Owing to the insufficiency of its revenues it remained closed from 1869 to 1878. Leo XIII allowed the other bishops of Upper Italy as well as of Modena, Parma, and Placenta to send their subjects who, numbering over 60, pay for their maintenance and follow the lectures at the Gregorian University; not a few of these students are already priests when the enter the seminary. They may be known by their black sashes with red borders. Since 1888 the seminary has had its own residence in the Prati di Castello.
COLLEGIO GERMANICO-UNGARICO
After the Collegio Capranica, the oldest college in Rome. The initiative towards its foundation was taken by Cardinal Giovanni Morone and St. Ignatius of Loyola , and by the energetic labour of the saint the plan was carried into effect. Julius III approved of the idea and promised his aid, but for a long time the college to struggle against financial difficulties. The first students were received in November 1552. The administration was confided to a committee of six cardinal protectors, who decided that the collegians should wear a red cassock, in consequence of which they have since been popularly known as the gamberi cotti (boiled lobsters). During the first year the higher courses were given in the college itself; but in the autumn of 1553 St. Ignatius succeeded in establishing the schools of philosophy and theology in the Collegio Romano of his Society. He also drew up the first rules for the college, which served as models for similar institutions. During the pontificate of Paul IV the financial conditions became such that the students had to be distributed among the various colleges of the Society in Italy. To place the institution on a firmer basis it was decided to admit paying boarders regardless their nationality, and without the obligation of embracing the ecclesiastical state ; German clerics to the number of 20 or more were received free and formed a separate body. In a short time 200 boarding students, all belonging to the flower of European nobility, were received. This state of affairs lasted till 1573. Under Pius V, who had placed 20 of his nephews in the college, there was some idea of suppressing the camerata of the poveri tedeschi . Gregory XIII, however, may be considered the real founder of the college. He transferred the secular department to the Seminario Romano, and endowed the college with the Abbey of S. Saba all' Aventino and all its possessions, both on the Via Portuense and on the Lake of Bracciano; moreover he incorporated with it the Abbeys of Fonte Avellana in the Marches, S. Cristina, and Lodiveccio in Lombardy. The new rector P. Lauretano, drew up another set of regulations.
The college had already changed its location five times. In 1574 Gregory XIII assigned it the Palace of S. Apollinare and in 1575 gave it charge of the services in the adjoining church. The splendour and majesty of the functions as well as the music executed by the students under the Spaniards Ludovico da Vittoria and other celebrated masters (Stabile, Orgas, Carissimi, Pittoni, and others) constantly drew large crowds to the church. Too much attention indeed was given to music under P. Lauretano, so that regulations had to be made at various times to prevent the studies from suffering. The courses were still given in the Collegio Roman; but when Bellarmine terminated his lectures on controversy, a chair for this important branch of learning was established in the Collegio Germanico and somewhat later a chair of canon law. As a special mark of his favour, Gregory XIII ordered that each year on the Feast of All Saints a student of the college should deliver a panegyric in presence of the pope. Meanwhile in 1578 the Collegio Ungherese had been founded through the efforts of another Jesuit, P. Szántó who obtained for it the church and convent of S. Stefano Rotondo on the Caelian Hill, and of S. Stefanino behind the Basilica of St. Peter, the former belonging to the Hungarian Pauline monks, and the latter to the Hungarian pilgrims' hospice. In 1580 the union of the two colleges was decreed, a step which at first gave rise to difficulties. The students generally numbered about 100, sometimes, however, there were but 54, at other times as many as 150. During the seventeenth century several changes occurred, in particular the new form of oath exacted from all the students of foreign colleges. Mention must be made of the work of P. Galeno, the business manager who succeeded in consolidating the finances of the college so as to raise the revenue to 25,000 scudi per annum. A country residence was acquired at Parioli. In the eighteenth century the college became gradually more aristocratic. Benedict XIV performed the ceremony of laying the corner stone of the new church of S. Apollinare in 1742, on the completion of which a new Palace of S. Apollinare was erected. At the suppression of the Society (1773) the direction was entrusted to secular priests ; lectures were delivered in the college itself, and the professors were Dominicans. Discipline and studies declined rapidly. Moreover, Joseph II sequestrated the property situated in Lombardy and forbade his subjects to attend the college. The buildings, however, were increased by the addition of the palace opposite to S. Agostino.
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On the proclamation of the Roman Republic the property of the foreign national colleges was declared escheated to the Government and was sold for an absurdly small sum. On that occasion the library and the precious archives of sacred music were scattered. Pius VII restored whatever remained unsold and ordered the rest to be repurchased as far as possible. In the first years the revenues were employed to pay off the debts contracted in this repurchase. In 1824 the palace of S. Apollinare as well as the villa at Parioli was reunited to the Seminario Romano. The first students were received in 1818 and lived in the professed house of the Jesuits at the Gesu, and there the college remained till 1851. From that time the administration was entrusted to the general of the Jesuits, who appointed the rector and other fathers in charge of the college. In 1845 the estate of S. Pastore near Zagarolo was acquired. In 1851 the residence was transferred to the Palazzo Borromeo in the Via del Seminario where it remained till 1886. In 1873 when the Collegio Romano was taken away from the Jesuits, the Collegio Germanico found a home in the Gregorian University. In 1886 owing to the necessity of having more extensive quarters, the Collegio Germanico was transferred to the Hotel Costanzi in the Via S. Nicola da Tolentino. The college receives German students from the old German Empire and from Hungary ; places are free, but there are some students who pay (cf. Steinhuber, "Geschichte des Collegium Germanicum-Hungaricum in Rom", Freiburg, 1896; Hettinger, "Aus Welt und Kirche," I, Freiburg, 1897).
COLLEGIO TEUTONICO DI S. MARIA DELL' ANIMA
In 1399 Theodoric of Niem founded a hospice for German pilgrims. A confraternity in aid of the suffering souls in purgatory was soon after formed, and in 1499 the first stone of the beautiful church was laid, near the Church of S. Maria della Pace. In 1859 this pia opera was reorganized; a college of chaplains to officiate in the church was established; the chaplains were to remain only two or at the most three years, and at the same time were to continue their studies. They devote themselves chiefly to canon law with a view to employing their knowledge in the service of their respective dioceses ; and they receive living and tuition gratis. Other priests also are admitted who come to Rome at their own expense for the purpose of study. At present there are 8 chaplains and about 10 other priests residing there. The college continues to assist poor Germans who come to Rome, either to visit the holy places or in search of occupation.
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COLLEGIO TEUTONICO DEL CAMPO SANTO
Established in 1876 to receive priests belonging to the German Empire or German provinces of Austria, who remain there for two or, at the most, three years pursuing their studies and officiating in the Church of S. Maria della Pieta near St. Peter's. The revenues of the Campo Santo and the chaplaincies that have been founded devote themselves to the study of Christian archeology or Church history ; they publish a quarterly review, the "Römische Quartalschrift fur christliche archaeologie und Kirkengeschichte". The site of the Campo Santo dei Tedeschi goes back to the days of Charlemagne and was then called the Schola Francorum. In the course of time the German residents in Rome were buried in the church of the Schola, then called S. Salvatore in Turri. In 1454 a confraternity was established, and in addition the guilds of German bakers and cobblers had their quarters there. In 1876 owing to the altered conditions of modern times the institute was put to its present purpose (cf. de Waal, "Der Campo Santo der Deutschen zu Rom", Freiburg, 1897.)
COLLEGIO PONTIFICO GRECO (THE GREEK PONTIFICAL COLLEGE)
This is also a foundation of Gregory XIII , who established it to receive young Greeks belonging to any nation in which the Greek Rite was used, and consequently for Greek refugees in Italy as well as the Ruthenians and Malchites of Egypt and Syria. These young men had to study the sacred sciences, in order to spread later sacred and profane learning among their fellow-countrymen and facilitate the reunion of the schismatical Churches. The construction of the College and Church of S. Atanasio, joined by a bridge over the Via dei Greci, was begun at once. The same year (1577) the first students arrived, and until the completion of the college were housed elsewhere. Gregory XIII endowed the college. The direction was entrusted to five cardinal protectors ; the rector was selected at first either from the secular clergy or from the regulars. Under Sixtus V, but for the energetic resistance of Cardinal di S. Severina, this promising college would have been suppressed. Gregory XIV on the suggestion of the learned Pietro Arendius, a former student of the college, entrusted the direction to the Jesuits (1591), who introduced a new method of government and a new disciplinary spirit. Within a short time the number of collegians rose to 56; some paying students were admitted as boarders. Studies were pursued in the college itself; some of the professors were Jesuits, some secular priests, and some laymen.
In 1602 when Cardinal Guistiniani became cardinal protector, so many changes were introduced that the Jesuits withdrew from the care of the college which was entrusted first to the Somaschians and then to the Dominicans ; but in 1622, at the request of the students, the Jesuits returned. Urban VIII ordered all the alumni to bind themselves by oath to remain in the Greek Rite, and this applied to Latins who entered the college surreptitiously; the regulation, however, was frequently disregarded in the eighteenth century. After 1773 secular priests took charge. The college was closed during the Revolution and not reopened till 1849; in the meantime the Greeks were admitted to the College of the Propaganda. The direction was entrusted first to secular priests, then to the Resurrectionists (1886), and finally to the Jesuits (1889). In 1897 Leo XIII reorganized the college. Owing to the generosity of the Emperor of Austria and the Ruthenian episcopacy a college was provided especially for the Ruthenians, while the Rumanians were sent to the College of the Propaganda. The direction of the College of S. Atanasio was entrusted to the Benedictines, who adopted the Greek Rite. The students perform the sacred functions of their rite with the greatest possible splendor in the Church of S. Atanasio. Formerly the Latin Rite also was celebrated in the church, but Leo XIII reserved it entirely for the Greek Rite. The students are all maintained gratuitously out of the revenues of the college. They number about 30 to 35 and follow courses in the Propaganda, besides having lectures at home in Greek language and literature. They wear a blue cassock with a red sash, and an Oriental cloak with large sleeves (cf. De Meester, "Le Collège Pontifical Grec de Rome ", Rome, 1910).
PONTIFICIO-RUTENO COLLEGIO (THE RUTHENIAN PONTIFICAL COLLEGE)
This was founded, as said above, in 1897, and the Church of SS. Sergio e Bacco was assigned to it. At first it was in charge of the Jesuits but some years later it was entrusted to the Ruthenian Basilian monks. There are about 20 students, who are supported partly by the Ruthenian bishops and partly by paying a small fee. They follow the lectures at the Propaganda, and wear a blue cassock and soprana (cloak) with a yellow sash.
COLLEGIO INGLESE (VENERABILE COLLEGIUM ANGLORUM)
See THE ENGLISH COLLEGE IN ROME.
COLLEGIO BEDA
United to the English College and intended for converted Anglican clergymen wishing to prepare for the priesthood. It was founded in 1852 by Pius IX ; and increased under Leo XIII. Cardinal Howard bequeathed to the two colleges his valuable library. The country seat of the two colleges is at Monte Porzio.
COLLEGIO SCOZZESE (THE SCOTS COLLEGE)
Established in 1600 by Clement VIII for the education of Scottish priests for the preservation of Catholicism in their Fatherland; it was assigned the revenues of the old Scots hospice, which were increased by the munificence of the pope and other benefactors. In 1634 the college was transferred to its present situation and in 1649 the Countess of Huntley constructed a church dedicated to Saint Andrew and Saint Margaret , Queen of Scotland. From 1615 till 1173 it was under the direction of the Jesuits. The students, numbering about 20, are supported partly by the revenues of the college and partly by the Scottish bishops and by their own money. They attend the Gregorian University and have a villa at Marino. They wear a purple cassock, with a crimson sash and black soprana.
COLLEGIO IRLANESE
See THE IRISH COLLEGE IN ROME.
COLLEGIO URBANO DI PROPAGANDA (THE URBAN COLLEGE)
The foundation of this college is due to the zeal of P. Ghislieri, a Theatine, and to the generosity of Mgr. G. Batta Vives, a Spaniards, consultor of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, then established by Gregory XV. Urban VIII approved of the plan of erecting a college for the evangelization of the East and enlarged the palace given by Mgr. Vives ; and under Alexander VII the Church of the Three Magi was added. Vives established in addition six free scholarships; foundations were made by other pontiffs and prelates, especially by Innocent XII, Clement XII, and the brother of Urban VIII, Cardinal Antonio Barberini. The college depends on the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda , which appoints the rector, who at first was a Theatine but for centuries has always been a secular prelate, who is the parish priest of all who live in the Palace of the Propaganda ; there are also a vice-rector, a bursar, and an assistant. Alexander VII imposed on all the students an oath binding them to remain under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda, not to enter a religious order without special permission, and to return after ordination to the priesthood to their dioceses or provinces to engage in the sacred ministry, and to send each year if in Europe, or every second year otherwise, a report of their apostolic work. Students are recommended by the bishops subject to the Propaganda, and the governing body select the students according to the number of vacancies, the places always being free. In 1798 the college was closed; some of the students were received by the Lazarists at Montecitorio. This lasted till 1809 when all that remained of the college was suppressed. In 1814 some of the Propaganda students were again received by the Lazarists, and in 1817 the college was reopened. From 1836 till 1848 it was under the direction of the Jesuits. The number of students is about 120. From the foundation of the college there have been courses of classics, philosophy, and theology, in which academic degrees are granted. The classical course lasts four years; the course of philosophy, including physics, and chemistry, and the history of philosophy, two years; the course of theology, four years. On the feast of the Epiphany the schools hold a solemn academy in various languages. The college possesses a valuable library. In addition to the many ecclesiastical dignitaries among the past students there were four martyrs : the Belgian Jacques Foelech (1643); Pietro Cesy (1680, in Ethiopia ); the Armenian Melchior Tasbas (1716, at Constantinople); Nicholas Boscovich (1731).
COLLEGIO DEI MARONITI (THE MARONITE COLLEGE)
This was founded by Gregory XIII , and had its first site near the Church of S. Maria della Ficoccia near the Piazza di Trevi. It was richly endowed by Sixtus V and Cardinal Antonio Caraffa, and also by other popes, and was entrusted to the Jesuits ; the pupils attended the Gregorian University. During the Revolution of 1798 the College was suppressed, and the Maronites who wished to study at Rome went to the Collegio Urbano. In 1893 Mgr. Khayat, the Maronite Patriarch, obtained the restoration of the college from Leo XIII. The Holy See gave part of the funds, the remainder was collected in France, and in 1894 the new college was inaugurated. In 1904 it acquired its own residence, and is now under the charge of Maronite secular priests. The students numbered 8 at the beginning, there are now 19; the greatest number that can be received is 24.
COLLEGIO BELGA (THE BELGIAN COLLEGE)
Established in 1844 through the initiative of Mgr. Aerts, aided by the nuncio in Belgium, then Mgr. Pecci, and by the Belgian bishops. At first it was located in the home of Mgr. Aerts, rector of the Belgian national Church of S. Guiliano. In 1845 the ancient monastery of Gioacchino ed Anna at the Quattro Fontane was purchased. The Belgian episcopate supports the students and proposes the president. The students, 20 and more in number, attend the Gregorian; their dress is distinguished by two red stripes at the ends of the sash.
COLLEGIO DEGLI STATI UNITI DELL' AMERICA DEL NORD
See THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN ROME.
COLLEGIO POLACCO (THE POLISH COLLEGE)
In 1583, St. Philip Neri, and in about 1600, King John Casimir had begun the foundation of a college for Poles, but their institute was short-lived. In 1866 a college was finally opened due to the efforts of the Congregation of the Resurrection, which raised the first funds to which Princess Odelscalchi, Pius IX , and others contributed later. In 1878 the college was transferred to its present location, the former Maronite College, and the adjoining church was dedicated to St. John Cantius. The students, some of whom pay a small pension, number 30 and are distinguished by their green sashes; they attend the lectures in the Gregorian. The college is under the care of the Resurrectionists and possesses a villa at Albano.
COLLEGIO ILLIRICO (THE ILLYRIAN COLLEGE)
This was established in 1863 by Pius IX to prepare priests for Dalmatia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Slavonia, and was located in the Illyrian hospice near the Church of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni; but after a few years no more students were received. In 1900, Leo XIII reorganized the Illyrian hospice and decided to form a college of priests of the above-mentioned provinces, who would attend to the services in the church and at the same time pursue ecclesiastical studies.
SEMINARIO FRANCESE (THE FRENCH SEMINARY)
The French bishops at the Council of La Rochelle (1853) petitioned Pius IX to approve of their plan of founding a French Seminary in Rome for the special purpose of training a body of priests strongly attached to the Holy See and prepared to counteract the influence of Gallican ideas. The seminary was opened the same year with 12 students under the direction of P. Lamurien of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost, which order still directs it, while the students attend the lectures at the Gregorian. The students are in part priests who wish to perfect their knowledge, and partly seminarists preparing for the priesthood. The seminary is located in the Via del Seminario; its first site was the old Irish college near the Trajan Forum. In 1856 Pius IX assigned to the seminary the Church of S. Chiara with the adjoining Poor Clare convent, founded in 1560 by St. Charles Borromeo on the ruins of the baths of Agrippa. The church was rebuilt on the plan of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in Paris ; in 1883 the monastery was entirely remodeled to suit its present purpose. Leo XIII declared it a pontifical seminary in 1902. The students pay a pension, though in some cases it is paid from the funds of their diocese ; students not belonging to France are also admitted. The seminarists generally number between 100 and 120 (c.f. Escheat, "Le séminaire français de Rome ", Rome, 1903.
COLLEGIO DEI CAPPELLANI DI S. LUIGI DEI FRANCESI
This is another French institution. The church dating from 1496 served as a parish for the French residents at Rome. In 1840 on the proposal of Cardinal Bonnechose the parish was suppressed and the revenue applied to create chaplaincies for young students, French priests, who wished to specialize at Rome in canon law, archeology, or ecclesiastical history. Until 1906 the chaplains published the "Annales de St. Louis des Francais", devoted specially to history. After the decease of Mgr Cadene, they undertook the continuation of the "Analecta Ecclesiastica" containing the Acts of the Holy See, as well as moral and canonical dissertations.
COLLEGIO BOEMO (THE BOHEMIAN COLLEGE)
Established in 1884 partly with the revenues of the ancient Bohemian hospice founded by Emperor Charles IV, and with contributions of Leo XIII and the Bohemian bishops. The site was transferred several times, but in 1888 the old monastery of S. Francesca Romana in the Via Sistina was purchased. The rector is always one of the professors in the Propaganda, which the students attend. They number from 24 to 28 and are distinguished by their black sashes with two yellow stripes at the extremities. They have a villa at Trevi in Umbria.
COLLEGIO ARMENO (THE ARMENIAN COLLEGE)
Gregory XIII in 1584 had decreed the erection of a college for the Armenians ( Bull "Romana Ecclesia"), but the plan fell through. When the Collegio Urbano of the Propaganda was founded later there were always some places for students of this nation. Finally, in 1885, Gregory's proposal was carried into effect, thanks to the generosity of some wealthy Armenians and of Leo XIII. The college was granted the Church of S. Nicola da Tolentino in the street of that name. The president is an Armenian prelate ; the students numbering from 20 to 25 attend the lectures at the Propaganda, and wear red sashes and large-sleeved Oriental cloaks.
COLLEGIO SPAGNUOLO (THE SPANISH COLLEGE)
Founded in 1892 through the initiative of Leo XIII and the generosity of the episcopacy, the royal family, and other benefactors in Spain. Installed at first in the national hospice of S. Maria in Monserrato, it was transferred later to the Palazzo Altemps near S. Apollinare. The students numbering 70 are for the most part supported by their bishops ; they attend the Gregorian, and are distinguished by a pelerine and a sky-blue sash. The direction is entrusted to the pious Spanish Congregation of the Operarii Diocesani.
COLLEGIO CANADESE (THE CANADIAN COLLEGE)
Cardinal Howard took the first steps towards the erection of this institute. The Canadian Congregation of St. Sulpice undertook to defray the expenses. The building was soon erected (1887) in the Via delle Quattro Fontane, and in 1888 the first pupils were enrolled. Some of the students are priests and follow the lectures in the Propaganda, and those who have already completed their studies in Canada are privileged to receive a degree after two years in Rome. The Sulpicians are in charge of the college.
PONTIFICO COLLEGIO PORTOGHESE (THE PORTUGUESE PONTIFICAL COLLEGE)
Founded in 1901 by Leo XIII ; its direction is entrusted to Italian secular priests, and the students attend the lectures at S. Apollinare.
COLLEGIO APOSTOLICO LEONIANO
Owes its origin to P. Valentini, a Lazarist, who, aided by a pious lady, received in a private house the students who could not otherwise gain admittance to the other colleges. This college and the revenue left by the lady were taken over later by the Holy See and a large building was erected in the Prati di Castello. The direction was committed to the Jesuits. The students, mainly of the southern provinces that have no special college at Rome, attend the lectures at the Gregorian University.
APPENDIX: "IN PRAECIPUIS"
The Apostolic Constitution "In præcipuis", 29 June, 1913, promulgates the new regulations concerning the training of the Roman and Italian clergy. In brief, there are to be two seminaries : a smaller, for "gymnasial" students, in the present Vatican Seminary ; and a greater, for philosophers and theologians, in the new Lateran building. To the latter are transferred the Seminario SS. Ambrogio e Carlo, now to be part of the Roman Seminary ; and the Seminario Pio, which retains the laws as to its scope and character. The faculties of philosophy and theology of the Roman Seminary are to be in the Lateran Seminary ; the law department goes to the Collegio Leoniano, but remains a school of the Seminary. The Collegio Leoniano shall receive only priests duly authorized to pursue higher studies. The Academia Theologica of the Sapienza remains at S. Apollinare. All Italian clerical students must abide in the Lateran or the Vatican Seminaries, excepting those preparing for the heathen missions or who are eligible for the Collegio Capranica.
More Volume: R 452
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Râ 1
Râ 1
Râle, Sebastian
Missionary, martyr, b. at Pontarlier, Diocese of Besançoison, 20 Jan., 1654 (?); shot by ...Rä 1
Rä 1
Räss, Andreas
Bishop of Strasburg, b. at Sigolsheim in upper Alsace, 6 April, 1794; d. at Strasburg, 17 ...Ré 2
Ré 2
Régis, Jean-Baptiste
Born at Istres, Provence, 11 June, 1663, or 29 Jan., 1664; died at Peking, 24 Nov., 1738. He was ...Régis, Pierre Sylvain
Born at La Salvetat de Blanquefort, near Agen, in 1632; died in Paris, in 1707. After his ...Ra 67
Ra 67
Rabanus, Blessed Maurus Magnentius
( Also Hrabanus, Reabanus). Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, celebrated theological ...Rabbi and Rabbinism
The special condition which prevailed in Palestine after the Restoration led to the gradually ...Rabbulas
Bishop of Edessa and, in the later years of his life, one of the foremost opponents of ...Rabelais, François
The life of this celebrated French writer is full of obscurities. He was born at Chinon in ...Raccolta
( Italian "a collection") A book containing prayers and pious exercises to which the popes ...Race, Human
Mankind exhibits differences which have been variously interpreted. Some consider them so great ...Race, Negro
The term negro , derived from the Spanish and the Latin words meaning "black" ( negro; niger ...Rachel
Rachel ("a ewe"), daughter of Laban and younger sister of Lia. The journey of Jacob to the ...Racine, Jean
Dramatist, b. a La Ferté-Milon, in the old Duchy of Valois, 20 Dec., 1639; d. in Paris, ...Rader, Matthew
Philologist and historian, born at Innichen in the Tyrol in 1561; died at Munich, 22 December, ...Radewyns, Florens
Co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life , b. at Leyderdam, near Utrecht, about 1350; d. at ...Radowitz, Joseph Maria von
Born at Blankenburg, 6 February, 1797; died at Berlin, 25 December, 1853. Radowitz was of ...Radulph of Rivo
(or OF TONGRES; RADULPH VAN DER BEEKE) An historian and liturgist, born at Breda, in Dutch ...Raffeix, Pierre
Missionary, born at Clermont, 1633; died at Quebec, 1724. He entered the Society of Jesus in ...Ragueneau, Paul
Jesuit missionary, b. in Paris, 18 March, 1608; d. 8 Sept., 1680. He entered the Society in ...Ragusa
DIOCESE OF RAGUSA (EPIDAURUS; RAGUSINA). A bishopric in Dalmatia, suffragan of Zara. The ...Raich, Johann Michael
Catholic theologian, born at Ottobeuren in Bavaria, 17 January, 1832; died at Mainz, 28 March, ...Rail, Altar
The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. It ...Raimondi, Marcantonio
Engraver, b. at Bologna, 1475 (1480?); d. there, 1530 (1534?). He studied under the goldsmith and ...Rainald of Dassel
Born probably not before 1115; died in Italy, 14 August, 1167. A younger son of a rich Saxon ...Rajpootana
Prefecture Apostolic in India, attached to the Province of Agra, comprises approximately the ...Ralph Crockett, Venerable
English martyr, b. at Barton, near Farndon, Cheshire; executed at Chichester, 1 October, 1588. ...Ralph Milner, Venerable
Layman and martyr, born at Flacsted, Hants, England, early in the sixteenth century; suffered ...Ralph Sherwin, Blessed
English martyr, born 1550 at Rodesley, near Longford, Derbyshire; died at Tyburn, 1 December, ...Ram, Pierre François Xavier de
Born at Louvain 2 Sept., 1804; died there 14 May, 1865; Belgian historian and rector of the ...Ramatha
A titular see in Palestine, suppressed in 1884 by the Roman Curia . It was never an episcopal ...Rambler, The
A Catholic periodical (not of course to be confused with the older "Rambler", published a ...Rameau, Jean-Philippe
Musician, b. at Dijon, Burgundy, 25 Sept., 1683; d. at Paris, 12 Sept., 1764. His father, ...Ramsey Abbey
Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdonshire, England, was founded by Ailwine (Ethelwine, Egelwine), a Saxon ...Ramus, Peter
(PIERRE DE LA RAMÉE) Humanist and logician, b. at Cuth in Picardy, 1515; d. in Paris, ...Rancé, Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de
Abbot and reformer of Notre Dame de la Trappe, second son of Denis Bouthillier, Lord of ...Randall, James Ryder
Journalist and poet, b. 1 Jan., 1839, at Baltimore, Maryland ; d. 15 Jan., 1908 at Augusta, ...Ransom, Feast of Our Lady of
24 September, a double major, commemorates the foundation of the Mercedarians. On 10 August, ...Raphael
The most famous name in the history of painting, b. at Urbino, 6 April (or 28 March), 1483; d. at ...Raphael, Saint
The name of this archangel ( Raphael = " God has healed") does not appear in the Hebrew ...Raphoe
Diocese of Raphoe (Rapotensis) Comprises the greater part of the Co. Donegal (Gael. Tirconail ...Rapin, René
French Jesuit, born at Tours, 1621; died in Paris, 1687. He entered the Society in 1639, taught ...Raskolniks
(Russian raskolnik , a schismatic, a dissenter; from raskol , schism, splitting; that in ...Rathborne, Joseph
Priest and controversialist (sometimes erroneously called RATHBONE), born at Lincoln, 11 May, ...Ratherius of Verona
He was born about 887; died at Namur 25 April, 974. He belonged to a noble family which lived in ...Ratio Studiorum
The term "Ratio Studiorum" is commonly used to designate the educational system of the Jesuits ; ...Rationale
Rational, an episcopal humeral, a counterpart of the pallium, and like it worn over the chasuble. ...Rationalism
(Latin, ratio -- reason, the faculty of the mind which forms the ground of calculation, i.e. ...Ratisbon
DIOCESE OF RATISBON (RATISBONENSIS), also called REGENSBURG. Suffragan of Munich-Freising. It ...Ratisbonne, Maria Alphonse
A converted Jew, born at Strasburg on 1 May, 1814; died at Ain Karim near Jerusalem, on 6 May, ...Ratisbonne, Maria Theodor
A distinguished preacher and writer, and director of the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers, ...Ratramnus
(Rathramnus) A Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Corbie, in the present Department of Somme, ...Ratzeburg, Ancient See of
(RACEBURGUM, RACEBURGENSIS.) In Germany, suffragan to Hamburg. The diocese embraced the ...Ratzinger, Georg
Political economist and social reformer, b. at Rickering, near Deggendorf, in lower Bavaria, 3 ...Rauscher
Prince- Archbishop of Vienna, born at Vienna, 6 Oct., 1797; died there 24 Nov., 1875. He ...Ravalli, Antonio
Missionary, b. in Italy, 1811; d. at St. Mary's, Montana, U. S. A., 2 Oct., 1884. He entered ...Ravenna
Archdiocese of Ravenna (Ravennatensis) The city of Ravenna is the capital of a province in ...Ravesteyn, Josse
Born about 1506, at Tielt, a small town in Flanders, hence often called T ILETANUS (J ODACUS ...Ravignan, Gustave Xavier Lacroix de
French Jesuit, orator, and author, b. at Bayonne (Basses-Pyrénées), 1 Dec. 1795; ...Rawes, Henry Augustus
Oblate of St. Charles, hymn-writer and preacher, b. at Easington near Durham, England, 11 Dec., ...Raymbault, Charles
Missionary, b. in France, 1602; entered the Society of Jesus at Rouen (1621); d. at Quebec, ...Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles
Count of Toulouse and of Tripoli, b. about 1043; d. at Tripoli in 1105. He was the son of ...Raymond Lully
(RAMON LULL) "Doctor Illuminatus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, ...Raymond Martini
Dominican, theologian, Orientalist, b. at Subirats, Catalonia, c. 1220; d. after July, 1284. In ...Raymond Nonnatus, Saint
(In Spanish SAN RAMON). Born 1200 or 1204 at Portello in the Diocese of Urgel in Catalonia ...Raymond of Peñafort, Saint
Born at Villafranca de Benadis, near Barcelona, in 1175; died at Barcelona, 6 January, 1275. He ...Raymond of Sabunde
(SABONDE, SEBON, SEBEYDE, etc.) Born at Barcelona, Spain, towards the end of the fourteenth ...Raymond VI
Count of Toulouse, b. 1156; d. 1222; succeeded his father, Raymond V, in 1195. He was a ...Raymond VII
Count of Toulouse, son of Raymond VI, b. at Beaucaire, 1197; d. at Milhaud, 1249; had espoused a ...Raynaldi, Odorico
Oratorian, b. at Treviso in 1595; d. at Rome, 22 January, 1671. Of patrician birth, he studied ...Raynaud, Théophile
Theologian and writer, b. at Sospello near Nice, 15 Nov., 1583; d. at Lyons, 31 Oct., 1663. He ...Raynouard, Françpois-Juste-Marie
A French poet, dramatist, and philologist, b. at Brignoles, Var, 8 September, 1761; d. at Passy, ...Re 118
Re 118
Reading Abbey
Reading Abbey in Surrey, England, was founded by Henry I in 1121, who built it, writes ...Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Realism, Nominalism, Conceptualism
These terms are used to designate the theories that have been proposed as solutions of one of the ...Reason
GENERAL MEANINGS Both in ordinary life and in philosophical discussions the term reason is of ...Reason, Age of
The name given to that period of human life at which persons are deemed to begin to be morally ...Recanati and Loreto
DIOCESE OF RECANATI AND LORETO (RECINETENSIS) Province of Ancona, Central Italy, so called ...Rechab and the Rechabites
Rechab was the father of Jonadab who in 2 Kings 10:15-28 , appears as a fervent supporter of ...Recollection
Recollection, as understood in respect to the spiritual life, means attention to the presence of ...Reconciliation, Sacrament of
Penance is a sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins ...Rector
(From the Latin regere , to rule). Priests who preside over missions or quasi- parishes ...Rector Potens, Verax Deus
The daily hymn for Sext in the Roman Breviary finds its theme in the great heat and light of ...Recusants, English
The first statute in which the term "Popish Recusants" is used is 35 Eliz. c. 2, "An Act for ...Red Sea
(Hebrew Yâm-Sûph; Septuagint ‘e ’eruthrà thálassa; ...Redeemer, Feast of the Most Holy
The feast is found only in the special calendar of some dioceses and religious orders, and ...Redeemer, Knights of the
A secular community founded in 1608 by the Duke of Mentone, Vincent Gonzaga, on the occasion of ...Redemption
The restoration of man from the bondage of sin to the liberty of the children of God ...Redemption in the Old Testament
Redemption means either strictly deliverance by payment of a price or ransom, or simply ...Redemptions, Penitential
Penitential redemptions are the substitution of exercises (especially alms-deeds), either easier ...Redemptoristines
The cradle of the Redemptoristines is Scala, not far from Amalfi, Italy. Father Thomas Falcoia, of ...Redemptorists
(CONGREGATION OF THE MOST HOLY REDEEMER) A society of missionary priests founded by St. ...Redford, Sebastion
Born 27 April, 1701; died 2 January, 1763. Educated at St. Omer , Watten, and Liège, ...Redi, Francesco
Italian poet, b. at Arezzo, 18 February, 1626; d. at Pisa 1 March, 1698. After taking his ...Reding, Augustine
Prince-Abbot of Einsiedeln and theological writer, born at Lichtensteig, Switzerland, 10 ...Reductions of Paraguay
The Jesuit Reductions of Paraguay, one of the most singular and beautiful creations of Catholic ...Referendarii
The papal office of the referendarii (from refero , to inform) existed at the Byzantine ...Reform of a Religious Order
Reform of a Religious Order, in the true sense of the word, is a return or bringing back of the ...Reformation, The
The usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the ...Reformed Churches
The name given to Protestant bodies which adopted the tenets of Zwingli and, later, the ...Refuge, Cities of
Towns which according to the Jewish law enjoyed the right of asylum and to which anyone who had ...Refuge, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the
The Institute of Our Lady of Charity was founded (1641) by [St. Jean] Eudes, at Caen, Normandy, ...Regale, Droit de
( jus regaliœ, jus regale, jus deportus; German Regalienrecht ) Droit de Regale ...Regalia
According to the usage current in the British Isles the term regalia is almost always employed to ...Regeneration
(Latin regeneratio ; Greek anagennesis and paliggenesia ). Regeneration is a ...Regensburg
DIOCESE OF RATISBON (RATISBONENSIS), also called REGENSBURG. Suffragan of Munich-Freising. It ...Regesta, Papal
Papal Regesta are the copies, generally entered in special registry volumes, of the papal ...Reggio dell' Emilia
DIOCESE OF REGGIO DELL' EMILIA (REGINENSIS) Suffragan of Modena in central Italy. The city is ...Reggio di Calabria
ARCHDIOCESE OF REGGIO DI CALABRIA (RHEGIENSIS). Archdiocese in Calabria, southern Italy. The ...Regina
DIOCESE OF REGINA (REGINENSIS) A newly created (4 March, 1910) ecclesiastical division, ...Regina Coeli
The opening words of the Eastertide anthem of the Blessed Virgin, the recitation of which is ...Reginald of Piperno
Dominican, theologian, companion of St. Thomas Aquinas, b. at Piperno about 1230; d. about 1290. ...Regino of Prüm
Date of birth unknown; d. at Trier in 915. According to the statements of a later era Regino was ...Regionarii
The name given in later antiquity and the early Middle Ages to those clerics and officials of ...Regis, John Francis, Saint
Born 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ...Registers, Parochial
One having the cure of souls is commanded by Divine precept to know his subjects (Conc. Trid., ...Regnault, Henri Victor
Chemist and physicist, b. at Aachen, 21 July, 1810; d. in Paris, 19 Jan., 1878. Being left an ...Regulæ Juris
("Rules of Law") General rules or principles serving chiefly for the interpretation of laws. ...Regulars
( Latin regula, rule). The observance of the Rule of St. Benedict procured for the monks ...Reichenau
Reichenau, called Augia Dives in medieval Latin manuscripts and possessing a once ...Reichensperger, August
Politician and author, born at Coblenz, 22 March, 1808; died at Cologne, 16 July, 1895. He studied ...Reichensperger, Peter
Jurist and parliamentarian, b. at Coblenz, 28 May, 1810; d. at Berlin, 31 December, 1892. He ...Reifenstein
A former Cistercian abbey in Eichsfeld, founded on 1 August, 1162 by Count Ernst of Tonna. It ...Reiffenstuel, Johann Georg
In religion A NACLETUS Theologian and canonist; b. at Kaltenbrunn (Tegernsee) 2 July, 1641; d. ...Reims
ARCHDIOCESE OF REIMS (RHEMENSIS) The Archdiocese of Reims comprises the district of Reims in ...Reims, Synods of
The first synod said to have been held at Reims by Archbishop Sonnatius between 624 and 630 ...Reinmar of Hagenau
A German minnesinger of the twelfth century, surnamed in the manuscripts der Alte (the old) to ...Reisach, Carl von
Born at Roth, Bavaria, 7 July, 1800; died in the Redemptorist monastery of Contamine, France, ...Reisch, Gregor
Born at Balingen in Wurtemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May, 1525. In 1487 he ...Relationship
(CARNAL AND SPIRITUAL) The theologians understand by relationship in general a certain ...Relatives, Duties of
The general precept of charity obliging us to love our neighbour as ourselves is of course ...Relativism
Any doctrine which denies, universally or in regard to some restricted sphere of being, the ...Relics
The word relics comes from the Latin reliquiae (the counterpart of the Greek leipsana ) ...Religion
I. Derivation, Analysis, and Definition. II. Subjective Religion. III. Objective ...Religion, Virtue of
Of the three proposed derivations of the word "religion", that suggested by Lactantius and ...Religions, Statistics of
I. DEFINITION This study concerns itself with religious bodies, the number of their members, and ...Religious Life
I. GENERAL VIEW AND EVANGELICAL IDEA OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE A. GENERAL VIEW We all have within us ...Religious Profession
HISTORICAL VIEW Profession may be considered either as a declaration openly made, or as a state ...Reliquaries
It would follow of necessity from the data given in the article RELICS that ...Remesiana
A titular see in Dacia Mediterranea, suffragan of Sardica. Remesiana is mentioned by the ...Remigius of Auxerre
A Benedictine monk, b. about the middle of the ninth century; d. 908. Remigius, or Remi, was a ...Remigius, Saint
Apostle of the Franks, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Cerny or Laon, 437; d. at Reims, 13 January ...Remiremont
Vosges, France, monastery and nunnery of the Rule of St. Benedict, founded by Sts. Romaricus ...Remuzat, Ven. Anne-Madeleine
Born at Marseilles, 29 Nov., 1696; died 15 Feb., 1730. At nine years of age she asked her parents ...Remy, Abbey of Saint
Founded at Reims before 590. Its early history is very obscure; at first a little chapel ...Renaissance, The
The Renaissance may be considered in a general or a particular sense, as (1) the achievements of ...Renaudot, Eusebius
An apologetical writer and Orientalist, b. at Paris, 22 July, 1648; d. there, 1 Sept., 1720. He ...Renaudot, Théophraste
Born at Loudun, 1586; died at Paris, 25 October, 1653. Doctor of the medical faculty at ...Reni, Guido
Italian painter, b. at Calvenzano near Bologna, 4 Nov., 1575; d. at Bologna, 18 Aug. 1642. At one ...Rennes
(RHEDONENSIS) Rennes includes the Department of Ille et Vilaine. The Concordat of 1802 ...Renty, Gaston Jean Baptiste de
Born 1611 at the castle of Beni, Diocese of Bayeux in Normandy ; died 24 April, 1649. The only ...Renunciation
( Latin renuntiare ). A canonical term signifying the resignation of an ecclesiastical ...Reordinations
I. STATE OF THE QUESTION The Oratorian Jean Morin , in the seventeenth century, and Cardinal ...Reparation
Reparation is a theological concept closely connected with those of atonement and satisfaction, ...Repington, Philip
( Also Repyngdon). Cardinal-priest of the title of SS. Nereus and Achilleus, Bishop of ...Repose, Altar of
(Sometimes called less properly sepulchre or tomb, more frequently repository). The altar ...Reputation (as Property)
It is certain that a man is indefeasibly the owner of what he has been able to produce by his ...Requiem, Masses of
Masses of Requiem will be treated under the following heads: I. Origins; II. Formulary ; III. ...Rerum Crerator Optime
The hymn for Matins of Wednesday in the Divine Office. It comprises four strophes of four ...Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor
The daily hymn for None in the Roman Breviary, comprises (like the hymns for Terce and Sext ...Rerum Novarum
The opening words and the title of the Encyclical issued by Leo XIII, 15 May, 1891, on the ...Rescripts, Papal
( Latin re-scribere , "to write back") Rescripts are responses of the pope or a Sacred ...Reservation
The restriction in certain cases by a superior of the jurisdiction ordinarily exercised by an ...Reserved Cases
A term used for sins whose absolution is not within the power of every confessor, but is ...Residence, Ecclesiastical
A remaining or abiding where one's duties lie or where one's occupation is properly carried on, ...Respicius, Tryphon, and Nympha
Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Tryphon is said to have ...Respighi, Lorenzo
Born at Cortemaggiore, Province of Piacenza, 7 October, 1824; died at Rome, 10 December, 1889. He ...Responsorium
Responsory, or Respond, a series of verses and responses, usually taken from Holy Scripture and ...Restitution
Restitution has a special sense in moral theology. It signifies an act of commutative justice ...Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall ...Resurrection, General
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. The Fourth Lateran ...Rethel, Alfred
Born at Aachen, 1816; died at Düsseldorf, 1859. He combined in a brilliant and forcible ...Retreat of the Sacred Heart, Congregation of
(DAMES DE LA RETRAITE) Originally founded in 1678 under the name of the Institute of Retreat, ...Retreats
If we call a retreat a series of days passed in solitude and consecrated to practices of ...Retz, Cardinal de
ARCHBISHOP OF PARIS Born at the Château of Montmirail, Oct., 1614; died in Paris, 24 ...Reuben
(REUBEN.) A proper name which designates in the Bible : (1) a patriarch; (II) a tribe of ...Reuchlin, Johannes
( Græcized , Capnion). Celebrated German humanist, b. at Pforzheim, Baden, 22 ...Reumont, Alfred von
Statesman and historian, b. at Aachen, 15 August, 1808; d. there, 27 April, 1887. After finishing ...Reusens, Edmond
Archeologist and historian, b. at Wijneghem (Antwerp), 25 April, 1831; d. at Louvain, 25 Dec., ...Reuss
Name of the two smallest states of the German Confederation, which lie almost in the centre of ...Revelation
I. MEANING OF REVELATION Revelation may be defined as the communication of some truth by God ...Revelation, Book of
Apocalypse, from the verb apokalypto , to reveal, is the name given to the last book in the ...Revelations, Private
There are two kinds of revelations: (1) universal revelations, which are contained in the Bible ...Revocation
The act of recalling or annulling, the reversal of an act, the recalling of a grant, or the making ...Revolution, English
James II, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of Monmouth's ...Revolution, French
The last thirty years have given us a new version of the history of the French Revolution, the ...Rex Gloriose Martyrum
Rex Gloriose Martyrum, the hymn at Lauds in the Common of Martyrs (Commune plurimorum ...Rex Sempiterne Cælitum
The Roman Breviary hymn for Matins of Sundays and weekdays during the Paschal Time (from ...Rey, Anthony
An educator and Mexican War chaplain, born at Lyons, 19 March, 1807; died near Ceralvo, Mexico, ...Reynolds, William
(RAINOLDS, RAYNOLDS, REGINALDUS) Born at Pinhorn near Exeter, about 1544; died at Antwerp, ...Rh 18
Rh 18
Rhætia
(RHÆTORUM). Prefecture Apostolic in Switzerland ; includes in general the district ...Rhaphanæa
A titular see in Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea. Rhaphanæa is mentioned in ancient ...Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel
A composer and organist, born at Vaduz, in the Principality of Lichtenstein, Bavaria, 17 March, ...Rhenish Palatinate
( German Rheinpfalz ). A former German electorate. It derives its name from the title of a ...Rhesæna
A titular see in Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa. Rhesæna (numerous variations of the name ...Rhinocolura
A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium. Rhinocolura or Rhinocorura was a ...Rhithymna
(RHETHYMNA) A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, mentioned by Ptolemy, III, 15, ...Rhizus
( Rizous .) A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus suffragan of Neocæsarea, ...Rho, Giacomo
Missionary, born at Milan, 1593; died at Peking 27 April, 1638. He was the son of a noble and ...Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and xxyyyk.htm">Providence Plantations, one of the thirteen original ...Rhodes
(RHODUS) A titular metropolitan of the Cyclades. It is an island opposite to Lycia and ...Rhodes, Alexandre De
A missionary and author, born at Avignon, 15 March, 1591; died at Ispahan, Persia, 5 Nov., 1660. ...Rhodesia
A British possession in South Africa, bounded on the north and north-west by the Congo Free ...Rhodiopolis
A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra, called Rhodia by Ptolemy (V, 3) and Stephanus ...Rhodo
A Christian writer who flourished in the time of Commodus (180-92); he was a native of Asia ...Rhosus
A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, suffragan to Anazarba. Rhosus or Rhossus was a seaport ...Rhymed Bibles
The rhymed versions of the Bible are almost entirely collections of the psalms. The oldest ...Rhythmical Office
I. DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND DIVISION By rhythmical office is meant a liturgical horary ...Ri 66
Ri 66
Ribadeneira, Pedro de
(Or RIBADENEYRA and among Spaniards often RIVADENEIRA) Pedro De Ribadeneira was born at ...Ribas, Andrés Pérez De
A pioneer missionary, historian of north-western Mexico; born at Cordova, Spain, 1576; died in ...Ribe, Ancient See of, in Denmark (Jutland)
(RIPAE, RIPENSIS.) The diocese (29 deaneries, 278 parishes ) consisted of the modern ...Ribeirao Preto
(DE RIBERAO PRETO) A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of São Paulo , Brazil, ...Ribera, Jusepe de
Called also SPAGNOLETTO, L'ESPAGNOLET (the little Spaniard) Painter born at Jativa, 12 Jan., ...Ricardus Anglicus
Ricardus Anglicus, Archdeacon of Bologna, was an English priest who was rector of the law ...Riccardi, Nicholas
A theologian, writer and preacher; born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May, 1639. Physically ...Ricci, Lorenzo
General of the Society of Jesus b. at Florence, 2 Aug., 1703; d. at the Castle of Sant' Angelo, ...Ricci, Matteo
Founder of the Catholic missions of China, b. at Macerata in the Papal States, 6 Oct. 1552; ...Riccioli, Giovanni Battista
Italian astronomer, b. at Ferrara 17 April, 1598; d. at Bologna 25 June, 1671. He entered the ...Rice, Edmund Ignatius
Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (better known as "Irish ...Rich, St. Edmund
Archbishop of Canterbury, England, born 20 November, c. 1180, at Abingdon, six miles from ...Richard
A Friar minor and preacher, appearing in history between 1428 and 1431, whose origin and ...Richard de Bury
Bishop and bibliophile, b. near Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, England, 24 Jan., 1286; d. at ...Richard de la Vergne, François-Marie-Benjamin
Archbishop of Paris, born at Nantes, 1 March, 1819; died in Paris, 28 January, 1908. ...Richard de Wyche, Saint
Bishop and confessor, b. about 1197 at Droitwich, Worcestershire, from which his surname is ...Richard Fetherston, Blessed
Priest and martyr ; died at Smithfield, 30 July, 1540. He was chaplain to Catharine of Aragon ...Richard I, King Of England
Richard I, born at Oxford, 6 Sept, 1157; died at Chaluz, France, 6 April, 1199; was known to ...Richard of Cirencester
Chronicler, d. about 1400. He was the compiler of a chronicle from 447 to 1066, entitled "Speculum ...Richard of Cornwall
(RICHARD RUFUS, RUYS, ROSSO, ROWSE). The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but he ...Richard of Middletown
(A MEDIA VILLA). Flourished at the end of the thirteenth century, but the dates of his birth ...Richard of St. Victor
Theologian, native of Scotland, but the date and place of his birth are unknown; d. 1173 and ...Richard Thirkeld, Blessed
Martyr ; b. at Coniscliffe, Durham, England ; d. at York, 29 May, 1583. From Queen's College, ...Richard Whiting, Blessed
Last Abbot of Glastonbury and martyr, parentage and date of birth unknown, executed 15 Nov., ...Richard, Charles-Louis
Theologian and publicist; b. at Blainville-sur-l'Eau, in Lorraine, April, 1711; d. at Mons, ...Richardson, Ven. William
( Alias Anderson.) Last martyr under Queen Elizabeth; b. according to Challoner at Vales in ...Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de
Cardinal ; French statesman, b. in Paris, 5 September, 1585; d. there 4 December 1642. At first ...Richmond, Diocese of
(RICHMONDENSIS.) Suffragan of Baltimore, established 11 July, 1820, comprises the State of ...Ricoldo da Monte di Croce
(PENNINI.) Born at Florence about 1243; d. there 31 October, 1320. After studying in various ...Riemenschneider, Tillmann
One of the most important of Frankish sculptors, b. at Osterode am Harz in or after 1460; d. at ...Rienzi, Cola di
(i.e., NICOLA, son of Lorenzo) A popular tribune and extraordinary historical figure. His ...Rieti
(REATINA). Diocese in Central Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See. The city is ...Rievaulx, Abbey of
(RIEVALL.) Thurston, Archbishop of York, was very anxious to have a monastery of the newly ...Riffel, Caspar
Historian, b. at Budesheim, Bingen, Germany, 19 Jan., 1807, d. at Mainz, 15 Dec., 1856. He ...Rigby, John, Saint
English martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ...Rigby, Nicholas
Born 1800 at Walton near Preston, Lancashire; died at Ugthorpe, 7 September, 1886. At twelve years ...Right
Right, as a substantive (my right, his right), designates the object of justice. When a person ...Right of Exclusion
(Latin Jus Exclusivæ . The alleged competence of the more important Catholic ...Right of Option
In canon law an option is a way of obtaining a benefice or a title, by the choice of the new ...Right of Voluntary Association
I. LEGAL RIGHT A voluntary association means any group of individuals freely united for the ...Rimbert, Saint
Archbishop of Bremen - Hamburg, died at Bremen 11 June, 888. It is uncertain whether he was ...Rimini
DIOCESE OF RIMINI (ARIMINUM). Suffragan of Ravenna. Rimini is situated near the coast between ...Rimini, Council of
The second Formula of Sirmium (357) stated the doctrine of the Anomoeans, or extreme Arians. ...Rimouski
DIOCESE OF RIMOUSKI (SANCTI GERMANI DE RIMOUSKI) Suffragan of Quebec, comprises the counties of ...Ring of the Fisherman, The
The earliest mention of the Fisherman's ring worn by the popes is in a letter of Clement IV ...Rings
Although the surviving ancient rings, proved by their devices, provenance, etc., to be of ...Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista
Born at Rome, 1592; d. at Fermo, 1653; was the son of a Florentine patrician, his mother being a ...Rio Negro
Prefecture Apostolic in Brazil, bounded on the south by a line running westwards from the ...Rio, Alexis-François
French writer on art, b. on the Island of Arz, Department of Morbihan, 20 May, 1797; d. 17 June, ...Riobamba
Diocese of (Bolivarensis), suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, erected by Pius IX, 5 January, 1863. ...Rioja, Francisco de
A poet, born at Seville, 1583; died at Madrid, 1659. Rioja was a canon in the cathedral at ...Ripalda, Juan Martínez de
Theologian, b. at Pamplona, Navarre, 1594; d. at Madrid, 26 April, 1648. He entered the Society ...Ripatransone
(RIPANENSIS). Diocese in Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy. The city is situated on five hills, ...Ripon, Marquess of
George Frederick Samuel Robinson, K.G., P.C., G.C.S.I., F.R.S., Earl de Grey, Earl of Ripon, ...Risby, Richard
Born in the parish of St. Lawrence, Reading, 1489; executed at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1534. ...Rishanger, William
Chronicler, b. at Rishangles, Suffolk, about ú d. after 1312. He became a Benedictine at ...Rishton, Edward
Born in Lancashire, 1550; died at Sainte-Ménehould, Lorraine, 29 June, 1585. He was ...Rita of Cascia, Saint
Born at Rocca Porena in the Diocese of Spoleto , 1386; died at the Augustinian convent of ...Rites
I. NAME AND DEFINITION Ritus in classical Latin in means primarily, the form and manner of any ...Rites in the United States
Since immigration from the eastern portion of Europe and from Asia and Africa set in with ...Ritschlianism
Ritschlianism is a peculiar conception of the nature and scope of Christianity, widely held in ...Ritter, Joseph Ignatius
Historian, b. at Schweinitz, Silesia, 12 April, 1787; d. at Breslau, 5 Jan., 1857. He pursued his ...Ritual
The Ritual ( Rituale Romanum ) is one of the official books of the Roman Rite. It contains all ...Ritualists
The word "Ritualists" is the term now most commonly employed to denote that advanced section of ...Rivington, Luke
Born in London, May, 1838; died in London, 30 May, 1899; fourth son of Francis Rivington, a ...Rizal, José Mercado
Filipino hero, physician, poet, novelist, and sculptor ; b. at Calamba, Province of La Laguna, ...Ro 133
Ro 133
Robbers, Seven
(Septem Latrones), martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their ...Robbia, Andrea della
Nephew, pupil, assistant, and sharer of Luca's secrets, b. at Florence, 1431; d. 1528. It is ...Robbia, Lucia di Simone
Sculptor, b. at Florence, 1400; d. 1481. He is believed to have studied design with a goldsmith, ...Robert Bellarmine, Saint
(Also, "Bellarmino"). A distinguished Jesuit theologian, writer, and cardinal, born at ...Robert Johnson, Blessed
Born in Shropshire, entered the German College, Rome, 1 October, 1571. Ordained priest at ...Robert of Arbrissel
Itinerant preacher, founder of Fontevrault, b. c. 1047 at Arbrissel (now Arbressec) near ...Robert of Courçon
(DE CURSONE, DE CURSIM, CURSUS, ETC.). Cardinal, born at Kedleston, England ; died at ...Robert of Geneva
Antipope under the name of Clement VII, b. at Geneva, 1342; d. at Avignon, 16 Sept., 1394. He ...Robert of Jumièges
Archbishop of Canterbury (1051-2). Robert Champart was a Norman monk of St. Ouen at Rouen ...Robert of Luzarches
(LUS). Born at Luzarches near Pontoise towards the end of the twelfth century; is said to have ...Robert of Melun
(DE MELDUNO; MELIDENSIS; MEIDUNUS). An English philosopher and theologian, b. in England ...Robert of Molesme, Saint
Born about the year 1029, at Champagne, France, of noble parents who bore the names of Thierry ...Robert of Newminster, Saint
Born in the district of Craven, Yorkshire, probably at the village of Gargrave; died 7 June, 1159. ...Robert Pullus
(PULLEN, PULLAN, PULLY.) See also ROBERT PULLEN. Cardinal, English philosopher and ...Robert, Saint
Founder of the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu in Auvergne, b. at Aurilac, Auvergne, about 1000; d. in ...Roberts, Saint John
First Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ...Robertson, James Burton
Historian, b. in London 15 Nov., 1800; d. at Dublin 14 Feb., 1877, son of Thomas Robertson, a ...Robinson, Venerable Christopher
Born at Woodside, near Westward, Cumberland, date unknown; executed at Carlisle, 19 Aug., 1598. ...Robinson, William Callyhan
Jurist and educator, b. 26 July, 1834, at Norwich, Conn.; d. 6 Nov., 1911, at Washington, D.C. ...Rocaberti, Juan Tomás de
Theologian, b. of a noble family at Perelada, in Catalina, c. 1624; d. at Madrid 13 June, 1699. ...Rocamadour
Communal chief town of the canton of Gramat, district of Gourdon, Department of Lot, in the ...Rocca, Angelo
Founder of the Angelica Library at Rome, b. at Rocca, now Arecevia, near Ancone, 1545; d. at ...Roch, Saint
Born at Montpellier towards 1295; died 1327. His father was governor of that city. At his birth ...Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien
Marshal, b. at Vendôme, France, 1 July, 1725; d. at Thoré, 10 May, 1807. At the age ...Roche, Alanus de la
( Sometimes DE LA ROCHE). Born about 1428; died at Zwolle in Holland, 8 September, 1475. ...Rochester, Ancient See of
(ROFFA; ROFFENSIS). The oldest and smallest of all the suffragan sees of Canterbury, was ...Rochester, Blessed John
Priest and martyr, born probably at Terling, Essex, England, about 1498; died at York, 11 May, ...Rochester, Diocese of
This diocese, on its establishment by separation from the See of Buffalo, 24 January, 1868, ...Rochet
An over-tunic usually made of fine white linen (cambric; fine cotton material is also allowed), ...Rochette, Désiré Raoul
Usually known as Raoul-Rochette, a French archeologist, b. at St. Amand (Cher), 9 March, 1789; d. ...Rock, Daniel
Antiquarian and ecclesiologist, b. at Liverpool, 31 August, 1799; d. at Kensington, London, 28 ...Rockford, Diocese of
(ROCKFORDIENSIS). Created 23 September, 1908, comprises Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, ...Rockhampton
Diocese in Queensland, Australia. In 1862 Father Duhig visited the infant settlement on the banks ...Rococo Style
This style received its name in the nineteenth century from French émigrés , who ...Rodez
(RUTHENAE) The Diocese of Rodez was united to the Diocese of Cahors by the Concordat of ...Rodrigues Ferreira, Alexandre
A Brazilian natural scientist and explorer, b. at Bahia in 1756; d. at Lisbon in 1815. He ...Rodriguez, Alonso
Born at Valladolid, Spain, 1526; died at Seville 21 February, 1616. When twenty years of age he ...Rodriguez, Joao
(GIRAM, GIRAO, GIRON, ROIZ). Missionary and author, b. at Alcochete in the Diocese of Lisbon ...Rodriguez, Saint Alphonsus
(Also Alonso). Born at Segovia in Spain, 25 July, 1532; died at Majorca, 31 October, 1617. ...Roe, Bartholomew
(VENERABLE ALBAN). English Benedictine martyr, b. in Suffolk, 1583; executed at Tyburn, 21 ...Roermond
(RUBAEMUNDENSIS). Diocese in Holland ; suffragan of Utrecht. It includes the Province of ...Rogation Days
Days of prayer, and formerly also of fasting, instituted by the Church to appease God's anger ...Roger Bacon
Philosopher, surnamed D OCTOR M IRABILIS , b. at Ilchester, Somersetshire, about 1214; d. at ...Roger Cadwallador, Venerable
English martyr, b. at Stretton Sugwas, near Hereford, in 1568; executed at Leominster, 27 Aug., ...Roger of Wendover
Benedictine monk, date of birth unknown; d. 1236, the first of the great chroniclers of St. ...Roger, Bishop of Worcester
Died at Tours, 9 August, 1179. A younger son of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, he was educated ...Roh, Peter
Born at Conthey (Gunthis) in the canton of Valais ( French Switzerland ), 14 August, 1811; d. at ...Rohault de Fleury
A family of French architects and archaeologists of the nineteenth century, of which the most ...Rohrbacher, Réné François
Ecclesiastical historian, b. at Langatte (Langd) in the present Diocese of Metz, 27 September, ...Rojas y Zorrilla, Francisco de
Spanish dramatic poet, b. at Toledo, 4 Oct., 1607; d. 1680. Authentic information regarding the ...Rokewode, John Gage
Born 13 Sept., 1786; died at Claughton Hall, Lancashire, 14 Oct., 1842. He was the fourth son of ...Rolduc
(RODA DUCIS, also Roda, Closterroda or Hertogenrade). Located in S. E. Limburg, Netherlands. ...Rolfus, Hermann
Catholic educationist, b. at Freiburg, 24 May, 1821; d. at Buhl, near Offenburg, 27 October, ...Rolle de Hampole, Richard
Solitary and writer, b. at Thornton, Yorkshire, about 1300; d. at Hampole, 29 Sept., 1349. The ...Rollin, Charles
Born in Paris, 1661; died there, 1741. The son of a cutler, intended to follow his father's ...Rolls Series
A collection of historical materials of which the general scope is indicated by its official ...Rolph, Thomas
Surgeon, b. 1800; d. at Portsmouth, 17 Feb., 1858. He was a younger son of Dr. Thomas Rolph and ...Roman Catacombs
This subject will be treated under seven heads: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. ...Roman Catechism
This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the ...Roman Catholic
A qualification of the name Catholic commonly used in English-speaking countries by those ...Roman Catholic Relief Bill
IN ENGLAND With the accession of Queen Elizabeth (1558) commenced the series of legislative ...Roman Christian Cemeteries, Early
This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome. For ...Roman Colleges
This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ...Roman Congregations
Certain departments have been organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the ...Roman Curia
Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff ...Roman Processional
Strictly speaking it might be said that the Processional has no recognized place in the Roman ...Roman Rite, The
( Ritus romanus ). The Roman Rite is the manner of celebrating the Holy Sacrifice, ...Romanos Pontifices, Constitutio
The restoration by Pius IX, 29 Sept. 1850, by letters Apostolic "Universalis ecclesiæ" of ...Romanos, Saint
Surnamed ho melodos and ho theorrhetor , poet of the sixth century. The only authority for ...Romans, Epistle to the
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. The Roman Church and St. Paul; II. ...Romanus, Pope
Of this pope very little is known with certainty, not even the date of his birth nor the exact ...Romanus, Saints
(1) A Roman martyr Romanus is mentioned in the "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, I, 155) ...Rome
The significance of Rome lies primarily in the fact that it is the city of the pope. The Bishop ...Rome, University of
The University of Rome must be distinguished from the "Studium Generale apud Curiam", established ...Romero, Juan
Missionary and Indian linguist, b. in the village of Machena, Andalusia, Spain, 1559; d. at ...Romuald, Saint
Born at Ravenna, probably about 950; died at Val-di-Castro, 19 June, 1027. St. Peter Damian, his ...Romulus Augustulus
Deposed in the year 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. His reign was purely ...Ronan, Saint
There are twelve Irish saints bearing the name of Ronan commemorated in the "Martyrology of ...Ronsard, Pierre de
French poet, b. 2 (or 11) Sept., 1524, at the Château de la Poissonniere, near ...Rood
(Anglo-Saxon Rod, or Rode, "cross"), a term, often used to signify the True Cross itself, ...Roothaan, Johann Philipp
Twenty-first General of the Society of Jesus , b. at Amsterdam, 23 November, 1785; d. at Rome, ...Roper, William
Biographer of St. Thomas More, born 1496; died 4 January, 1578. Both his father and mother ...Rorate Coeli
(Vulgate, text), the opening words of Isaiah 45:8 . The text is used frequently both at Mass and ...Rosa, Salvatore
(Also spelled SALVATOR; otherwise known as RENNELLA, or ARENELLA, from the place of his birth). ...Rosalia, Saint
Hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she in patroness. ...Rosary, Breviary Hymns of the
The proper office granted by Leo XIII (5 August, 1888) to the feast contains four hymns ...Rosary, Confraternity of the
In accordance with the conclusion of the article ROSARY no sufficient evidence is forthcoming to ...Rosary, Feast of the Holy
Apart from the signal defeat of the Albigensian heretics at the battle of Muret in 1213 which ...Rosary, Seraphic
( Or Seraphic Rosary.) A Rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the seven ...Rosary, The
Please see our How to Recite the Holy Rosary sheet in PDF format, and feel free to copy and ...Rosate, Alberico de
(Or ROSCIATE). Jurist, date of birth unknown; died in 1354. He was bom in the village of ...Roscelin
Roscelin, a monk of Compiègne, was teaching as early as 1087. He had contact with ...Roscommon
Capital of County Roscommon, Ireland ; owes origin and name to a monastery founded by St. Coman ...Rose of Lima, Saint
Virgin, patroness of America, born at Lima, Peru 20 April, 1586; died there 30 August, 1617. ...Rose of Viterbo, Saint
Virgin, born at Viterbo, 1235; died 6 March, 1252. The chronology of her life must always remain ...Rose Window
A circular window, with mullions and traceries generally radiating from the centre, and filled ...Rosea
A titular see. The official catalogue of the Roman Curia mentioned formerly a titular see of ...Roseau
(ROSENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. The different islands of ...Rosecrans, William Starke
William Born at Kingston, Ohio, U.S.A. 6 Sept., 1819; died near Redondo California, 11 March, ...Roseline, Saint
(Rossolina.) Born at Château of Arcs in eastern Provence, 1263; d. 17 January, 1329. ...Rosenau
( Hungarian ROZSNYÓ; Latin ROSNAVIENSIS). Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, ...Rosh Hashanah
The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Two trumpets are ...Rosicrucians
The original appelation of the alleged members of the occult-cabalistic- theosophic "Rosicrucian ...Roskilde, Ancient See of, in Denmark
(ROSCHILDIA, ROSKILDENSIS.) Suffragan to Hamburg, about 991-1104, to Lund, 1104-1536. The ...Roskoványi, August
Bishop of Neutra in Hungary, doctor of philosophy and theology, b. at Szenna in the County ...Rosmini and Rosminianism
Antonio Rosmini Serbati, philosopher, and founder of the Institute of Charity, born 24 March, ...Rosminians
The Institute of Charity, or, officially, Societas a charitate nuncupata , is a religious ...Ross
(ROSSENSIS). Diocese in Ireland. This see was founded by St. Fachtna, and the place-name ...Ross, School of
The School of Ross &151; now called Ross-Carbery, but formerly Ross-Ailithir from the large ...Rossano
(ROSSANENSIS). Archdiocese in Calabria, province of Cosenza, Southern Italy. The city is ...Rosselino, Antonio di Matteo di Domenico
The youngest of five brothers, sculptors and stone cutters, family name Gamberelli (1427-78). He ...Rosselino, Bernardo
(Properly BERNARDO DI MATTEO GAMBARELLI.) B. at Florence, 1409; d. 1464. Rosselino occupies ...Rosselli, Cosimo
(LORENZO DI FILIPPO). Italian fresco painter, b. at Florence, 1439; d. there in 1507. The ...Rossi, Bernardo de
(DE RUBEIS, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO BERNARDO MARIA). Theologian and historian; b. at Cividale del ...Rossi, Giovanni Battista de
A distinguished Christian archaeologist , best known for his work in connection with the Roman ...Rossi, Pellegrino
Publicist, diplomat, economist, and statesman, b. at Carrara, Italy, 13 July, 1787; assassinated ...Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio
Born 29 February, 1792, at Pesaro in the Romagna; died 13 November, 1868, at Passy, near Paris. ...Rostock, Sebastian von
Bishop of Breslau, b. at Grottkau, Silesia, 24 Aug. 1607; d. at Breslau, 9 June, 1671. He ...Rostock, University of
Located in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in the year 1419 through the united efforts of Dukes John ...Roswitha
A celebrated nun -poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, ...Rota, Sacra Romana
In the Constitution "Sapienti Consilio" (29 June, 1908), II, 2, Pins X re-established the Sacra ...Roth, Heinrich
Missionary in India and Sanskrit scholar, b. of illustrious parentage at Augsburg, 18 December, ...Rothe, David
Bishop of Ossory ( Ireland ), b. at Kilkenny in 1573, of a distinguished family ; d. 20 ...Rottenburg
(ROTTENBURGENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of the ecclesiastical Province of the Upper Rhine. It ...Rotuli
Rotuli, i.e. rolls — in which a long narrow strip of papyrus or parchment, written on one ...Rouen, Archdiocese of
(ROTHOMAGENSIS) Revived by the Concordat of 1802 with the Sees of Bayeux, Evreux, and ...Rouen, Synods of
The first synod is generally believed to have been held by Archbishop Saint-Ouen about 650. ...Rouquette, Adrien
Born in Louisiana in 1813, of French parentage; died as a missionary among the Choctaw Indians ...Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste
French poet, b. in Paris, 16 April 1670; d. at La Genette, near Brussels, 17 May, 1741. ...Rovezzano, Benedetto da
Sculptor and architect, b. in 1490, either at Rovezzano, near Florence, or, according to some ...Rowsham, Stephen
A native of Oxfordshire, entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1572. He took orders in the English ...Royal Declaration, The
This is the name most commonly given to the solemn repudiation of Catholicity which, in ...Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul
Philosopher and French politician, b. at Sompuis (Marne), 21 June, 1763; d. at ...Ru 42
Ru 42
Ruadhan, Saint
One of the twelve "Apostles of Erin" ; died at the monastery of Lorrha, County Tipperary, ...Ruben
(REUBEN.) A proper name which designates in the Bible : (1) a patriarch; (II) a tribe of ...Rubens, Peter Paul
Eminent Flemish painter, b. at Siegen, Westphalia, 28 June, 1577; d. at Antwerp, 30 May, 1640. ...Rubrics
I. IDEA Among the ancients, according to Columella, Vitruvius, and Pliny, the word rubrica , ...Rubruck, William
(Also called William of Rubruck and less correctly Ruysbrock, Ruysbroek, and Rubruquis), ...Rudolf of Fulda
Chronicler, d. at Fulda, 8 March, 862. In the monastery of Fulda Rudolf entered the ...Rudolf of Habsburg
German king, b. 1 May 1218; d. at Speyer, 15 July, 1291. He was the son of Albert IV, the founder ...Rudolf of Rüdesheim
Bishop of Breslau, b. at Rüdesheim on the Rhine, about 1402; d. at Breslau in Jan., 1482. ...Rudolf von Ems
[Hohenems in Austria ]. A Middle High German epic poet of the thirteenth century. Almost ...Rueckers, Family of
Famous organ and piano-forte builders of Antwerp. Hans Rueckers, the founder, lived in ...Ruffini, Paolo
Physician and mathematician, b. at Valentano in the Duchy of Castro, 3 Sept., 1765; d. at Modena, ...Rufford Abbey
A monastery of the Cistercian Order, situated on the left bank of the Rainworth Water, about ...Rufina, Saints
The present Roman Martyrology records saints of this name on the following days: (1) On ...Rufinus, Saint
The present Roman Martyrology records eleven saints named Rufinus: (1) On 28 February, a ...Rufus, Saint
The present Roman Martyrology records ten saints of this name. Historical mention is made of ...Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza, Juan de
Spanish dramatic poet, b. at Mexico City, about 1580; d. at Madrid, 4 August, 1639. He received ...Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio
One of the most distinguished pioneers of the original Jesuit mission in Paraguay, and a ...Ruiz de Montoya, Diego
Theologian, b. at Seville, 1562; d. there 15 March, 1632. He entered the Society of Jesus in ...Rule of Faith, The
The word rule ( Latin regula , Gr. kanon ) means a standard by which something can be ...Rule of St. Augustine
The title, Rule of Saint Augustine , has been applied to each of the following documents: ...Rule of St. Benedict
This work holds the first place among monastic legislative codes, and was by far the most ...Rumania
A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, situated between the Black Sea, the Danube, the Carpathian ...Rumohr, Karl Friedrich
Art historian, b. at Dresden, 1785; d. there, 1843. He became a Catholic in 1804. He was ...Rupe, Alanus de
( Sometimes DE LA ROCHE). Born about 1428; died at Zwolle in Holland, 8 September, 1475. ...Rupert, Saint
(Alternative forms, Ruprecht, Hrodperht, Hrodpreht, Roudbertus, Rudbertus, Robert, Ruprecht). ...Rusaddir
A titular see of Mauritania Tingitana. Rusaddir is a Phoenician settlement whose name ...Rusicade
A titular see of Numidia. It is mentioned by Ptolemy (IV, 3), Mela (I, 33), Pliny (V, 22), ...Ruspe
Titular see of Byzacena in Africa, mentioned only by Ptolemy (IV, 3) and the "Tabula" of ...Russell, Charles
(BARON RUSSELL OF KILLOWEN). Born at Newry, Ireland, 10 November, 1832; died in London, 10 ...Russell, Charles William
Born at Killough, Co. Down, 14 May, 1812; died at Dublin 26 Feb., 1880. He was descended from the ...Russell, Richard
Bishop of Vizéu in Portugal, b. in Berkshire, 1630; d. at Vizéu, 15 Nov., 1693. He ...Russia
GEOGRAPHY Russia ( Rossiiskaia Imperiia; Russkoe Gosudarstvo ) comprises the greater part of ...Russia, The Religion of
A. The Origin of Russian Christianity There are two theories in regard to the early Christianity ...Russian Language and Literature
The subject will be treated under the following heads, viz. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE; ANCIENT POPULAR ...Rusticus of Narbonne, Saint
Born either at Marseilles or at Narbonnaise, Gaul; died 26 Oct., 461. According to biographers, ...Ruth, Book of
One of the proto-canonical writings of the Old Testament, which derives its name from the heroine ...Ruthenian Rite
There is, properly speaking, no separate and distinct rite for the Ruthenians, but inasmuch as ...Ruthenians
(Ruthenian and Russian: Rusin , plural Rusini ) A Slavic people from Southern Russia, ...Rutter, Henry
( vere BANISTER) Born 26 Feb., 1755; died 17 September, 1838, near Dodding Green, ...Ruvo and Bitonto
(RUBENSIS ET BITUNTINENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Bari, Aquileia, Southern Italy. Ruvo, ...Ruysbroeck, Blessed John
Surnamed the Admirable Doctor, and the Divine Doctor, undoubtedly the foremost of the Flemish ...Ruysch, John
Astronomer, cartographer, and painter, born at Utrecht about 1460; died at Cologne, 1533. Little ...Ry 4
Ry 4
Ryan, Father Abram J.
The poet-priest of the South, born at Norfolk, Virginia, 15 August, 1839; died at Louisville, ...Ryan, Patrick John
Sixth Bishop and second Archbishop of Philadelphia, b. At Thurles, County Tipperary, ...Ryder, Henry Ignatius Dudley
English Oratorian priest and controversialist, b. 3 Jan., 1837; d. at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 7 ...
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