The Society of Jesus
(Company of Jesus, Jesuits)
See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT GENERALS, and four articles on the history of the Society : PRE-1750, 1750-1773, 1773-1814, and 1814-1912.
The Society of Jesus is a religious order founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola. Designated by him "The Company of Jesus" to indicate its true leader and its soldier spirit, the title was Latinized into "Societas Jesu" in the Bull of Paul III approving its formation and the first formula of its Institute ("Regimini militantis ecclesia", 27 Sept., 1540). The term "Jesuit" (of fifteenth-century origin, meaning one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of Jesus ), was first applied to the society in reproach (1544-52), and was never employed by its founder, though members and friends of the society in time accepted the name in its good sense. The Society ranks among religious institutes as a mendicant order of clerks regular, that is, a body of priests organized for apostolic work, following a religious rule, and relying on alms for their support [ Bulls of Pius V , "Dum indefessae", 7 July, 1571; Gregory XIII, "Ascendente Domino", 25 May, 1585].
As has been explained under the title "Ignatius Loyola", the founder began his self-reform, and the enlistment of followers, entirely prepossessed with the idea of the imitation of Christ, and without any plan for a religious order or purpose of attending to the needs of the days. Unexpectedly prevented from carrying out this idea, he offered his services and those of this followers to the pope, "Christ upon Earth", who at once employed him in such works as were most pressing at the moment. It was only after this and just before the first companions broke to go at the pope's command to various countries, that the resolution to found an order was taken, and that Ignatius was commissioned to draw up Constitutions. This he did slowly and methodically; first introducing rules and customs and seeing how they worked. He did not codify them for the first six years. Then three years were given to formulating laws the wisdom of which had been proven by experiment. In the last six years of the Saint's life the Constitutions so composed were finally revised and put into practice everywhere. This sequence of events explains at once how the society, though devoted to the following of Christ, as though there were nothing else in the world to care for, is also excellently adapted to the needs of the day. It began to attend to them before it began to legislate; and its legislation was the codification of those measures which had been proved by experience to be apt to preserve its preliminary religious principle among men actually devoted to the requirements of the Church in days not unlike our own.
The Society was not founded with the avowed intention of opposing Protestantism. Neither the papal letters of approbation nor the Constitutions of the order mention this as the object of the new foundation. When Ignatius began to devote himself to the service of the Church, he had probably not even heard of the names of the Protestant Reformers . His early plan was rather the conversion of Mohammedans, an idea which, a few decades after the final triumph of the Christians over the Moors in Spain, must have strongly appealed to the chivalrous Spaniards.
The name "Societas Jesu" had been born by a military order approved and recommended by Pius II in 1450, the purpose of which was to fight against the Turks and aid in spreading the Christian faith. The early Jesuits were sent by Ignatius first to pagan lands or to Catholic countries; to Protestant countries only at the special request of the pope and to Germany, the cradle-land of the Reformation, at the urgent solicitation of the imperial ambassador.
From the very beginning the missionary labours of the Jesuits among the pagans of India, Japan, China, Canada, Central and South America were as important as their activity in Christian countries. As the object of the society was the propagation and strengthening of the Catholic faith everywhere, the Jesuits naturally endeavored to counteract the spread of Protestantism. They became the main instruments of the Counter-Reformation ; the re-conquest of southern and western Germany and Austria for the Church, and the preservation of the Catholic faith in France and other countries were due chiefly to their exertions.
INSTITUTES, CONSTITUTIONS, LEGISLATION
The official publication which constitutes all the regulations of the Society, its codex legum , is entitled "Institutum Societas Jesu" of which the latest edition was issued at Rome and Florence 1869-91 (for full biography see Sommervogel, V, 75-115; IX, 609-611; for commentators see X, 705-710). The Institute contains:
(1) The special Bulls and other pontifical documents approving the Society and canonically determining or regulating its various works, and its ecclesiastical standing and relations.
Besides those already mentioned, other important Bulls are those of: Paul III, "Injunctum nobis", 14 March, 1543; Julius III, "Exposcit debitum", 21 July, 1550; Pius V, "Æquum reputamus", 17 January, 1565; Pius VII, "Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum", 7 August, 1814, Leo XIII, "Dolemus inter alia", 13 July, 1880.
(2) The Examen Generale and Constitutions. The Examen contains subjects to be explained to postulants and points on which they are to be examined. The Constitutions are divided into ten parts:
Thus far in the Institute all is by Saint Ignatius, who has also added "Declarations" of various obscure parts. Then come:
- Decrees of General Congregations, which have equal authority with the Constitutions;
- Rules, general and particular, etc.;
- Formulae or order of business for the congregations;
- Ordinations of generals, which have the same authority as rules;
- Instructions, some for superiors, others for those engaged in the missions or other works of the Society;
- Industriae, or special counsels for superiors;
- The Book of the Spiritual; and
- the Ratio Studiorum, which have directive force only.
The Constitutions as drafted by Ignatius and adopted finally by the first congregation of the Society, 1558, have never been altered. Ill-informed writers have stated that Lainez, the second general, made considerable changes in the saint's conception of the order; but Ignatius' own later recension of the Constitutions, lately reproduced in facsimile (Rome, 1908), exactly agree with the text of the Constitutions now in force, and contains no word by Lainez, not even in the declarations, or glosses added to the text, which are all the work of Ignatius. The text in use in the Society is a Latin version prepared under the direction of the third congregation, and subjected to a minute comparison with the Spanish original preserved in the Society's archives, during the fourth congregation (1581).
These Constitutions were written after long deliberation between Ignatius and his companions in the founding of the Society, as at first it seemed to them that they might continue their work without the aid of a special Rule. They were the fruit of long experience and of serious meditation and prayer. Throughout they are inspired by an exalted spirit of charity and zeal for souls.
They contain nothing unreasonable. To appreciate them, however, requires a knowledge of canon law applied to monastic life and also of their history in the light of the times for which they were framed. Usually those who find fault with them either have never read them or else have misinterpreted them. Monod, for instance, in his introduction to Böhmer's essay on the Jesuits ("Les jesuites", Paris, 1910, p. 13, 14) recalls how Michelet mistranslated the words of the Constitutions, p. VI, c. 5, obligationem ad peccatum , and made it appear that they require obedience even to the commission of sin, as if the text were obligatio ad peccandum , where the obvious meaning and purpose of the text is precisely to show that the transgression of the rules is not in itself sinful. Monod enumerates such men as Arnauld, Wolf, Lange, Ranke in the first edition of his "History", Hausser and Droysen, Philippson and Charbonnel, as having repeated the same error, although it has been refuted frequently since 1824, particularly by Gieseler, and corrected by Ranke in his second edition.
Whenever the Constitutions enjoin what is already a serious moral obligation, or superiors, by virtue of their authority, impose a grave obligation, transgression is sinful ; but this is true of such transgressions not only in the society but out of it. Moreover such commands are rarely given by the superiors and only when the good of the individual member or the common good imperatively demands it. The rule throughout is one of love inspired by wisdom, and must be interpreted in the spirit of charity which animates it. This is especially true of its provisions for the affectionate relations of members with superiors and with one another, by the manifestation of conscience, more or less practiced in every religious order, and by mutual correction when this may be necessary. It also applies to the methods employed to ascertain the qualification of members for various offices or ministries.
The chief authority is vested in the general congregation, which elects the general, and could, for certain grave causes, depose him. This body could also (although there has never yet been an occasion for so doing) add new Constitutions and abrogate old ones. Usually this congregation is convened on the occasion of the death of a general, in order to elect a successor, and to make provisions for the government and welfare of the Society. It may also be called at other times for grave reasons. It consists of the general, when alive, and his assistants, the provincials, and two deputies from each province or territorial division of the society elected by the superiors and older professed members.
Thus authority in the Society eventually rests on a democratic basis. But as there is no definite time for calling the general congregation — which in fact rarely occurs except to elect a new general — the exercise of authority is usually in the hands of the general, in whom is vested the fullness of administrative power, and of spiritual authority. He can do anything within the scope of the Constitutions, and can even dispense with them for good causes, though he cannot change them. He resides at Rome, and has a council of assistants, five in number at present, one each for Italy, France, Spain, and the countries of Spanish origin, one for Germany, Austria, Poland, Belgium, Hungary, Holland, and one for English-speaking countries — England, Ireland, United States , Canada, and British colonies (except India ). These usually hold office until the death of the general. Should the general through age or infirmity become incapacitated for governing the Society, a vicar is chosen by a general congregation to act for him. At his death he names one so to act until the congregation can meet and elect his successor.
Next to him in order of authority comes the provincials, the heads of the Society, whether for an entire country, as England, Ireland, Canada, Belgium, Mexico, or, where these units are too large or too small to make convenient provinces they may be subdivided or joined together. Thus there are now four provinces in the United States : California, Maryland-New York, Missouri, New Orleans . In all there are now twenty-seven provinces. The provincial is appointed by the general, with ample administrative faculties. He too has a council of "counselors" and an "admonitor" appointed by the general. Under the provincial come the local superiors. Of these, rectors of colleges, provosts of professed houses, and masters of novices are appointed by the general; the rest by the provincial. To enable the general to make and control so many appointments, a free and ample correspondence is kept up, and everyone has the right of private communication with him. No superior, except the general, is named for life. Usually provincials and rectors of colleges hold office for three years.
Members of the society fall into four classes:
- Novices (whether received as lay brothers for the domestic and temporal services of the order, or as aspirants to the priesthood ), who are trained in the spirit and discipline of the order, prior to making the religious vows.
- At the end of two years the novices make simple vows, and, if aspirants to the priesthood, become formed scholastics ; they remain in this grade as a rule from two to fifteen years, in which time they will have completed all their studies, pass (generally) a certain period in teaching, receive the priesthood, and go through a third year of novitiate or probation (the tertianship). According to the degree of discipline and virtue, and to the talents they display (the latter are normally tested by the examination for the Degree of Doctor of Theology) they may now become formed coadjutors or professed members of the order.
- Formed coadjutors , whether formed lay brothers or priests, make vows which, though not solemn, are perpetual on their part; while the Society, on its side binds itself to them, unless they should commit some grave offense.
- The professed are all priests, who make, besides the three usual solemn vows of religion, a fourth, of special obedience to the pope in the matter of missions, undertaking to go wherever they are sent, without even requiring money for the journey. They also make certain additional, but non-essential, simple vows, in the matter of poverty, and the refusal of external honours. The professed of the four vows constitute the kernel of the Society; the other grades are regarded as preparatory, or as subsidiary to this. The chief offices can be held by the professed alone; and though they may be dismissed, they must be received back, if willing to comply with the conditions that may be prescribed. Otherwise they enjoy no privileges, and many posts of importance, such as the government of colleges, may be held by members of other grades. For special reasons some are occasionally professed of three vows and they have certain but not all the privileges of the other professed.
All live in community alike, as regards food, apparel, lodging, recreation, and all are alike bound by the rules of the Society.
There are no secret Jesuits. Like other orders, the Society can, if it will, make its friends participators in its prayers, and in the merits of its good works; but it cannot make them members of the order, unless they live the life of the order. There is indeed the case of St. Francis Borgia, who made some of the probations in an unusual way, outside the houses of the order. But this was in order that he might be able to conclude certain business matters and other affairs of state, and thus appear the sooner in public as a Jesuit, not that he might remain permanently outside the common life.
Novitiate and TrainingCandidates for admission come not only from the colleges conducted by the Society, but from other schools. Frequently post-graduate or professional students, and those who have already begun their career in business or professional life, or even in the priesthood, apply for admission. Usually the candidate applies in person to the provincial, and if he considers him a likely subject he refers him for examination to four of the more experienced fathers. They question him about the age, health, position, occupation of his parents, their religion and good character, their dependence on his services; about his own health, obligations such as debts, or other contractual relations; his studies, qualifications, moral character, personal motives as well as the external influences that may have lead him to seek admission. The results of their questioning and of their own observation they report severally to the provincial, who weighs their opinions carefully before deciding for or against the applicant. Any notable bodily or mental defect in the candidate, serious indebtedness or other obligation, previous membership in another religious order even for a day, indicating instability of vocation, unqualifies for admission. Undue influence, particularly if exercised by members of the order, would occasion stricter scrutiny than usual into the personal motives of the applicant.
Candidates may enter at any time, but usually there is a fixed day each years for their admission, toward the close of the summer holidays, in order that all may begin their training, or probation, together. They spend the first ten days considering the manner of life they are to adopt, and its difficulties, the rules of the order, the obedience required of its members. They then make a brief retreat, meditating on what they have learned about the Society and examining their own motives and hopes for perserverance in the new mode of life. If all be satisfactory to them and to the superior or director who has charge of them, they are admitted as novices, wear the clerical costume (as there is no special Jesuit habit) and begin in earnest the life of members in the Society. They rise early, make a brief visit to the chapel, a meditation on some subject selected the night before, assist at Mass, review their meditation, breakfast, and then prepare for the day's routine. This consists of manual labor in or out of doors, reading books on spiritual topics, ecclesiastical history, biography, particularly of men or women distinguished for zeal and enterprise in missionary or educational fields. There is a daily conference by the master of the novices on some detail of the Institute, notes of which all are required to make, so as to be ready, when asked, to repeat the salient points.
Wherever it is possible some are submitted to certain tests of their vocation or usefulness; to teaching catechism in the village churches; to attendance on the sick in hospitals ; to going about on a pilgrimage or missionary journey without money or other provision. As soon as possible, all make the spiritual exercises for 30 days. This is really the chief test of a vocation, as it is also in epitome the main work of the two years of the novitiate, and for that matter of the entire life of a Jesuit. On these exercises the Constitutions, the life, and activity of the Society are based, so they are really the chief factor in forming the character of a Jesuit.
In accordance with the ideals set forth in these exercises, of disinterested conformity with God's will, and of personal love of Jesus Christ, the novice is trained diligently in the meditative study of the truths of religion, in the habit of self-knowledge, in the constant scrutiny of his motives and of the actions inspired by them, in the correction of every form of self-deceit, illusion, plausible pretext, and in the education of his will, particularly in making choice of what seems best after careful deliberation and without self-seeking. Deeds, not words, are insisted upon as proof of genuine service, and a mechanical, emotional, or fanciful piety is not tolerated. As the novice gradually thus becomes master of his will, he grows more and more capable of offering to God the reasonable service enjoined by St. Paul, and seeks to follow the divine will, as manifested in Jesus Christ, by His vicar on earth, by the bishops appointed to rule His Church, by his more immediate or religious superiors, and by the civil powers rightfully exercising authority. This is what is meant by Jesuit obedience, the characteristic virtue of the order, such a sincere respect for authority as to accept its decisions and comply with them, not merely by outward performance but in all sincerity with the conviction that compliance is best, and that the command expresses for the time the will of God, as nearly as it can be ascertained.
The noviceship lasts two years. On its completion the novice makes the usual vows of religion, the simple vow of chastity in the Society having the force of a diriment impediment to matrimony. During the noviceship but a brief time daily is devoted to reviewing previous studies. The noviceship over, the scholastic members, i.e., those who are to become priests in the Society, follow a special course in classics and mathematics lasting two years, usually in the same house with the novices. Then, in another house and neighbourhood, three years are given to the study of philosophy, about five years to teaching in one or other of the public colleges of the Society, four years to the study of theology, priestly orders being conferred after the third, and finally, one year more to another probation or noviceship, intended to help the young priest renew his spirit of piety and to learn how to utilize to the best of his ability all the learning and experience he has required. In exceptional cases, as in that of a priest who has finished his studies before entering the order, allowance is made and the training periods need not last over ten years, a good part of which is spent in active ministry.
The object of the order is not limited to practicing any one class of good works, however laudable (as preaching, chanting office, doing penance, etc.), but to study, in the manner of the Spiritual, what Christ would have done, if He were living in our circumstances, and to carry out that ideal. Hence elevation and largeness of aim. Hence the motto of the Society, "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam". Hence the selection of the virtue of obedience as the characteristic of the order, to be ready for any call, and to keep unity in every variety of work. Hence, by easy sequence, the omission of office in choir, of a special distinctive habit, of unusual penances. Where the Protestant reformers aimed at reorganizing the church at large according to their particular conceptions, Ignatius began with interior self-reform; and after that had been thoroughly established, then the earnest preaching of self-reform to others. That done, the church would not, and did not, fail to reform herself. Many religious distinguished themselves as educators before the Jesuits; but the Society was the first order which enjoined by its very Constitutions devotion to the cause of education. It was, in this sense, the first "teaching order".
The ministry of the Society consists chiefly in preaching; teaching catechism, especially to children; administering the sacraments especially penance and the Eucharist; conducting missions in the parishes on the lines of the Spiritual; directing those who wish to follow those exercises in houses of retreat, seminaries or convents ; taking care of parishes or collegiate churches; organizing pious confraternities, sodalities, unions of prayer, Bona Mors associations in their own and other parishes ; teaching in schools of every grade — academic; seminary, university ; writing books, pamphlets, periodical articles; going on foreign missions among uncivilized peoples.
In liturgical functions the Roman Rite is followed. The proper exercise of all these functions is provided for by rules carefully framed by the general congregations or by the generals. All these regulations command the greatest respect on the part of every member. In practice the superior for the time being is the living rule — not that he can alter or abrogate any rule, but because he must interpret and determine its application. In this fact and in its consequences, the Society differs from every religious order antecedent to its foundation; to this principally, it owes its life, activity, and power to adapt its Institutes to modern conditions without need of change in that instrument or of reform in the body itself.
The story of the foundation of the Society is told in the article Ignatius Loyola. Briefly, after having inspired his companions Peter Faber, Francis Xavier, James Lainez, Alonso Salmerón, Nicolas Bobadilla, Simon Rodriquez, Claude Le Jay, Jean Codure, and Paschase Brouet with a desire to dwell in the Holy Land imitating the life of Christ, they first made vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris, on 15 August, 1534, adding a vow to go to the Holy Land after two years. When this was found to be inpracticable, after waiting another year, they offered their services to the pope, Paul III. Fully another year was passed by some in university towns in Italy, by others at Rome, where, after encountering much opposition and slander, all met together to agree on a mode of life by which they might advance in evangelical perfection and help others in the same task. The first formula of the Institute was submitted to the pope and approved of viva voce, 3 September 1539, and formally, 27 September, 1540.
Related Articles- Jesuit Apologetic
- Distinguished Jesuits
- History of the Jesuits Before the Suppression
- Jesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression
- History of the Jesuits During the Suppression (1750-1773)
- History of the Jesuits During the Interim (1773-1814)
- History of the Jesuits After the Restoration (1814-1912)
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Téllez, Gabriel
Spanish priest and poet, better known by his pseudonym of Tirso de Molina, b. at Madrid, c. ...Tü 1
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Tübingen, University of
Located in Würtemberg ; founded by Count Eberhard im Bart on 3 July, 1477, after Pope ...Ta 91
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Tabæ
Titular see in Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis ; according to Strabo (XII, 570, 576) it was ...Tabasco
(TABASQUENSIS) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archbishopric of ...Tabb, John Bannister
An American poet and educator, born at "The Forest" near Richmond, 1845; died at Ellicott City, ...Tabbora
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Tabbora or Talbora has been ...Tabernacle
(TABERNACULUM). Tabernacle signified in the Middle Ages sometimes a ciborium-altar, a ...Tabernacle
(Latin tabernaculum , tent). Tabernacle in Biblical parlance usually designates the ...Tabernacle Lamp
In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should ...Tabernacle Societies
The Association of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and of work for poor churches ...Tabernacle Society
Notre Dame Convent, Philadelphia; a society of persons affiliated with the Association of ...Tabernacles, Feast of
One of the three great feasts of the Hebrew liturgical calendar, even the greatest, according ...Tabor, Mount
The name of Mount Thabor, , is rendered in the Septuagint as , and in Jeremias and Osee ...Tacana Indians
The collective designation for a group of tribes constituting the Tacanan linguistic stock in ...Tacapæ
Titular see of Tripolitana in northern Africa. The official list of titular sees of the ...Taché, Alexandre-Antonin
First Archbishop of St. Boniface, Manitoba, missionary, prelate, statesman, and writer of ...Taché, Etienne-Pascal
Statesman, b. at St. Thomas (Montmagny, Province of Quebec ), 5 Sept., 1795, son of Charles, and ...Tadama
A titular see in Mauretania Cæsariensis, of which nothing, is known. Its bishop David is ...Taensa Indians
A tribe of Muskhogean stock and somewhat superior culture, living when first known on the west ...Tahiti
Tahiti, the most important of the Society Islands, has an area of 600 square miles and a ...Taigi, Ven. Anna Maria
( Maiden name Giannetti.) Venerable Servant of God, born at Siena, Italy, 29 May, 1769; ...Tait Indians
( Te-it , "Those up river"). A collective term for those members of the Cowichan tribe, of ...Takkali
(More proper Takhehi, plural Takhehlne). The hybrid name by which the Carrier Indians of the ...Talbot, James
Fourth son of George Talbot and brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury (b. 1726; d. ...Talbot, John
English Catholic layman, b. 1535(?); d. 1607(?). Only son and heir of Sir John Talbot, of ...Talbot, Peter
Archbishop of Dublin, 1669-1680; b. at Malahide, Dublin, in 1620. At an early age he entered ...Talbot, Thomas Joseph
Born 14 February, 1727; died at Hotwells, near Bristol, 24 April, 1795. Brother of the fourteenth ...Tallagaht, Monastery of
The name Tallaght (Irish Tamlachta ), derived from tam , plague, and lecht , stone ...Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de
Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador, born in Paris, 13 ...Tallis, Thomas
English composer, born about 1514; died 23 November, 1585. He was a chorister at Saint ...Talmud
1. DEFINITION Talmud was a post-Biblical substantive formation of Pi'el ("to teach"), and ...Talon, Jean
First intendant in exercise of New France , b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1625, of Philippe ...Talon, Nicolas
French Jesuit, historian, and ascetical writer, b. at Moulins, 31 August, 1605; d. at Paris, 29 ...Talon, Pierre
A French-Canadian explorer, b. at Quebec, 1676, of Lucien and Isabelle Planteau; d. in France ...Tamanac Indians
A formerly important tribe of Cariban linguistic stock occupying the territory about the Cuchivero ...Tamassus
A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis, was situated in the great central plain of the ...Tamaulipas
(CIVTTATIS VICTORIÆ SIVE TAMAULIPENSIS) Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of ...Tamburini, Michelangelo
Fourteenth General of the Society of Jesus , born at Modena, 27 Sept., 1648; died 28 Feb., ...Tamburini, Thomas
Moral theologian, born at Caltanisetta in Sicily, 6 March, 1591; died at Palermo 10 October, ...Tametsi
("ALTHOUGH") The first word of Chapter 1, Session 24 ( De Ref. Matr. ), of the Council of ...Tamisier, Marie-Marthe-Baptistine
(Called by her intimates EMILIA) Initiator of international Eucharistic congresses, born at ...Tanagra
A titular see in Hellas, suffragan of Corinth ; it was a town of Bœotia, in a fertile ...Tancred
Prince of Antioch, born about 1072; died at Antioch, 12 Dec., 1112. He was the son of Marquess ...Taney, Roger Brooke
(Pronounced Tawney ) Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, ...Tanguay, Cyprien
Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902. After a course of classics and theology at Quebec ...Tanis
A titular see, suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima, capital of the fourteenth district ...Tanner, Adam
Controversialist, born at Innsbruck in 1571; died at Unken, 25 May, 1632. He entered the Society ...Tanner, Conrad
Abbot of Einsiedeln, born at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec., 1752; died 7 April, 1825. He ...Tanner, Edmund
Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579. The statement in ...Tanner, Matthias
Born at Pilsen in Bohemia, 28 Feb., 1630; died at Prague, 8 Feb., 1692. He entered the Society ...Tantum Ergo
The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn (see PANGE LINGUA GLORIOSI, II) ...Tanucci, Bernardo
Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 ...Taoism
(TAO-KIAO.) Taoism is the second of the three state religions ( San-kiao ) of China. ...Taos Pueblo
An important town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of ...Taparelli, Aloysius
(D'AZEGLIO, christened PROSPERO) Philosopher and writer on sociological subjects, born at ...Tapestry
A word of French origin naming a fabric in which the two processes of weaving and embroidering ...Tapis, Esteban
Born at Santa Coloma de Farnes, Catalonia, Spain, 25 Aug., 1754; died 3 Nov., 1825. He entered ...Tarabotti, Helena
Nun and authoress, b. at Venice, 1605; d. there 1652. Obliged by her father, who was descended ...Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, Saints
Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (about 304). The "Martyrologium Hieronymian." contains the ...Taranto
DIOCESE OF TARANTO (TARENTINA) Diocese in southern Italy, on a bay in the Gulf of Taranto. The ...Tarapacá
VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF TARAPACA (DE TARAPACA). Situated in Chile, bounded on the north by the ...Tarasius, Saint
Patriarch of Constantinople, date of birth unknown; died 25 February, 806. He was the son of the ...Tarazona
DIOCESE OF TARAZONA (TURIASONENSIS) The Diocese of Tarazona comprises the Spanish provinces of ...Tarbes
DIOCESE OF TARBES (TARBIA) The Diocese of Tarbes comprises the Department of the ...Tarentaise
(TARANTASIENSIS) Tarentaise comprises the arrondissement of Moutiers in the Department of ...Targum
Targum is the distinctive designation of the Aramaic translations or paraphrases of the Old ...Tarisel, Pierre
Master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in August, 1510. (In 1555 the title of architect was ...Tarkin, Saint
(Talarican.) Bishop of Sodor (including the western islands of Scotland ), was probably of ...Tarnow
DIOCESE OF TARNOW (TARNOVIENSIS). Diocese in western Galicia, Austria. The See of Posen, ...Tarquini, Camillus
Cardinal, Jesuit canonist and archaeologist, b. at Marta in the diocese of Montefiascone, ...Tarragona
ARCHDIOCESE OF TARRAGONA (TARRACONENSIS) Bounded on the north by Barcelona and Lérida, ...Tarsicius, Saint
Martyr. The only positive information concerning this Roman martyr is found in the poem composed ...Tarsus
A metropolitan see of Cilicia Prima. It appears to have been of Semitic origin and is ...Tartaglia, Nicolò
(T ARTALEA ). Italian mathematician, b. at Brescia, c. 1500; d. at Venice, 13 December, ...Tartini, Giuseppe
Violinist, composer, and theorist, b. at Pirano, Italy, 12 April, 1692; d. at Padua, 16 Feb., ...Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre
Archbishop of Quebec and first Canadian cardinal, b. 17 February, 1820, at la Beauce, Province ...Tassé, Joseph
Writer and journalist, born at Montreal, 23 Oct., 1848; died 17 Jan., 1895; son of Joseph, and ...Tassach, Saint
Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497. He was one of St. ...Tassin, René-Prosper
French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Lonlay, in ...Tasso, Torquato
Italian poet, born at Sorrento near Naples in 1544; died at Rome, in 1595; son of Bernardo ...Tassoni, Alessandro
Italian poet, born at Modena in 1565; died there in 1635. He spent his life in the service of ...Tatian
A second-century apologist about whose antecedents and early history nothing can be affirmed ...Tatwin, Saint
(TATUINI) Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 30 July, 734. A Mercian by birth, he became a ...Taubaté
(DE TAUBATÉ) Diocese in Brazil, South America, established on 29 April, 1908, as a ...Tauler, John
German Dominican, one of the greatest mystics and preachers of the Middle Ages, born at ...Taunton, Ethelred
Writer, born at Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, 17 Oct., 1857; died in London, 9 May, 1907. He ...Taverner, John
Composer, b. in the County of Norfolk, England, about 1475; d. at Boston, England, 1535 or 1536. ...Tavistock Abbey
Tavistock Abbey, on the Tavy River in Devonshire, England, founded for Benedictine monks in ...Tavium
A titular see in Galatia Prima, suffragan of Ancyra. Tavium, or Tavia, was the chief city of ...Taxa Innocentiana
A Decree issued by Innocent XI, 1 Oct., 1678, regulating the fees that may be demanded or ...Taxster, John de
(TAYSTER) John de Taxster, sometimes erroneously called Taxter or Taxston, was a ...Taylor, Frances Margaret
(MOTHER M. MAGDALEN TAYLOR) Superior General, and foundress of the Poor Servants of the Mother ...Taylor, Ven. Hugh
English martyr, born at Durham ; hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, 25 (not 26) November, ...Te 69
Te 69
Te Deum, The
An abbreviated title commonly given both to the original Latin text and the translations of a ...Te Lucis Ante Terminum
The hymn at Compline in the Roman Breviary. The authorship of St. Ambrose, for which Pimont ...Tebaldeo, Antonio
Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1463; died in 1537. His family name (Tebaldi) he changed to ...Tegernsee
Called Tegrinseo in 817, Tegernsee in 754. A celebrated Benedictine abbey of Bavaria that ...Tehuantepec
(Tehuantepecensis) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Oaxaca. Its area covers ...Teilo, Saint
(Eliud.) "Archbishop" of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at ...Tekakwitha, Blessed Kateri
(Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha/Takwita.) Known as the "Lily of the Mohawks", and the ...Teleology
(From Greek telos , end, and logos , science). Teleology is seldom used according to its ...Telepathy
( tele , far, and pathein , to experience) A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to ...Telese
(TELESINENSIS) Telese, a small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy, is situated ...Telesio, Bernardino
Italian humanist and philosopher born of a noble family at Cosenza, near Naples, 1508; died ...Telesphorus of Cosenza
(THEOPHORUS, THEOLOPHORUS). A name assumed by one of the pseudo-prophets during the time of ...Telesphorus, Pope Saint
(Lived about 125-136.) St. Telesphorus was the seventh Roman bishop in succession from the ...Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The
The Tell el-Amarna Tablets are a collection of some 350 clay tablets found in 1887 amid the ruins ...Tellier, Michel Le
Born 19 April, 1603; died at Paris, 30 Oct., 1685. He was commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin to ...Telmessus
Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Telmessus (or incorrectly Telmissis) was a flourishing ...Temiskaming
The Vicariate Apostolic of Temiskaming, suffragan of Ottawa, Canada, is bounded on the north by ...Temnus
A titular see in Asia, a suffragan of Ephesus. Temnus was a little town of Æolia, near ...Tempel, Wilhelm
(ERNEST LEBERECHT) German astronomer, b. 4 December, 1821, at (Nieder-) Cunnersdorf near ...Temperance
(Latin temperare , to mingle in due proportions; to qualify). Temperance is here considered ...Temperance Movements
EUROPE Reasons for a temperance movement exist to a greater or less degree in all the countries ...Templars, The Knights
The Knights Templars were the earliest founders of the military orders, and are the type on which ...Temple
The Latin form, templum , from which the English temple is derived, originally signified an ...Temple of Jerusalem
The word "temple" is derived from the Latin templum , signifying an uncovered place affording a ...Temple, Sisters of the
The Sisters of the Temple (whose full title is S ISTERS OF THE F INDING OF J ESUS IN THE T ...Temptation
( Latin tentare , to try or test). Temptation is here taken to be an incitement to sin ...Temptation of Christ
In the Catholic translation of the Bible , the word "temptation" is used in various senses, ...Ten Commandments, The
Called also simply THE COMMANDMENTS, COMMANDMENTS OF GOD, or THE DECALOGUE (Gr. deka , ten, ...Ten Thousand Martyrs, The
On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology. On 18 March: ...Tencin, Pierre-Guérin de
French statesman and cardinal, b. at Grenoble, 22 August, 1680; d. at Lyons, 2 March, 1758. ...Tenebræ
Tenebræ is the name given to the service of Matins and Lauds belonging to the last three ...Tenebrae Hearse
The Tenebræ Hearse is the triangular candlestick used in the Tenebræ service. The ...Tenedos
A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish ...Teneriffe
DIOCESE OF TENERIFFE (TENERIFENSIS). Suffragan of Seville, formerly called Nivariensis from ...Teniers, David
The name of two eminent Flemish landscape painters ; the elder, born at Antwerp in 1582; ...Tennessee
The State of Tennessee lies between 35° and 36°30' N. lat. and 81°37' and 90°38' ...Tenney, William Jewett
An author, editor, born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1814; died at Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., ...Tentyris
(TENTYRA) Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda. The city was ...Tenure, Ecclesiastical
I. In the feudal system an ecclesiastical fief followed all the laws laid down for temporal ...Teos
Titular see ; suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. A city of Caria situated on a peninsula ...Tepic
DIOCESE OF TEPIC (TEPICENSIS) A diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the ...Tepl
A Premonstratensian abbey in the western part of Bohemia, included in the Archdiocese of Prague ...Teramo
Diocese in southern Italy. In the past the city was injured by earthquakes. It is situated at ...Terce
The origin of Terce, like that of Sext and None, to which it bears a close relationship, dates ...Terenuthis
Titular see, suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima. Le Quien (Oriens christ., II, 611) ...Teresa of Avila, Saint
Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada Born at Avila, Old Castile, 28 March, 1515; died at ...Teresa of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne, The Sixteen Blessed
Guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 ...Terill, Anthony
English theologian, b. at Canford, Dorsetshire, in 1623; d. at Liège, 11 Oct., 1676. His ...Termessus
A titular see, suffragan of Perge in Pamphylia Secunda. This is one of the most ancient cities ...Termoli
(THERMULARUM) Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the ...Ternan, Saint
Bishop of the Picts, flourished in the sixth century. Much obscurity attaches to his history, and ...Terracina, Sezze, and Piperno
(TERRACINENSIS, SETINENSIS ET PRIVERNENSIS) Located in the Province of Rome. The city of ...Terrasson, André
A French preacher, born at Lyons in 1669; died at Paris, 25 April, 1723. He was the eldest son ...Terrestrial Paradise
( paradeisos , Paradisus ). The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the ...Terrien, Jean-Baptiste
Dogmatic theologian, born at St-Laurent-des-Autels, Maine-et-Loire, 26 Aug., 1832; d. at ...Tertiaries
(From the Latin tertiarius , the relative adjective of tertius , third ). Tertiaries, or ...Tertullian
(Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS ). Ecclesiastical writer in the second and ...Teruel
(TUROLENSIS) A suffragan of Saragossa, comprises the civil province of the same name, ...Test-Oath, Missouri
In January, 1865, there assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, a "Constitutional Convention" composed ...Testament, New
I. Name ; II. Description ; III. Origin ; IV. Transmission of the Text ; V. Contents, History, ...Testament, Old
I. NAME The word "testament", Hebrew berîth , Greek diatheke , primarily signifies the ...Testem Benevolentiae
An Apostolic Letter of Leo XIII addressed to Cardinal Gibbons, 22 January, 1899. It opens by ...Tetzel, Johann
First public antagonist of Luther, b. at Pirna in Meissen, 1465; d. at Leipzig, 11 Aug., 1519. ...Teuchira
A titular see in Libyan Pentapolis. Teuchira ( Teucheira ) neuter plural, was a city on the ...Teutonic Order
A medieval military order modelled on the Hospitallers of St. John, which changed its residence ...Tewdrig
(THEODORIC) A Welsh saint, son of King Ceithfalt of Morganwg or Southern Wales, flourished ...Texas
S TATE OF T EXAS . The name, Texas, is probably derived from Tejas, the name of a ...Textual Criticism
The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work ...Th 147
Th 147
Thænæ
A titular see in Africa Byzacena. It is mentioned in numerous ancient geographical documents ...Thébaud, Augustus
Jesuit educator and publicist, b. at Nantes, France, 20 Nov., 1807; d. at St. John's College, ...Thénard, Louis-Jacques, Baron
Chemist, b. at Louptière, near Nogent-sur-Seine, Aube, France, on 4 May, 1777; d. at Paris, ...Théophane Vénard
(JEAN-THÉOPHANE V&Eaucte;NARD.) French missionary, born at St-Loup, Diocese of ...Thérèse of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Thabor, Mount
The name of Mount Thabor, , is rendered in the Septuagint as , and in Jeremias and Osee ...Thabraca
A titular see of Numidia near the sea, between the Armua and the Tusca. Thabraca was the last ...Thacia Montana
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. An inscription discovered in the ...Thagaste
(TAGASTE) Thagaste, a titular see in Numidia, was a rather important municipality. It is ...Thagora
(Tagora) Titular see in Numidia, mentioned by the "Rabula Peutingeriana", which calls it ...Thais, Saint
(THAISIS or THAISIA). A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century. In the Greek menology her ...Thalberg, Sigismond
Musical composer and pianist, b. at Geneva, 1812; d. at Posilipo, Italy, 27 April, 1871. The ...Thalhofer, Valentin
German theologian, b. at Unterroth, near Ulm, 21 January, 1825; d. at the same place, 17 ...Thangmar
(THANKMAR) Historian, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. probably at Hildesheim ...Thanksgiving before and after Meals
The word grace , which, as applied to prayer over food, always in pre-Elizabethan English ...Thanksgiving Day
A civil holiday observed annually in the United States of America on the last Thursday in ...Thapsus
A titular see in Byzacene Africa. It was a Phoenician market on the coast of Byzacium in ...Thasos
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. The island of Thasos was anciently ...Thaumaci
A titular see in Thessaly, suffragan of Larissa, commanding the defile of Coele at the ...Thayer, John
Missionary, convert, first native of New England ordained to the priesthood, b. Boston, ...Theatines
(CLERICS REGULAR) A religious order of men, founded by Gaetano dei Conti di Tiene, Paolo ...Theatre, The
Considering the tone of what is preserved to us of the works of the Greek tragedians and even of ...Thebaid
The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper ...Thebes
(THEBAE) A metropolitan titular see of Achaia Secunda. The city was founded by the ...Thebes
(THEBAE) Titular see of Thebais Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais, and the seat of a Coptic ...Thecla, Saint
Benedictine Abbess of Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt; date of birth unknown; d. at Kitzingen about 790 ...Thecla, Saints
I. Thecla of Iconium The reputed pupil of the Apostle Paul , who is the heroine of the ...Theft
Theft is the secret taking of another's property against the reasonable will of that other. ...Thegan (Degan) of Treves
Chronicler, d. about 850. Very little is known of his life; all that is certain is that he was ...Theiner, Augustin
Theologian and historian, b. at Breslau, 11 April, 1804; d. at Civitavecchia, 8 Aug., 1874. He was ...Thelepte
A titular see in Byzacene. From an inscription we learn that it was a colony. An important ...Themiscyra
A titular see, suffragan of Amasea in the Hellespont. There was a town of this name near the ...Themisonium
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Themisonium was a city of Phrygia, ...Thennesus
A titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Cassian (Collat., XI, 1-3) gives a ...Theobald
(T EDBALD .) Archbishop of Canterbury ; d. 18 April, 1161. He was a Norman by descent and ...Theobald, Saint
Born at Provins in the Province of Champagne, France, in 1017; died at Salanigo in Italy 30 June, ...Theocracy
A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head. The laws of the ...Theodard, Saint
Archbishop of Narbonne, b. at Montauban about 840; d. at the same place 1 May, 893. He seems to ...Theodicy
Etymologically considered theodicy ( théos díe ) signifies the justification of ...Theodore I, Pope
Pope from 642 to 649; the date of his birth is unknown. He was a Greek of Jerusalem and the ...Theodore II, Pope
Son of Photius. His pontificate lasted only twenty days; neither the date of his birth nor of his ...Theodore of Amasea, Saint
Surnamed Tyro (Tiro), not because he was a young recruit, but because for a time he belonged to ...Theodore of Gaza
A fifteenth-century Greek Humanist and translator of Aristotle, b. at Thessalonica early in ...Theodore of Studium, Saint
A zealous champion of the veneration of images and the last geat representative of the unity ...Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
Seventh Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Tarsus in Cilicia about 602; d. at Canterbury 19 ...Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia
Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Antioch about 350 (thus also ...Theodoret
Bishop of Cyrus and theologian, born at Antioch in Syria about 393; died about 457. He says ...Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres
A Platonist philosopher of the twelfth century, b. in France at the beginning of the twelfth ...Theodoric the Great
King of the Ostrogoths, born A.D. 454 (?); died 26 August, 526. He was an illegitimate son of ...Theodorus and Theophanes, Saints
(Called Grapti , "written upon", graptoi ) Theodorus, b. about 775; d. about 842-43; ...Theodorus Lector
A lector attached to the Church of St. Sophia of Constantinople in the early part of the sixth ...Theodosiopolis
A titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima. In the beginning the city was called Apros, or ...Theodosius Florentini
Born at Münster, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 23 May, 1808; died at Heiden, in Appenzell, ...Theodosius I
Roman Emperor (also known as Flavius Theodosius), born in Spain, about 346; died at Milan, 17 ...Theodotus of Ancyra, Saint
Martyr. On 18 May the Roman Martyrology says: "At Ancyra, in Galatia, the martyr Saint Theodotus ...Theodulf
(Theodulfus, Theodulfe), Bishop of Orléans, a writer skilled in poetic forms and a ...Theology of Christ (Christology)
Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent ...Theology, Ascetical
Ascetics, as a branch of theology, may be briefly defined as the scientific exposition of ...Theology, Dogmatic
Dogmatic theology is that part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith ...Theology, History of Dogmatic
The imposing edifice of Catholic theology has been reared not by individual nations and men, ...Theology, Moral
Moral theology is a branch of theology, the science of God and Divine things. The distinction ...Theology, Mystical
Mystical theology is the science which treats of acts and experiences or states of the soul ...Theology, Pastoral
Pastoral theology is the science of the care of souls. This article will give the definition of ...Theonas
Bishop of Alexandria from about 283 to 301 ( Eusebius, "Chronicle", Ann. Abr. 2299, St. Jerome's ...Theophanes Kerameus
( Kerameus , potter). Archbishop of Rossano in Calabria (1129-52), a celebrated homiletic ...Theophanes, Saint
Chronicler, born at Constantinople, about 758; died in Samothracia, probably 12 March, 817, on ...Theophilanthropists
("Friends of God and Man") A deistic sect formed in France during the latter part of the ...Theophilus
Bishop of Antioch. Eusebius in his "Chronicle" places the name of Theophilus against that of ...Theophilus
Patriarch of Alexandria (385-412). Concerning the extraction and early life of Theophilus we ...Theosophy
( Theosophia = "wisdom concerning God ") Theosophy is a term used in general to designate ...Theotocopuli, Domenico
One of the most remarkable Spanish artists, b. in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; d. at Toledo, 7 ...Thera (Santorin)
DIOCESE OF THERA (SANTORINO) Diocese in the Cyclades. About the year 2000 B.C., the ...Thermae Basilicae
A titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea. The Greek "Notitiae episcopatuum" ...Thermopylae
A titular see and suffragan of Athens in Achaia Prima. It is the name of a defile about 4 ...Thessalonians, Epistles to the
Two of the canonical Epistles of St. Paul. This article will treat the Church of ...Thessalonica
(SALONIKI) Titular metropolis in Macedonia. It was at first a village called Alia, situated ...Theveste
Titular see of Numidia. The city seems to have had some importance even prior to Christianity. ...Thibaris
Titular see in Byzacena ( Africa ), not mentioned by any ancient author. The official list of ...Thibaut de Champagne
Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and King of Navarre, a French poet, b. 1201, at Troyes ; d. 8 ...Thierry of Freburg
( Or Thierry of Saxony). A philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages, and a member of ...Thiers, Louis-Adolphe
French statesman and historian, first president of the Third French Republic, b. at Marseilles, ...Thignica
A titular see in Numidia. The Roman Curia's official list of titular sees places Thignica in ...Thijm, Joseph Albert Alberdingk
Born at Amsterdam, 8 July, 1820; d. there, 17 March, 1889. After finishing his studies in his ...Thijm, Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk
Brother of Joseph Alberdingk Thijm , b. at Amsterdam, 21 Oct., 1827, d. at Louvain, 1 Feb., ...Thimelby, Richard
( Alias ASHBY) Missionary priest, b. in Lincolnshire, England, 1614; d. at St. Omer's, ...Third Orders
I. GENERAL Third Orders signify in general lay members of religious orders, i.e. men and women ...Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance ...Thmuis
A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium ; a city of Lower Egypt, on the ...Thomas á Jesu
(Diaz Sanchez de Avila). Discalced Carmelite, writer on mystical theology, born at Baeza, ...Thomas à Kempis
Author of the "Imitation of Christ" , born at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, in 1379 or 1380; ...Thomas Abel, Blessed
(Also ABLE, or ABELL.) Priest and martyr, born about 1497; died 30 July, 1540. He was ...Thomas Alfield, Venerable
(AUFIELD, ALPHILDE, HAWFIELD, OFFELDUS; alias BADGER). Priest, born at Gloucestershire; ...Thomas Aquinas, Saint
Philosopher, theologian, doctor of the Church ( Angelicus Doctor ), patron of Catholic ...Thomas Atkinson, Venerable
Martyred at York, 11 March, l6l6. He was born in the East Riding of Yorkshire, was ordained ...Thomas Becket, Saint
Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, born at London, 21 December, 1118 (?); died at Canterbury, 29 ...Thomas Belchiam, Venerable
A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537. He ...Thomas Christians, Saint
An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent ...Thomas Cottam, Blessed
Martyr, born 1549, in Lancashire; executed at Tyburn, 30 May, 1582. His parents, Laurence cottam ...Thomas Ford, Blessed
Born in Devonshire; died at Tyburn, 28 May, 1582. He incepted M.A. at Trinity College, Oxford, 14 ...Thomas Garnet, Saint
Protomartyr of St. Omer and therefore of Stonyhurst College; b. at Southwark, c. 1575; executed ...Thomas Johnson, Blessed
Carthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ...Thomas More, Saint
Saint, knight, Lord Chancellor of England, author and martyr, born in London, 7 February, ...Thomas of Beckington
(BEKYNTON.) Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Beckington, Somerset, about 1390; died at ...Thomas of Bradwardine
(BRAGWARDIN, BRANDNARDINUS, BREDWARDYN, BRADWARDYN, DE BREDEWARDINA). Born about 1290; died in ...Thomas of Cantimpré
Medieval writer, preacher, and theologian, born of noble parentage at Leuw St. Pierre near ...Thomas of Celano
Friar Minor, poet, andhagiographical writer, born at Celano in the Province of the Abruzzi, about ...Thomas of Dover
Martyr ; died 2 or 5 August, 1295. On the above date the French ravaged Dover with fire and ...Thomas of Hereford
(THOMAS DE CANTELUPE). Born at Hambledon, Buckinghamshire, England, about 1218; died at ...Thomas of Jesus
(THOMAS DE ANDRADA). Reformer and preacher, born at Lisbon, 1529; died at Sagena, Morocco, 17 ...Thomas of Jorz
(Often but erroneously called JOYCE and frequently referred to as ANGLUS or ANGLICUS). ...Thomas of Strasburg
A fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order, born, according to some writers, at ...Thomas of Villanova, Saint
Educator, philanthropist, born at Fuentellana, Spain, 1488; died at Valencia, 8 September, 1555. ...Thomas Percy, Blessed
Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572. He was the eldest ...Thomas Sherwood, Blessed
Martyr, born in London, 1551; died at Tyburn, London, 7 February, 1578. His parents also ...Thomas the Apostle, Saint
Little is recorded of St. Thomas the Apostle, nevertheless thanks to the fourth Gospel his ...Thomas Thwing, Venerable
Martyr. Born at Heworth Hall, near York, in 1635; suffered at York, 23 Oct., 1680. His father was ...Thomas Woodhouse, Blessed
Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573, being disembowelled alive. Ordained in Mary's ...Thomas, Charles L.A.
French composer, born at Metz, 5 August, 1811; died at Paris, 12 February, 1896. He gained the ...Thomassin, Louis
Theologian and French Oratorian, b. at Aix-en-Provence 28 Aug., 1619; d. in Paris, 24 Dec., ...Thomism
In a broad sense, Thomism is the name given to the system which follows the teaching of St. ...Thompson River Indians
(THOMPSON INDIANS). An important tribe of British Columbia of Salishan linguistic stock, also ...Thompson, Blessed James
(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ...Thompson, Edward Healy and Harriet Diana
The name of two English converts : (1) Edward Healy and (2) Harriet Diana. Edward Healy ...Thompson, Francis
Poet, b. at Preston, Lancashire, 18 Dec., 1859; d. in London, 13 Nov., 1907. He came from the ...Thompson, Right Honourable Sir John Sparrow David
Jurist and first Catholic Premier of Canada, b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia , 10 Nov., 1844; d. ...Thonissen, Jean-Joseph
Professor of law at the University of Louvain, minister in the Belgian Government, b. at ...Thorlaksson, Arni
An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297. While a deacon, he visited ...Thorney Abbey
(i.e. "the isle of thorns", anciently called ANCARIG). Thorney Abbey, in Cambridgeshire, ...Thorns, Crown of
Although Our Saviour's Crown of Thorns is mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded ...Thorns, Feast of the Crown of
The first feast in honour of the Crown of Thorns ( Festum susceptionis coronae Domini ) was ...Thorpe, Venerable Robert
Priest and martyr, b. in Yorkshire; suffered at York, 15 May, 1591. He reached the English ...Thou, Jacques-Auguste de
French historian, b. at Paris, 8 October, 1553; d. there, 7 May, 1617. The son of Christophe de ...Thou, Nicolas de
Bishop of Chartres, uncle of the historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou, b. at Paris, 1528; d. at ...Three Chapters
The Three chapters ( trîa kephálaia ) were propositions anathematizing : (1) the ...Three Rivers
DIOCESE OF THREE RIVERS (TRIFLUVIANENSIS) Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec , to which it ...Throne
(Latin thronus, cathedra, sedes episcopalis ), the seat the bishop uses when not engaged at ...Thuburbo Minus
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Thuburbo Minus is mentioned in ...Thugga
Titular see of Numidia, perhaps the Numidian fortress of Tocai mentioned about 305 B.C. by ...Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula
Austrian statesman, born at Linz, 31 March, 1736; died at Vienna, 28 May, 1818. He was the son of ...Thulis, Venerable John
English martyr, born at Up Holland, Lancashire, probably about 1568; suffered at Lancaster, 18 ...Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo
Austrian statesman, b. at the family castle of Tetschen in Bohemia, 7 April, 1811; d. at Vienna, ...Thundering Legion
( Legio fulminata , or fulminea , not fulminatrix ). The story of the Thundering Legion ...Thuringia
The name Thuringia is given to a large part of Central Germany, bounded on the west by the ...Thurmayr, Johannes
(Called AVENTINUS from the place of his birth) Born at Abensberg, Bavaria, 4 July, 1477; died ...Thyatira
A titular suffragan see of Sardes in Lydia. According to Stephanus Byzantius, the name was ...Thynias
A titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia, in Bithynia Prima. It is an island situated in the Black ...Thyräus, Hermann
German Jesuit, b. at Neuss on the Rhine, 1532; d. at Mainz, 26 October, 1591. He studied first ...Ti 45
Ti 45
Tiara
The papal crown, a costly covering for the head, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, ...Tibaldi, Pellegrino
Known also as Pellegrino da Bologna and as Pellegrino Pellegrini; decorator, mural painter, and ...Tiberias
Titular see, suffragan of Scythopolis, in Palaestina Secunda. The town of Tiberias was founded on ...Tiberias, Sea of
So called in John 21:1 (cf. 6:1 ), otherwise known as "the sea of Galilee" ( Matthew 4:18 ; Mark ...Tiberiopolis
Titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana. Tiberiopolis is mentioned by Ptolemy (V, 2, 25); Socrates ...Tiberius
The second Roman emperor ( A. D. 14-37), b. 16 November, 42 B. C. , d. 16 March, A. D. 37. ...Tibet
A vast plateau, about 463,320 square miles, about 1240 miles in its greatest length from east to ...Tiburtius and Susanna, Saints
Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that ...Ticelia
Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis. Under this name it is not found in any ...Tichborne, Ven. Nicholas
Martyr, b. at Hartley Mauditt, Hampshire; suffered at Tyburn, London, 24 Aug., 1601. He was a ...Tichborne, Ven. Thomas
Born at Hartley, Hampshire, 1567; martyred at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1602. He was educated ...Ticonius
(Also TYCONIUS, TYCHONIUS, etc.) An African Donatist writer of the fourth century who ...Ticuna Indians
A tribe of Indians of some importance, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, inhabiting the ...Tieffentaller, Joseph
Jesuit missionary and noted geographer in Hindustan, b. at Bozen in the Tyrol, 27 August, 1710; ...Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo Born in Venice in 1696; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1770. ...Tierney, Mark Aloysius
Born at Brighton, Sept., 1795; died at Arundel, 19 Feb., 1862. After his early schooling with the ...Tigris, Saint
Irish saint, sister of St. Patrick. Much obscurity attaches to her life, and she has been ...Tillemont, Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de
French historian and priest, b. at Paris, 30 November, 1637; d. there, 10 January, 1698; he was ...Tilly, Johannes Tserclæs, Count of
Born at Brabant in 1559; died at Ingolstadt in April, 1632. He was a member of a noble family of ...Timbrias
A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. It is called Thymbrium in the official lists ...Time
The problem of time is one of the most difficult and most keenly debated in the field of natural ...Timothy and Symphorian, Saints
Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (311-13), ...Timothy and Titus, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Timucua Indians
A principal group or confederacy of Ancient Florida, notable for the successful missions ...Tincker, Mary Agnes
Novelist, born at Ellsworth, Maine, 18 July, 1833; died at Boston, Massachusetts, 4 December, ...Tingis
A titular see of Mauretania Tingitana (the official list of the Roman Curia places it in ...Tinin
SEE OF TININ (KNIN). Located in Dalmatia ; suffragan to Kalocsa-Bacs. Knin is a town on ...Tinos and Mykonos
DIOCESE OF TINOS AND MYKONOS (TINENSIS ET MYCONENSIS) A Latin diocese of the Cyclades, ...Tintern Abbey
This abbey, in Monmouthshire, England [actually Wales -- Ed. ], was founded in 1131 by ...Tintoretto, Il
(J ACOPO R OBUSTI ) Italian painter, b. at Venice, 1518; d. there 1594. His father was a ...Tipasa
A titular see of Numidia. The Phoenician word signifies passage. Early in its history we find ...Tiraboschi, Girolamo
Italian scholar, b. in the region of Bergamo, 1731; d. 3 June, 1794. At an early age he entered ...Tiraspol
DIOCESE OF TIRASPOL (or CHERSONESE) (TIRASPOLENSIS; CHERSONENSIS) Diocese in Southern Russia ...Tisio da Garofalo, Benvenuto
An Italian painter of the Ferrarese school ; b. in 1481 at Garofalo, whence, as was the ...Tissot, James
(JOSEPH-JACQUES TISSOT) French draughtsman and painter, b. at Nantes, 15 Oct., 1836; d. at ...Tithes
(Anglo-Saxon teotha , a tenth). Generally defined as "the tenth part of the increase arising ...Tithes, Lay
Under this heading must be distinguished (1) secular tithes, which subjects on crown-estates were ...Titian
(T IZIANO V ECELLI , called T ITIAN ). The greatest of Venetian painters, born at Pieve ...Titopolis
(TITIOPOLIS) Titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachaea in Isauria. Le Quien (Oriens ...Titulus
In pagan times titulus signified an inscription on stone, and later the stone which marked ...Titus
Roman Emperor 79-81, b. 30 Dec., 41; d. 13 Sept., 81; son of the Emperor Vespasian, and from the ...Titus and Timothy, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Titus, Bishop of Bostra
Born about 362-371. Sozomen (Hist. eccl., III, xiv) names Titus among the great men of the time ...Tius
(TIUM) Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in Honorias. According to Strabo (542, 545) the ...Tivoli
DIOCESE OF TIVOLI (TIBURTINA) Diocese in the Province of Rome. The city in situated where the ...Tl 2
Tl 2
Tlaxcala
(TLAXCALENSIS) A former diocese of the colony of New Spain. It was the fifth diocese ...Tlos
A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Tlos was one of the six cities forming the Lycian ...To 56
To 56
Toaldo, Giuseppe
Priest and physicist, b. at Pianezze, 1719; d. at Padua, 1797. In his fourteenth year he entered ...Toba Indians
One of the few still unconquered savage tribes of the great Chaco wilderness of South America, and ...Tobias
We shall first enumerate the various Biblical persons and then treat the book of this name. I. ...Tocqueville, Charles-Alexis-Henri-Maurice-Clerel de
(CHARLES-ALEXIS-HENRI-MAURICE-CLEREL DE TOCQUEVILLE) Writer and statesman, b. at Verneuil, ...Todi
(T UDERTINA ). Diocese in Central Italy ; immediately dependent on the Holy See. The city ...Tokio
(Tokiensis) Archdiocese comprising 21 provinces or 15 departments with a population of over ...Toledo (Ohio)
(Toletana in America) A diocese in Ohio, U.S.A. formed out of the Diocese of Cleveland and ...Toledo (Spain)
ARCHDIOCESE OF TOLEDO (TOLETANENSIS) Primatial see of Spain, whose archbishop, raised almost ...Toledo, Francisco
Philosopher, theologian, and exegete, son of an actuary, b. at Córdova, 4 Oct., 1532; d. ...Tolentino and Macerata
Located in the Marches, Central Italy. Macerata is a provincial capital, situated on a hill, ...Toleration, History of
In any attempt to deal historically with the attitude of the Church towards religious toleration ...Toleration, Religious
Toleration in general signifies patient forbearance in the presence of an evil which one is ...Tolomei, John Baptist
A distinguished Jesuit theologian and cardinal, born of noble parentage, at Camberaia, between ...Tomb
A memorial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, especially for distinguished persons, ...Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The tomb of the Blessed Virgin is venerated in the Valley of Cedron, near Jerusalem. Modern ...Tomb, Altar
A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having ...Tomi
A titular metropolitan see in the Province of Scythia, on the Black Sea. It was a Greek colony ...Tommasi, Blessed Giuseppe Maria
A Cardinal, noted for his learning, humility, and zeal for reform; born at Licata, Sicily, of ...Tongerloo, Abbey of
Located near Antwerp, Belgium, founded in 1128 in honour of the Blessed Virgin, by de ...Tongiorgi, Salvator
Philosopher, born at Rome, Italy, 25 December, 1820; d. there, 12 November, 1865. At the age of ...Tongues, Gift of
(Glossolaly, glossolalia ). A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae , ...Tonica Indians
(Or TUNICA). A small tribe constituting a distinct linguistic stock living, when first known ...Tonkawa Indians
A tribal group or confederacy, of low culture status and constituting a distinct linguistic stock, ...Tonsure
( Latin tondere , "to shear") A sacred rite instituted by the Church by which a baptized ...Tootell, Hugh
Commonly known as Charles Dodd. Historian, b. in 1671 or 1672, at Durton-in-Broughton, ...Torah
I. USE OF WORD Torah, (cf. Hiph. of ), signifies first "direction, instruction", as, for ...Torbido, Francesco
Often called IL MORO (The Moor). Veronese painter and engraver, b. at Verona about 1486; ...Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo, Saint
Archbishop of Lima ; b. at Mayorga, León, Spain, 1538; d. near Lima Peru, 23 March ...Tornielli, Girolamo Francesco
Italian Jesuit, preacher and writer, b. at Cameri, 1 Febreuary, 1693, of a distinguished family ...Torone
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Torone was a colony of Chalcideans from ...Toronto
(TORONTINA). Located in the Province of Ontario , Canada. When constituted a diocese, it ...Torquemada, Tomás de
First Grand Inquisitor of Spain, born at Valladolid in 1420; died at Avila, 16 September, ...Torres Naharro, Bartolemé de
Spanish poet and dramatist, b. at Torres, near Badajoz, towards the end of the fifteenth ...Torres, Francisco
(TURRIANUS.) Hellenist and polemicist, born in Herrera, Palencia, about 1509; died at Rome, ...Torricelli, Evangelista
Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 ...Torrubia, José
Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain ; died in 1768 in the ...Tortona
DIOCESE OF TORTONA (DERTONENSIS) Diocese in Piedmont, Italy. The city is situated on the ...Tortosa
DIOCESE OF TORTOSA (DERTHUSENSIS, DERTUSA). Located in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona ; ...Toscanella and Viterbo
(VITERBIENSIS ET TUSCANENSIS). The city of Viterbo in the Province of Rome stands at the foot ...Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo
Mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer, b. at Florence in 1397; d. there, 10 May, 1482. ...Tosephta
( Hebrew = addition, supplement ) Tosephta is the name of compilation of ...Tostado, Alonso
(ALONSO TOSTATUS) Exegete, b. at Madrigal, Castile, about 1400; d. at Bonilla de la Sierra, ...Tosti, Luigi
Benedictine historian, b. at Naples 13 Feb., 1811; d. at Monte Cassino, 24 Sept., 1897. His ...Totemism
Totemism from ote , root ot , possessive form otem , in the Ojibway dialect of the ...Totonac Indians
One of the smaller cultured nations of ancient Mexico, occupying at the time of the Spanish ...Touchet, George Anselm
Born at Stalbridge, Dorset; died about 1689. He was second son of Mervyn, twelfth Lord Audley, ...Toulouse
A RCHDIOCESE OF T OULOUSE (T OLOSENSIS ) Includes the Department of Haute-Garonne. As ...Tournély, Honoré
Theologian, b. Antibes, Provence, 28 August, 1658; d. at Paris, 26 December 1729. His parents ...Tournai
DIOCESE OF TOURNAI (Latin TURNACUM, TORNACUM; Flemish, DOORNIJK — TORNACENSIS) Diocese ...Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de
French botanist, b. at Aix in Provence, 5 June, 1656; d. at Paris, 28 Dec., 1708. After his ...Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de
Papal legate to India and China, cardinal, born of a noble Savoyard family at Turin, 21 ...Touron, Antoine
Dominican biographer and historian, born at Graulhet, Tarn, France, on 5 September, 1686; died ...Tours
(TURONENSIS.) Comprises the Department of Indre-et-Loire, and was re-established by the ...Toustain, Charles-François
French Benedictine, and member of the Congregation of St-Maur, born at Repas in the Diocese of ...Touttée, Antoine-Augustin
A French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. at Riom, Department of Puy-de-Dôme, ...Tower of Babel
The "Tower of Babel" is the name of the building mentioned in Genesis 11:19 . History of the ...Tr 77
Tr 77
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de
Viceroy of New France, born in France, 1603, of noble parents ; died there in 1670. A soldier ...Tradition and Living Magisterium
The word tradition (Greek paradosis ) in the ecclesiastical sense, which is the only one in ...Traditionalism
A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude. ...Traducianism
Traducianism ( tradux , a shoot or sprout, and more specifically a vine branch made to take root ...Trajan
Emperor of Rome (A.D. 98-117), b. at Italica Spain, 18 September, 53; d. 7 August, 117. He ...Trajanopolis
Titular metropolitan see of Rhodope. The city owes its foundation or restoration to Trajan. Le ...Trajanopolis
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. The only geographer who speaks ...Tralles
A titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. It was founded, it is said, by the Argians ...Trani and Barletta
(T RANEN , et Barolen.) Diocese in Italy. The city of Trani is situated on the Adriatic in ...Transcendentalism
The terms transcendent and transcendental are used in various senses, all of which, as a ...Transept
A rectangular space inserted between the apse and nave in the early Christian basilica. It ...Transfiguration
The Transfiguration of Christ is the culminating point of His public life, as His Baptism is ...Transfiguration of Christ, Feast of the
Observed on August 6 to commemorate the manifestation of the Divine glory recorded by St. ...Transubstantiation
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Transvaal
Vicariate apostolic ; lies between 23° 3' and 27° 30' S. lat., and 25° and 32° ...Transylvania
(Also TRANSYLVANIENSIS or ERDELY). Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa Bács. The ...Trapani
(TREPANENSIS). Diocese in Sicily, suffragan of Palermo. The city is the capital of a ...Trapezopolis
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan to Laodicea. Trapezopolis was a town of Caria ...Trappists
The common name by which the Cistercians who follow the reform inaugurated by the Abbot de ...Trasilla and Emiliana, Saints
Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century, given in the Roman Martyrology, ...Treason, Accusations of
A common misrepresentation concerning the Elizabethan persecution of English and Irish Catholics ...Trebizond
(TRAPEZUNTINA). An Armenian Catholic diocese. The city owes its ancient name to the fact that ...Trebnitz
A former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia. It was founded in ...Tredway, Lettice Mary
(Called "Lady" Tredway) Born 1595; died Oct., 1677; daughter of Sir Walter Tredway, of Buckley ...Tregian, Francis
Confessor, b. in Cornwall, 1548; d. at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608. He was son of Thomas Tregian of ...Tremithus
Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. The city is mentioned by Ptolemy (Geog., V, xiii, ...Trent
(TRIDENTUM; TRIDENTINA). Diocese ; suffragan of Salzburg. Trent became universally known ...Trent, Council of
The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 ...Trenton
(T RENTONENSIS ). Diocese created 15 July, 1881, suffragan of New York, comprises Atlantic, ...Tresham, Sir Thomas
Knight Bachelor (in or before 1524), Grand Prior of England in the Order of Knights ...Treviso
(TARVISINA). Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy ). The capital is surrounded by the River ...Tribe, Jewish
( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ...Tricarico, Diocese of
(TRICARICENSIS.) Located in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy ), near ...Tricassin, Charles Joseph
One of the greatest theologians of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes ; d. in 1681. There is but ...Tricca
Titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. It was an ancient city of Thessaly, near the River ...Trichinopoly, Diocese of
(TRICHINOPOLITAN.) Located in India, suffragan of Bombay, comprises the south east portion of ...Trichur
(TRICHURENSIS.) Vicariate Apostolic in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar ...Tricomia
Titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima. It is mentioned in George of Cyprus ...Triduum
(Three days). A time frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices, whether ...Trier
(TREVIRENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of Cologne; includes in the Prussian province of the ...Triesnecker, Francis a Paula
Astronomer, b. at Kirchberg on the Wagram, in Lower Austria, 2 April, 1745; d. at Vienna 29 ...Triest-Capo d'Istria
(TERGESTINA ET JUSTINOPOLITANA.) Suffragan diocese of Görz-Gradiska ; exists as a ...Trincomalee
(TRINCOMALIENSIS.) Located in Ceylon, suffragan of Colombo, was created in 1893 by a division ...Trinità di Cava dei Tirrenti, Abbey of
Located in the Province of Salerno. It stands in a gorge of the Finestre Hills near Cava dei ...Trinitarians, Order of
The redemption of captives has always been regarded in the Church as a work of mercy, as is ...Trinity College
An institution for the higher education of Catholic women, located at Washington, D.C., and ...Trinity Sunday
The first Sunday after Pentecost, instituted to honour the Most Holy Trinity. In the early ...Trinity, The Blessed
This article is divided as follows: I. Dogma of the Trinity; II. Proof of the Doctrine from ...Triple-Candlestick
A name given along with several others (e.g. reed, tricereo, arundo, triangulum, lumen Christi ...Trissino, Giangiorgio
Italian poet and scholar, b. of a patrician family at Vicenza in 1478; d. at Rome, 8 ...Tritheists
(TRITHEITES). Heretics who divide the Substance of the Blessed Trinity. (1) Those who are ...Trithemius, John
A famous scholar and Benedictine abbot, b. at Trittenheim on the Moselle, 1 February, 1462; d. at ...Trivento
(Triventensis) Diocese in southern Italy. The earliest bishop was St. Castus of an uncertain ...Trivet, Nicholas
(Or "Trevet" as he himself wrote it) B. about 1258; d. 1328. He was the son of Thomas Trevet, a ...Troas
A suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespont. The city was first called Sigia; it was enlarged and ...Trocmades
(Trocmada) Titular see of Galatia Secunda, suffragan of Pessinus. No geographer or historian ...Trokelowe, John de
(THROWLOW, or THORLOW) A monastic chronicler still living in 1330, but the dates of whose birth ...Trondhjem, Ancient See of
(NIDAROS). In Norway it was the kings who introduced Christianity, which first became ...Trope
Definition and Description Trope, in the liturgico-hymnological sense, is a collective name ...Tropology, Scriptural
The theory and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of Holy Writ. The literal meaning, ...Troy, John Thomas
Archbishop of Dublin ; b. in the parish of Blanchardstown, near Dublin, 10 May, 1739; d. at ...Troyes
(TRECENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Aube. Re-established in 1802 as a suffragan ...Truce of God
The Truce of God is a temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God ...Truchsess von Waldburg, Otto
Cardinal-Bishop of Augsburg (1543-73), b. at Castle Scheer in Swabia, 26 Feb., 1514; d. at ...Trudo, Saint
(TRON, TROND, TRUDON, TRUTJEN, TRUYEN). Apostle of Hasbein in Brabant; d. 698 (693). Feast 23 ...Trudpert, Saint
Missionary in Germany in the seventh century. He is generally called a Celtic monk from ...True Cross, The
(AND REPRESENTATIONS OF IT AS OBJECTS OF DEVOTION). (1) Growth Of the Christian Cult ; (2) ...Trueba, Antonio de
Spanish poet and folklorist, b. at Montellana, Biscay, in 1821; d. at Bilbao, 10 March, 1889. In ...Trujillo
Diocese comprising the Departments of Lambayeque, Libertad, Pinra, and the Province of Tumbes, ...Trullo, Council in
This particular council of Constantinople, held in 692 under Justinian II, is generally known as ...Trumpets, Feast of
The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Two trumpets are ...Trumwin, Saint
(TRIUMWINI, TRUMUINI). Died at Whitby, Yorkshire, England, after 686. He was consecrated by ...Trustee System
I In the exercise of her inherent right of administering property, the Church often appoints ...Trusts and Bequests
A trust has been defined, in its technical sense, as the right enforceable solely in equity to ...Truth
Truth (Anglo-Saxon tréow, tryw, truth, preservation of a compact, from a Teutonic base ...Truth Societies, Catholic
This article will treat of Catholic Truth Societies in the chronological order of their ...Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha
Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Tryphon is said to have ...Ts 2
Ts 2
Tschiderer zu Gleifheim, Johann Nepomuk von
Bishop of Trent, b. at Bozen, 15 Feb., 1777; d. at Trent, 3 Dec., 1860. He sprang from a family ...Tschupick, John Nepomuk
A celebrated preacher, b. at Vienna, 7 or 12 April, 1729; d. there, 20 July, 1784. He entered the ...Tu 27
Tu 27
Tuam
(TUAMENSIS). The Archdiocese of Tuam, the metropolitan see of Connacht, extends, roughly ...Tuam, School of
(Irish, Tuaim da Ghualann , or the "Mound of the two Shoulders"). The School of Tuam was ...Tubunae
A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis, according to the "Gerachia cattolica", or in Numidia ...Tucson
(T UCSONENSIS ). Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. It comprises the State of ...Tucumán
(T UCUMANENSIS ). Suffragan to Buenos Aires, erected from the Diocese of Salta on 15 ...Tudela
(TUTELÆ, TUTELENSIS). Diocese in Spain. The episcopal city has a population of 9213. ...Tuguegarao
(TUGUEGARAONENSIS). Diocese in the Philippines ; situated in the north-eastern section of ...Tulancingo
(D E T ULANCINGO ). Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Mexico. Its area is ...Tulasne, Louis-René
A noted botanist, b. at Azay-le-Rideau, Dept of Indre-et-Loire, France, 12 Sept., 1815; d. at ...Tulle
(TUTELENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Corrèze. It was suppressed by the ...Tunic
By tunic is understood in general a vestment shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper ...Tunis
French protectorate on the northern coast of Africa. About the twelfth century before Christ ...Tunja
(T UNQUENENSIS ). Diocese established in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogotá, in the ...Tunkers
( German tunken , to dip) A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite. ...Tunstall, Cuthbert
Bishop of London, later of Durham, b. at Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; d. at Lambeth Palace, ...Tunstall, Venerable Thomas
Martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616. He was descended from the Tunstalls of Thurland, an ancient ...Tunsted, Simon
English Minorite, b. at Norwich, year unknown; d. at Bruisyard, Suffolk, 1369. Having joined the ...Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
Baron de L' Aulne, French minister, born at Parish, 10 May, 1727; died there, 20 March, 1781. ...Turin
(Turino; Taurinensis) The City of Turin is the chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and ...Turin, Shroud of
This name is primarily given to a relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that ...Turin, University of
The University of Turin was founded in 1404, when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were ...Turkestan
I. CHINESE TURKESTAN When Jenghiz Khan died (1227) his second son, Djagatai, had the greater part ...Turkish Empire
Created in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, from the ...Turnebus, Adrian
Philologist, b. at Andely in Normandy in 1512; d. in Paris, 12 June, 1565. The accounts of the ...Turpin
Archbishop of Reims, date of birth uncertain; d. 2 Sept., 800. He was a monk of St. Denis ...Tuscany
Tuscany, a division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, ...Tuy
(Tudensis.) Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Santiago, comprises the civil provinces ...Tw 2
Tw 2
Twenge, Saint John
Last English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ...Twiketal of Croyland
(THURCYTEL, TURKETUL). Died July, 975. He was a cleric of royal descent, who is said to have ...Ty 7
Ty 7
Tyana
A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Prima. The city must first have been called Thoana, ...Tychicus
A disciple of St. Paul and his constant companion. He was a native of the Roman province of ...Tynemouth Priory
Tynemouth Priory, on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier ...Types in Scripture
Types, though denoted by the Greek word typoi , are not coextensive with the meaning of this ...Tyrannicide
Tyrannicide literally is the killing of a tyrant, and usually is taken to mean the killing of a ...Tyre
(TYRUS.) Melchite archdiocese and Maronite diocese. The city is called in Hebrew, Zor , ...Latest
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