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St. Vincent de Paul
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Born at Pouy, Gascony, France, in 1580, though some authorities have said 1576; died at Paris, 27 September, 1660. Born of a peasant family, he made his humanities studies at Dax with the Cordeliers, and his theological studies, interrupted by a short stay at Saragossa, were made at Toulouse where he graduated in theology. Ordained in 1600 he remained at Toulouse or in its vicinity acting as tutor while continuing his own studies. Brought to Marseilles for an inheritance, he was returning by sea in 1605 when Turkish pirates captured him and took him to Tunis. He was sold as a slave, but escaped in 1607 with his master, a renegade whom he converted. On returning to France he went to Avignon to the papal vice-legate, whom he followed to Rome to continue his studies. He was sent back to France in 1609, on a secret mission to Henry IV ; he became alminer to the Queen Marguerite of Valois, and was provided with the little Abbey of Saint-Léonard-de-Chaume. At the request of M. de Berulle, founder of the Oratory, he took charge of the parish of Clichy near Paris, but several months later (1612) he entered the services of the Gondi, an illustrious French family, to educate the children of Philippe-Emmanuel de Gondi. He became the spiritual director of Mme de Gondi. With her assistance he began giving missions on her estates; but to escape the esteem of which he was the object he left the Gondi and with the approval of M. de Berulle had himself appointed curé of Chatillon-les-Dombes (Bresse), where he converted several Protestants and founded the first conference of charity for the assistance of the poor. He was recalled by the Gondi and returned to them (1617) five months later, resuming the peasant missions. Several learned Paris priests, won by his example, joined him. Nearly everywhere after each of these missions, a conference of charity was founded for the relief of the poor, notably at Joigny, Châlons, Mâcon, Trévoux, where they lasted until the Revolution.
After the poor of the country, Vincent's solicitude was directed towards the convicts in the galleys, who were subject to M. de Gondi as general of the galleys of France. Before being convoyed aboard the galleys or when illness compelled them to disembark, the condemned convicts were crowded with chains on their legs onto damp dungeons, their only food being black bread and water, while they were covered with vermin and ulcers. Their moral state was still more frightful than their physical misery. Vincent wished to ameliorate both. Assisted by a priest, he began visiting the galley convicts of Paris, speaking kind words to them, doing them every manner of service however repulsive. He thus won their hearts, converted many of them, and interested in their behalf several persons who came to visit them. A house was purchased where Vincent established a hospital. Soon appointed by Louis XIII royal almoner of the galleys, Vincent profited by this title to visit the galleys of Marseilles where the convicts were as unfortunate as at Paris ; he lavished his care on them and also planned to build them a hospital ; but this he could only do ten years later. Meanwhile, he gave on the galley of Bordeaux, as on those of Marseilles, a mission which was crowned with success (1625).
Congregation of the Mission
The good wrought everywhere by these missions together with the urging of Mme de Gondi decided Vincent to found his religious institute of priests vowed to the evangelization of country people--the Congregation of Priests of the Mission.
Experience had quickly revealed to St. Vincent that the good done by the missions in country places could not last unless there were priests to maintain it and these were lacking at that time in France. Since the Council of Trent the bishops had been endeavoring to found seminaries to form them, but these seminaries encountered many obstacles, the chief of which were the wars of religion. Of twenty founded not ten had survived till 1625. The general assembly of the French clergy expressed the wish that candidates for Holy Orders should only be admitted after some days of recollection and retreat. At the request of the Bishop of Beauvais, Potierdes Gesvres, Vincent undertook to attempt at Beauvais (September, 1628) the first of these retreats. According to his plan they comprised ascetic conferences and instructions on the knowledge of things most indispensable to priests. Their chief service was that they gave rise to the seminaries as these prevailed later in France. At first they lasted only ten days, but in extending them by degrees to fifteen or twenty days, then to one, two, or three months before each order, the bishops eventually prolonged the stay of their clerics to two or three years between philosophy and the priesthood and there were what were called seminaries d'ordinands and later grands seminaries , when lesser ones were founded. No one did more than Vincent towards this double creation. As early as 1635 he had establish a seminary at the Collége des Bons-Enfants. Assisted by Richelieu, who gave him 1000 crowns, he kept at Bons-Enfants only ecclesiastics studying theology ( grand seminarie ) and he founded besides Saint-Lazare for young clerics studying the humanities a lesser seminary called the Seminary of St. Charles (1642). He had sent some of his priests to the Bishop of Annecy (1641) to direct his seminary, and assisted the bishops to establish others in their dioceses by furnishing priests to direct them. At his death he had thus accepted the direction of eleven seminaries. Prior to the Revolution his congregation was directing in France fifty-three upper and nine lesser seminaries, that is a third of all in France.
The ecclesiastical conference completed the work of the seminaries. Since 1633 St. Vincent held one every Tuesday at Saint-Lazare at which assembled all the priests desirous of conferring in common concerning the virtues and the functions of their state. Among others Bossuet and Tronson took part. With the conferences, St. Vincent instituted at St-Lazare open retreats for laymen as well as priests. It is estimated that in the last twenty-five years of St. Vincent's life there came regularly more than 800 persons yearly, or more than 20,000 in all. these retreats contributed powerfully to infuse a Christian spirit among the masses, but they imposed heavy sacrifices on the house of St-Lazare. Nothing was demanded of the retreatants; when there was question of the good of souls Vincent thought little of expense. At the complaints of his brethren who desired that the admission of the retreatants should be made more difficult he consented one day to keep the door. Towards evening there had never been so many accepted and when the embarrassed brother came to inform him that there was no more room he merely replied "well, give mine".
Work for the Poor
Vincent de Paul had established the Daughters of Charity almost at the same time as the exercises des ordinands . At first they were intended to assist the conferences of charity. When these conferences were established at Paris (1629) the ladies who joined them readily brought their alms and were willing to visit the poor, but it often happened that they did not know how to give them care which their conditions demanded and they sent their servants to do what was needful in their stead. Vincent conceived the idea of enlisting good young women for this service of the poor. They were first distributed singly in the various parishes where the conferences were established and they visited the poor with these ladies of the conferences or when necessary cared for them during their absence. In recruiting, forming, and directing these servants of the poor, Vincent found able assistance in Mlle Legras. When their number increased he grouped then into a community under her direction, coming himself every week to hold a conference suitable to their condition. (For further details see Sisters of Charity.) Besides the Daughters of Charity Vincent de Paul secured for the poor the services of the Ladies of Charity, at the request of the Archbishop of Paris. He grouped (1634) under this name some pious women who were determined to nurse the sick poor entering the Hotel-Dieu to the number of 20,000 or 25,000 annually; they also visited the prisons. Among them were as many as 200 ladies of the highest rank. After having drawn up their rule St. Vincent upheld and stimulated their charitable zeal. It was due to them that he was able to collect the enormous sums which he distributed in aid of all the unfortunates. Among the works, which their co-operation enabled him to undertake, that of the care of foundlings was one of the most important. Some of the foundlings at this period were deliberately deformed by miscreants anxious to exploit public pity. Others were received into a municipal asylum called "la couche", but often they were ill-treated or allowed to die of hunger. The Ladies of Charity began by purchasing twelve children drawn by lot. who were installed in a special house confided to the Daughters of Charity and four nurses. Thus years later the number of children reached 4000; their support cost 30,000 livres ; soon with the increase in the number of children this reached 40,000 livres .
With the assistance of a generous unknown who placed at his disposal the sum of 10,000 livres , Vincent founded the Hospice of the Name of Jesus, where forty old people of both sexes found a shelter and work suited to their condition. This is the present hospital of the uncurables. The same beneficence was extended to all the poor of Paris but the creation of the general hospital which was first thought of by several Ladies of Charity, such as the Duchesse d'Aiguillon. Vincent adopted the idea and did more than anyone for the realization of what has been called one of the greatest works of charity of the seventeenth century, the shelteringof 40,000 poor in an asylum where they would be given a useful work. Inanswer St. Vincent's appeal the gifts poured in. The king granted the lands of the Salpétriere for the erection of the hospital, with a capital of 50,000 liveres and an endowment of 3000; Cardinal Mazarin sent 100,000 livres as first gift, Président de Lamoignon 20,000 crowns, a lady of the Bullion family 60,000 livres . St. Vincent attached the Daughters of Charity to the work and supported it with all his strength.
St. Vincent's charity was not restricted to Paris, but reached to all the provinces desolated by misery. In that period of the Thirty Years War known as the French period, Lorraine, Trois-Evechés, Franche-Comté, and Champagne underwent for nearly a quarter of a century all the horrors and scourges which then more than ever war drew in its train. Vincent made urgent appeals to the Ladies of Charity; it has been estimated that at his reiterated requests he secured 12,000 livres equivalent to $60,000 in our time (1913). When the treasury was empty he again sought alms which he dispatched at once to the stricken districts. When contributions began to fail Vincent decided to print and sell the accounts sent him from those desolated districts; this met with great success, even developing a periodical newspaper called "Le magasin charitable". Vincent took advantage of it to fund in the ruined provinces the work of the potages économiques , the tradition of which still subsists in our modern economic kitchens. He himself compiled with minute care instructions concerning the manner of preparing these potages and the quantity of fat, butter, vegetables, and bread which should be used. He encouraged the foundation of societies undertaking to bury the dead and to clean away the dirt which was a permanent cause of plague. They were often headed by the missionaries and the Sisters of Charity. Through them also Vincent distributed to their land. At the same time, in order to remove them from the brutality of the soldiers, he brought to Paris 200 young women whom he endeavored to shelter in various convents. and numerous children whom he received at St-Lazare. He even founded a special organization for the relief of the nobility of Lorraine who had sought refuge in Paris. After the general peace he directed his solicitude and his alms to the Irish and English Catholics who had been driven from their country.
All these benefits had rendered the name of Vincent de Paul popular in Paris and even at the Court. Richelieu sometimes received him and listened favorably to his requests; he assisted him in his first seminary foundations and established a house for his missionaries in the village of Richelieu. On his deathbed Louis XIII desired to be assisted by him: "Oh, Monsieur Vincent", said he, "if I am restored to health I shall appoint no bishops unless they have spent three years with you." His widow, Ann of Austria, made Vincent a member of the council of conscience charged with nominations to benefices. These honors did not alter Vincent's modestyand simplicity. He went to the Court only through necessity, in fitting but simple garb. He made no use of his influence save for the welfare of the poor and in the interest of the Church. Under Mazarin, when Paris rose at the time of the Fronde (1649) against the Regent, Anne of Austria, who was compelled to withdraw to St-Fermain-en-Laye, Vincent braved all dangers to go and implore her clemency in behalf of the people of Paris and boldly advised her to sacrifice at least for a time the cardinal minister in order to avoid the evils which the war threatened to bring on the people. He also remonstrated with Mazarin himself. His advice was not listened to. St. Vincent only redoubled his efforts to lessen the evils of the war in Paris. Through his care soup was distributed daily to 15,000 or 16,000 refugees or worthy and poor ; 800 to 900 young women were sheltered; in the single parish of St. Paul the Sisters of Charity made and distributed soup every day to 500 poor, besides which they had to care for 60 to 80 sick. During this time Vincent, indifferent to dangers which he ran, multiplied letters and visits to the Court at St-Denis to win minds to peace and clemency; he even wrote a letter to the pope asking him to intervene and to interpose his mediation to hasten peace between the two parties.
Jansenism also made evident his attachment to the Faith and the use to which he put his influences in its defense. When Duvergier de Hauranne, later celebrated as the Abbé de St-Cyran, came to Paris (about 1621), Vincent de Paul showed some interest in him as in a fellow countryman and a priest in whom he discerned learning and piety. But when he became better acquainted with the basis of his ideas concerning grace, far from being misled by them, he endeavored to arrest him in the path of error. When the "Augustinus" of Jansenius and "Frequent Communion" of Arnauld revealed the true ideas and opinions of the sect, Vincent set about combating; he persuaded the Bishop of Lavaur, Abra de Raconis, to write against them. In the Council of Conscience he opposed the admission to benefices of anyone who shared them, and joined the chancellor and the nuncio in seeking means to stay their progress. Stimulated by him some bishops at St-Lazare took the initiative in relating these errors to the pope. St. Vincent induced 85 bishops to request the condemnation of the five famous propositions, and persuaded Anne of Austria to write to the pope to hasten his decision. When the five propositions had been condemned by Innocent X (1655) and Alexander VII (1656), Vincent sought to have this sentence accepted by all. His zeal for the Faith, however, did not suffer him to forget his charity; he gave evidence in behalf of St-Cyran, whom Richelieu had imprisoned (1638), and is said to have assisted at his funeral. When Innocent X had announced his decision he went to the solitaries of Port-Royal to congratulate them on the intention they had previously manifested of submitting fully; he even begged preachers renowned for their anti-Jansenist zeal to avoid in their sermons all that might embitter their adversaries. The religious orders also benefited by the great influence of Vincent. Not only did he long act as director to the Sisters of the Visitation, founded by Francis de Sales, but he received at Paris the Religious of the Blessed Sacrament, supported the existence of the Daughters of the Cross (whose object was to teach girls in the country), and encouraged the reform of the Benedictines, Cistercians, Antonines, Augustinians, Premonstratensians, and the Congregation of Grandmont ; and Cardinal de Rochefoucault, who was entrusted with the reform of the religious orders in France, called Vincent his right hand and obliged him to remain in the Council of Conscience.
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Vincent's zeal and charity went beyond the boundaries of France. As early as 1638 he commissioned his priests to preach to the shepherds of the Roman Campagna; he had them give at Rome and Genoa the exercices des ordinands and preach missions on Savoy and Piedmont. He sent others to Ireland, Scotland, the Hebrides, Poland, and Madagascar (1648-60). Of all the works carried on abroad none perhaps interested him so much as the poor slaves of Barbary, whose lot he had once shared. These were from 25,000 to 30,000 of these unfortunates divided chiefly between Tunis, Algiers, and Bizaerta. Christians for the most part, they had been carried off from their families by the Turkish corsairs. They were treated as veritable beasts of burden, condemned to frightful labour, without any corporal or spiritual care. Vincent left nothing undone to send them aid as early as 1645 he sent among them a priest and a brother, who were followed by others. Vincent even had one of these invested with the dignity of consul in order that he might work more efficaciously for the slaves. They gave frequent missions to them, and assured them the services of religion. At the same time they acted as agents with their families, and were able to free some of them. Up to the time of St. Vincent's death these missionaries had ransomed 1200 slaves, and they had expended 1,200,000 liveres in behalf of the slaves of Barbary, not to mention the affronts and persecutions of all kinds which they themselves had endured from the Turks. This exterior life so fruitful in works had its source in a profound spirit of religion and in an interior life of wonderful intensity. He was singularly faithful to the duties of his state, careful to obey the suggestions of faith and piety, devoted to prayer, meditation, and all religious and ascetic exercises. Of practical and prudent mind, he left nothing to chance; his distrust of himself was equalled only by his trust in xxyyyk.htm">Providence; when he founded the Congregation of the Mission and the Sisters of Charity he refrained from giving them fixed constitutions beforehand; it was only after tentatives, trials, and long experience that he resolved in the last years of his life to give them definitive rules. His zeal for souls knew no limit; all occasions were to him opportunities to exercise it. When he died the poor of Paris lost their best friend and humanity a benefactor unsurpassed in modern times.
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Forty years later (1705) the Superior-General of the Lazarists requested that the process of his canonization might be instituted. Many bishops, among them Bossuet, Fénelon, Fléchier, and Cardinal de Noailles, supported the request. On 13 August, 1729, Vincent was declared Blessed by Benedict XIII, and canonized by Clement XII on 16 June, 1737. In 1885 Leo XIII gave him as patron to the sisters of Charity. In the course of his long and busy life Vincent de Paul wrote a large number of letters, estimated at not less than 30,000. After his death the task of collecting them was begun; in the eighteenth century nearly 7000 had been gathered; many have since been lost. Those which remained were published rather incorrectly as "Lettres et conferérences de s. Vincent de Paul" (supplement, Paris, 1888); "Lettres inédites de saint Vincent de Paul" (Coste in"Revue de Gascogne", 1909, 1911); Lettres choisies de saint Vincent de Paul" (Paris, 1911); the total of letters thus published amounts to about 3200. There have also been collected and published the saint's "Conférences aux missionaires" (Paris, 1882) and "Conférences aux Filles de la Charite" (Paris, 1882).
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( Hebrew shabbath , cessation, rest; Greek Sabbaton ; Latin Sabbatum ). The seventh day ...Sabbatical Year
( Shenath shabbathon , "Year of rest"; Septuagint eniautos anapauseos ; Vulgate annus ...Sabbatine Privilege
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Sacraments are outward signs of inward grace, instituted by Christ for our sanctification ...Sacred Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the
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(SANTO TOMÁS) University in Manila, founded in 1619 by the Dominican Miguel de ...Saint Vincent de Paul, Society of
An international association of Catholic laymen engaging systematically in personal service of ...Saint-Brieuc
(B RIOCUM ) Diocese ; comprises the Department of the Côtes du Nord. Re-established by ...Saint-Claude
(S ANCTI C LAUDII ). The Diocese of Saint-Claude comprised in the eighteenth century only ...Saint-Cosme, Jean-François Buisson de
(Or JEAN-FRANÇOIS BISSON DE SAINT-COSME) Born in Quebec, Canada, February, 1667; ...Saint-Denis
Diocese erected in 1850 as suffragan of Bordeaux, includes the Island of Réunion in the ...Saint-Denis, Abbey of
The Abbey of Saint-Denis is situated in a small town to which it has given its name, about four ...Saint-Dié
(SANCTI DEODATI) Diocese comprising the Department of the Vosges. Suppressed by the Concordat ...Saint-Flour
(F LOROPOLIS ) Diocese comprising the Department of Cantal, and is suffragan of the ...Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
(DIOCESE OF MAURAMANENSIS) Includes the arrondissement of Saint Jean-de-Maurienne in the ...Saint-John, Ambrose
Oratorian; b. 1815; d. at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 24 May, 1875; son of Henry St. John, descended ...Saint-Ouen, Abbey of
Located in Rouen, France, this abbey was a Benedictine monastery of great antiquity dating ...Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
(INSULARUM S. PETRI ET MIQUELONENSIS). Prefecture apostolic comprising the only French ...Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, was born in Paris, 17 Oct., 1760; died there, 19 ...Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de
Born 16 January, 1675; died in Paris, 2 March, 1755. Having quitted the military service in 1702, ...Saint-Sulpice, Society of
Founded at Paris by M. Olier (1642) for the purpose of providing directors for the seminaries ...Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de
Second Bishop of Quebec, b. at Grenoble, France, 14 Nov. 1653; d. at Quebec, Canada, 26 Dec., ...Saint-Victor, Abbey of
In the year 1108, the famous William of Champeaux , archdeacon of Notre-Dame in Paris, who ...Saint-Victor, Achard de
Canon regular, Abbot of St-Victor, Paris, and Bishop of Avranches, b. about 1100; d. 1172. By ...Sainte Anne d'Auray
A little village three miles from the town of Auray (6,500 inhabitants), in the Diocese of ...Sainte Anne de Beaupré
Devotion to Saint Anne , in Canada, goes back to the beginning of New France, and was brought ...Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles
Geologist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 26 February, 1814; d. in Paris 10 October, 1876. Going ...Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri-Etienne
Chemist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March, 1818; d. at Boulogne, 1 July, 1881; brother of ...Sainte-Geneviève, Abbey of
The Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève, in Paris, was founded by King Clovis who established there ...Saints Vincent and Anastasius, Abbey of
(TRIUM FONTIUM AD AQUAS SALVIAS, TRE FONTANE, or THREE FOUNTAINS). Located near Rome. ...Saints, Canonization of
HISTORY According to some writers the origin of beatification and canonization in the Catholic ...Saints, Communion of
( communo sanctorum , a fellowship of, or with, the saints). The doctrine expressed in the ...Saints, Legends of the
Under the term legend the modern concept would include every untrue tale. But it is not so ...Sala, George Augustus Henry
Journalist, b. in London, 24 Nov., 1828; d. at Brighton, 8 Dec., 1895, having been received into ...Salamanca
(SALMANTICENSIS, SALMANTINA, SALMANTICAE). Diocese in Spain ; comprises the civil Provinces ...Salamanca, University of
This university had its beginning in the Cathedral School under the direction, from the ...Salamis
A titular see in Cyprus. Salamis was a maritime town on the eastern coast of Cyprus, situated ...Salamis, Epiphanius of
Born at Besanduk, near Eleutheropolis, in Judea, after 310; died in 403. While very young he ...Salamon, Louis-Siffren-Joseph
Bishop of Saint-Flour ; b. at Carpentras, 22 Oct., 1759; d. at Saint-Flour, 11 June, 1829. ...Salazar, Domingo de
Born in La Rioja, in the village of La Bastida on the banks of the Ebro, 1512; died in Madrid, 4 ...Sale
(SALIENSIS) Diocese in Victoria, Australia, comprises all the territory known as Gippsland. ...Salem
(SALMANSWEILER) Also called Salomonis Villa on account of the resemblance of its primitive ...Salerno
Diocese in Campania, Southern Italy. The city is situated on the gulf of the same name, backed by ...Salesian Society, The
The Salesian Society, founded by Saint John Bosco, takes its distinctive name from its patron, ...Salford
(SALFORDIENSIS) The Diocese of Salford comprises the Hundreds of Salford and Blackburn, in ...Salimbene degli Adami
(OGNIBENE). Chronicler, b. at Parma, 9 Oct., 1221; d. probably at Montefalcone about 1288. He ...Salisbury, Ancient Diocese of
(SARUM, SARISBURIENSIS). The diocese was originally founded by Birinus, who in 634 ...Saliva Indians
The principal of a small group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock (the Salivan), ...Salle, Saint John Baptist de la
Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ...Salmanticenses and Complutenses
These names designate the authors of the courses of Scholastic philosophy and theology, and of ...Salmas
A Chaldean see, included in the ancient Archdiocese of Adhorbigan, or Adherbaidjan; we know ...Salmeron, Alphonsus
Jesuit Biblical scholar, born at Toledo, 8 Sept., 1515; died at Naples, 13 Feb., 1585. He ...Salome
(1) The daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias ( Matthew 14:6-8 : Mark 6:22 ; cf. Josephus, ...Salt
Salt, always used for the seasoning of food and for the preservation of things from corruption, ...Salt Lake, Diocese of
(LACUS SALSIS). Includes the State of Utah, and slightly more than half of the State of ...Salta, Diocese of
(SALTENSIS). Comprises the civil Provinces of Salta and Jujuy in the northern part of the ...Saltillo, Diocese of
(SALTILLENSIS). Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Linares, or Monterey. Its ...Salto
(SALTENSIS). Diocese in Uruguay, suffragan to Montevideo. This diocese with that of Melo ...Salutati, Coluccio di Pierio di
Italian Humanist b. in Tuscany, 1331; d. 4 May, 1406. He studied at Bologna and went to Rome ...Saluzzo
(SALUCLIAE, SALUTIENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Upper Italy. The city of ...Salvatierra, Juan Maria
Born at Milan, 15 November, 1648; died at Guadalajara, 17 July, 1717. His family was of ...Salvation
(Greek soteria ; Hebrew yeshu'ah ). Salvation has in Scriptural language the general ...Salve Mundi Salutare
A poem in honour of the various members of Christ on the Cross. A fifteenth-century manuscript ...Salve Regina
The opening words (used as a title) of the most celebrated of the four Breviary anthems of the ...Salvete Christi Vulnera
The Roman Breviary hymn at Lauds of the feast of the Most Precious Blood, is found in the ...Salvianus
A Latin writer of Gaul, who lived in the fifth century. Born of Christian parents, he married a ...Salzburg
(SALISBURGENSIS) The Archdiocese of Salzburg is conterminous with the Austrian crown-land of ...Salzmann, Joseph
Founder of St. Francis Provincial Seminary (St. Francis, Wisconsin ) known as the "Salesianum", ...Samaria
A titular see, suffragan of Cæsarea in Palestine Prima. In the sixth year of his reign ...Samaritan Language and Literature
I. LANGUAGE The original language of the Samaritans was the vernacular of Palestine, that is ...Sambuga, Joseph Anton
Theologian, b. at Walldorf near Heidelberg, 9 June; 1752; d. at Nymphenburg near Munich 5 June, ...Samoa
(Or NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS). A group of islands situated in latitude 13§30' and 14§30' ...Samogitia
(SAMOGITIENSIS) A Russian diocese, also called Telshi (Telshe), including the part of ...Samos
Titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish Soussan-Adassi ...Samosata
a titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis, capital of Commagenum, whose ...Sampson, Richard
Bishop of Chichester and subsequently of Coventry and Lichfield ; d. at Eccleshall, ...Samson
(Derived from the Hebrew for "sun"). The last and most famous of the Judges of Israel. The ...Samson
Abbot of St. Edmunds, b. at Tottington, near Thetford, in 1135; d. 1211. After taking his M.A. ...Samson, Saint
Bishop and confessor, born in South Wales ; died 28 July, 565 (?). The date of his birth is ...Samuco Indians
(Zamuco). The collective name of a group of tribes in southwestern Bolivia, speaking dialects ...Samuel, First and Second Books of
(Also know as the F IRST AND S ECOND B OOKS OF S AMUEL. For the First and Second Books of ...San Antonio, Diocese of
(Sancti Antonii). Comprises all that portion of the State of Texas between the Colorado and ...San Carlos de Ancud
(Sancti Caroli Ancudiæ). The most southern of the Chilian dioceses. It extends from the ...San Francisco
(SANCTI FRANCISCI) Archdiocese established 29 July 1853 to include the Counties of San ...San Gallo
A celebrated family of architects, sculptors, painters, and engravers, which flourished in ...San José de Costa Rica
(SANCTI JOSEPHI DE COSTARICA). The Republic of Costa Rica , Central America, constitutes this ...San Juan
(SANCTI JOANNIS DE CUYO). Diocese in the Argentine Republic at the foot of the Cordillera of ...San León del Amazonas
Prefecture Apostolic in Peru. Though the section of Peru lying on the eastern side of the Andes ...San Luis Potosí
(SANCTI LUDOVICI POTOSIENSIS) Diocese in Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1854. It includes the ...San Marco and Bisignano
(SANCTI MARCI ET BISINIANENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Cosenza in Calabria, Italy. San ...San Marino
An independent republic lying between the Italian Provinces of Forli, Pasaro, and Urbino, having ...San Martino al Cimino
A prelature nullius in the territory of the Diocese of Viterbo, Province of Rome. The district ...San Miniato
A city and diocese in the Province of Florence, Central Italy. It is first mentioned in the ...San Salvador
The name given by Columbus to his first discovery in the New World . It is one of the Bahama ...San Salvador
(SANCTI SALVATORIS IN AMERICA CENTRALI) Diocese. The Republic of Salvador, often incorrectly ...San Sepolcro, Piero da
Painter, b. at Borgo San-Sepolcro, about 1420; d. there, 1492. The most usual form of his name is ...San Severino
(SANCTI SEVERINI) San Severino is a small town and seat of a bishopric in the Province of ...San Severo
(SANCTI SEVERINI) Diocese in the Province of Foggia (Capitanata), Southern Italy, situated in ...San Xavier del Bac, Mission of
One of the eight missions founded by the Spanish Padres between 1687 and 1720 in the Pimeria Alta, ...Sanchez, Thomas
Born at Cordova, 1550; died in the college of Granada , 19 May, 1610. In 1567 he entered the ...Sanctifying Grace
Grace ( gratia, Charis ), in general, is a supernatural gift of God to intellectual ...Sanction
( Latin sancire , same root as sanctus ). Sanction signifies primarily the authoritative ...Sanction, Pragmatic
( pragmatica sanctio , lex , jussio , also pragmatica or pragmaticum ) Pragmatic ...Sanctity
The term " sanctity " is employed in somewhat different senses in relation to God, to ...Sanctorum Meritis
The hymn at First and Second Vespers in the Common of the Martyrs in the Roman Breviary. Its ...Sanctuary
A consecrated place giving protection to those fleeing from justice or persecution ; or, the ...Sanctuary
The space in the church for the high altar and the clergy. It is variously designated apsis ...Sanctus
I. HISTORY The Sanctus is the last part of the Preface in the Mass, sung in practically every ...Sandals, Episcopal
FORM AND PRESENT USE Unlike the ancient sandals, which consisted merely of soles fastened to the ...Sandemanians
An English form of the Scottish sect of Glassites, followers of John Glas (b. 1695; d. 1773) ...Sandeo, Felino Maria
Often quoted under the name of Felinus, Italian canonist of the fifteenth century, b. at Felina, ...Sander, Anton
Historian, b. at Antwerp, 1586; d. at Afflighem, Belgium, 10 Jan., 1664. Having become master ...Sander, Nicholas
(SANDERS). Born at Charlwood, Surrey, in 1530; died in Ireland, 1581. Educated at ...Sandhurst
(SANDHURSTENSIS). Diocese in Victoria, Australia ; suffragan of Melbourne. The cathedral ...Sandomir
(Polish, Sandomierz ; Latin, Sandomiriensis ). The city is very ancient, with still ...Sands, Benjamin and James
Benjamin F. Sands Rear-admiral United States Navy, b. at Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb., 1812; d. at ...Sandwich Isands
(H AWAII ) Vicariate Apostolic comprising all the islands of the Hawaiian group. They lie ...Sandys, Venerable John
English martyr, born in the Diocese of Chester ; executed at Gloucester, 11 August, 1586. He ...Sanetch Indians
A sub-tribe of the Songish Indians . They speak a dialect of the Cowichan language of Salishan ...Sanhedrin
The supreme council and court of justice among the Jews. The name Sanhedrin is derived ...Sankt Pölten
Diocese in Lower Austria, derives its name and origin from Fanum Sancti Hippolyti , a ...Sannazaro, Jacopo
(Latin, ACTIUS SINCERUS SANNAZARIUS). Italian and Latin poet, b. at Naples, 28 July, 1458; d. ...Sanseverino, Gaetano
Restorer of the Scholastic philosophy in Italy, b. at Naples, 1811; d. there of cholera, 16 ...Sansovino, Andrea Contucci del
Born at Monte San Sovino, Arezzo, 1460; died 1529. He was a sculptor of the transition period at ...Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi
(SANCTI ANGELI LOMBARDORUM ET BISACCIENSIS). Diocese in the Province of Avellino, Southern ...Sant' Angelo in Vado and Urbania
(SANCTI ANGELI IN VADO ET URBANIENSIS). Diocese ; S. Angelo in Vado is a city in the Marches, ...Santa Agata dei Goti, Diocese of
(S. AGATHAE GOTHORUM) In the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy ; the city, situated on ...Santa Casa di Loreto
(The Holy House of Loreto). Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the "Holy ...Santa Catharina
(FLORIANOPOLIS; FLORIANOPOLITANA). Diocese ; suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre ...Santa Cruz de la Sierra
(SANCTAE CRUCIS DE SIERRA). Diocese in Bolivia, erected on 6 July, 1605, as suffragan of ...Santa Fe (Argentina)
(SANCTAE FIDEI). Diocese in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires, comprising the ...Santa Fe (New Mexico)
(SANCTAE FIDEI IN AMERICA). Archdiocese in New Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1850 and ...Santa Lucia del Mela
Prelature nullius within the territory of the Archdiocese of Messina , Sicily, now governed ...Santa Maria (Brazil)
(SANCTAE MARIAE). A Brazilian see, suffragan of Porto Alegre. The latter, formerly known as ...Santa Maria de Monserrato
(BEATAE MARIAE VIRGINIS DE MONTSERRATO). An abbey nullius in Brazil. When it was ...Santa Marta
(SANCTA MARTHAE). Diocese in Colombia, erected in 1535, its first bishop being Alfonso do ...Santa Severina
(SANCTA SEVERINAE) Diocese in the Province of Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy. Situated ...Santander
(SANCTI ANDERII, SANTANDERIENSIS). This diocese in Spain takes its name not from St. Andrew ...Santarem
Prelature nullius created in 1903, in the ecclesiastical Province of Belem do Pará, with ...Santiago del Estero
(SANCTI JACOBI DE ESTERO) Diocese in the Argentine Republic, erected 25 March, 1907, ...Santiago, University of
It has been asserted by some historians that as early as the ninth century a course of general ...Santini, Giovanni Sante Gaspero
Astronomer, b. at Caprese in Tuscany, 30 Jan., 1787; d. at Padua, 26 June, 1877. He received his ...Santo Domingo, Archdiocese of
(SANCTI DOMINICI) Erected on 8 August, 1511, by Julius II who by the Bull "Pontifex ...Santos, João dos
Dominican missionary in India and Africa, b. at Evora, Portugal ; d. at Goa in 1622. His ...Sappa
(SAPPENSIS, SAPPATENSIS, ZAPPATENSIS). Diocese in Albania, established in 1062, by Alexander ...Sara
Sara (Hebrew for "princess"; another form, Sarai, the signification of which is doubtful, is ...Sarabaites
A class of monks widely spread before the time of St. Benedict. They either continued like the ...Saragossa
(CAESARAUGUSTANA) Diocese in Spain ; comprises a great part of the civil Province of ...Saragossa, University of
This university was not definitively established until 1585 its real founder being Don Pedro ...Sarajevo, Archdiocese of
(SERAIUM). The healthy growth of the Church in Bosnia was blighted and stunted by ...Sarayacú Mission
The chief Franciscan mission of the Ucavali river country, Department of Loreto, north-east ...Sarbiewski, Mathias Casimir
The Horace of Poland, b. near Plonsk, in the Duchy of Masovia, 24 February, 1595; d. 2 April, ...Sardes
A titular see of Lydia, in Asia Minor probably the ancient Hyde of Homer (Iliad, II, 844; XX, ...Sardica
A titular metropolitan see of Dacia Mediterranea. The true name of the city (now Sophia, the ...Sardica, Council of
One of the series of councils called to adjust the doctrinal and other difficulties caused by ...Sardinia
The second largest Italian island in the Mediterranean, lying between 41°15' and 38°51' ...Sarepta
A titular see in Phoenicia Prima, suffragan of Tyre. It is mentioned for the first time in ...Sarkander, Blessed John
Martyr of the seal of confession, born at Skotschau in Austrian Silesia, 20 Dec., 1576; died at ...Sarnelli, Januarius Maria
One of S. Alphonsus's earliest companions, fourth son of Baron Angelo Sarnelli of Ciorani, b. in ...Sarpi, Paolo
A Servite and anti-papal historian and statesman, b. at Venice, 14 August, 1552; d. there 14 or ...Sarsfield, Patrick
Born at Lucan near Dublin, about 1650; died at Huy in Belgium, 1693. On his mother's side he ...Sarsina
DIOCESE OF SARSINA (SARSINATENSIS) Located in Aemilia, Province of Forli, Italy. Besides ...Sarto, Andrea del
(ANDREA D'AGNOLO) Born at Florence in 1486; d. there in 1531. He received the surname Sarto ...Sarum Rite
(More accurately S ARUM U SE ) The manner of regulating the details of the Roman Liturgy ...Sasima
A titular see in Cappadocia. Sasima is mentioned only in three non-religious documents: "Itiner. ...Saskatchewan and Alberta
The twin provinces of the Canadian West, so called because they were formed on the same day (1 ...Sassari
(TURRITANA) Archdiocese in Sardinia, Italy, situated on the River Rossello in a fertile ...Sassoferrato, Giovanni Battista Salvi da
Born at Sassoferrato in the Rome, 1689, where he had passed the greater part of his life. His ...Satala
A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sabastia. Satala according to the ancient ...Satan
(Greek diabolos ; Latin diabolus ). The name commonly given to the fallen angels, who are ...Satolli, Francesco
Theologian, cardinal, first Apostolic delegate to the United States, b. 21 July, 1839, at ...Saturninus, Saint
St. Saturninus was, says Tillemont, one of the most illustrious martyrs France has given to the ...Sauatra
A titular see of Lycaonia, suffragan or Iconium. Nothing is known of the history of this town, ...Saul
Hebrew for postulatus , referring probably to the petition mentioned in 1 Samuel 8:5 . The ...Sault Sainte Marie
(SANCTAE-MARIAE-ORMENSIS) Diocese erected by Decree of 16 September, 1904. It embraces the ...Sault St. Louis
Or SAULT ST. LOUIS. An Iroquois reservation, situated on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, ...Savannah
DIOCESE OF SAVANNAH (SAVANENSIS) The Diocese of Savannah comprises the State of Georgia and ...Savaric
Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, and cousin of the Emperor Henry VI, date of birth unknown, d. ...Savary
A noble French family of the seventeenth century especially devoted to trade and to the ...Savigny, Abbey of
Situated on the confines of Normandy and Brittany, Diocese of Coutances, France. Founded by ...Savigny, Karl Friedrich
Diplomatist, born at Berlin, 19 Sept., 1814; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 11 Feb., 1875. He ...Savona and Noli
(SAVONENSIS ET NAULENSIS) Province of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa, having a small but safe ...Savonarola, Girolamo
Born at Ferrara, 21 September, 1452; died at Florence, 23 May, 1498. The Dominican reformer ...Savoy
(Italian S AVOJA ; French S AVOIE ) A district in the south-eastern part of France that ...Saxe, Jean de
For a long time two astronomers of the Middle Ages were confounded under this name. (1) ...Saxe-Altenburg
One of the Saxon duchies in the east of Thuringia ; situated on the west frontier of the Kingdom ...Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
One of the Saxon-Thuringian duchies; has an area of 751 sq. miles and two chief divisions, the ...Saxe-Meiningen
A Saxon-Thuringian duchy. It has an area of 953 sq. miles, and 278,792 inhabitants (1910). In 1905 ...Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
A grand duchy in Thuringia, also known in recent times as the Grand duchy of Saxony. It has ...Saxo Grammaticus
Danish historian of the thirteenth century, author of the "Gesta Danorum". The scanty information ...Saxony
I. THE SAXON TRIBE There arose in Germany during the third and fourth centuries after Christ ...Saxony, Albert of
(Albert of Helmstädt) Fourteenth-century philosopher ; nicknamed Albertus Parvus, ...Sc 93
Sc 93
Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs)
Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition ...Scaliger, Julius Caesar
(It., DELLA SCALA). Humanist, b. at Riva on Lake Garda in 1484; d. at Agen, France, 21 Oct., ...Scalimoli
Theologian, better known by his religious name, ANDREA DI CASTELLANA, from his place of origin in ...Scammon, Ellakim Parker
Educator, b. at Whitefield, Maine, U.S.A. 27 Dec., 1816; d. at New York, 7 Dec., 1894. Having ...Scandal
I. NOTION OF SCANDAL According to St. Thomas (II-II, Q. liii, a. 1) scandal is a word or action ...Scannabecchi, Filippo
[DALMASIO; LIPPO DI DALMASIO; LIPPO DALLE MADONNE; MURATORI(?)]. Bolognese painter, born about ...Scapular
I. NAME, MEANING, AND ORIGIN The scapular (from Latin, scapula , shoulder) forms a part, and ...Scaramelli, Giovanni Battista
Ascetical writer, b. at Rome, 24 Nov., 1687; d. at Macerata, 11 Jan., 1752. He entered the ...Scarampi, Pierfrancesco
Oratorian, Papal envoy, b. of a noble and ancient family in the Duchy of Monferrato, Piedmont, ...Scarlatti, Alessandro
Born in Sicily, either at Trapani or at Palermo, in 1659; died at Naples 24 Oct., 1725; ...Scarron, Paul
French poet and dramatist, b. in Paris, 4 July, 1610; d. 7 October, 1660. His father was a judge ...Scepticism
(Gr. sképsis , speculation, doubt ; sképtesthai, to scrutinize or examine ...Schäftlarn
Formerly a Premonstratensian, now a Benedictine, abbey, situated on the Isar not far from ...Schäufelin, Hans Leonhard
(Known also as Scheuffelin, Schauffelein, and Scheyffelin). A German wood engraver, pupil of ...Schäzler, Constantine, Baron von
Theologian, b. at Ratisbon, 7 May, 1827; d. at Interlaken, 9 September, 1880. By birth and ...Schöffer, Peter
Publisher and printer, b. at Gernsheim on the Rine about 1425; d. at Mainz in 1503. As a cleric ...Schönborn
The name of a German noble family, many members of which were prelates of the Church. (1) ...Schöningh
The publishing house of Ferdinand Schöningh at Paderborn was founded by Ferdinand Friedrich ...Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm
Painter, b. at Berlin, 1789; d. at Düsseldorf, 1862. He was the son of the sculptor, ...Schaepman, Herman
Orator, poet, and statesman, b. at Tubbergen, Holland, 2 March, 1844; d. at Rome, 21 Jan., 1903. ...Schall von Bell, Johann Adam
An especially prominent figure among the missionaries to China, b. of an important family at ...Schannat, Johann Friedrich
German historian, b. at Luxemburg, 23 July, 1683; d. at Heidleberg, 6 March, 1739. He studied at ...Schatzgeyer, Caspar
A foremost opponent of the Protestant Reformers ; b. at Landshut in 1463 or 1464; d. at Munich, ...Schaumburg-Lippe
A German principality, surrounded by the Prussian province of Westphalia Hanover, and an exclave ...Schedel, Hartmann
German Humanist and historian, b. at Nuremberg, 13 February, 1440; d. there on 28 November, ...Scheeben, Matthias Joseph
Theological writer of acknowledged merit, born at Meckenheim near Bonn, 1 March, 1835; died at ...Scheffmacher, John James
Jesuit theologian b. at Kientzheim, Alsace, 27 April, 1668; d. at Strasburg, 18 August, 1733. ...Scheiner, Christopher
German astronomer, b. at Wald, near Mindelheim, in Swabia, 25 July, 1575; d. at Niesse, in ...Schelble, Johann Nepomuk
Musician, b. 16 May, 1789, at Huffingen in the Black Forest; d. there 6 Aug., 1837. At the age of ...Schelstrate, Emmanuel
Theologian, b. at Antwerp, 1649; d. at Rome, 6 April, 1692. While he was a canon of the ...Schenkl, Maurus von
Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Auerbach in Bavaria, 4 January 1749; d. at Amberg, 14 ...Schenute
(SCHENUDI, SCHNUDI, SINUTHIUS). A Coptic abbot. The years 332-33-34 and 350 are mentioned as ...Scherer, Georg
Pulpit orator and controversialist, b. at Schwaz, in the Tyrol, 1540, according to Duhr; d. at ...Scherer-Boccard, Theodore, Count von
A Swiss Catholic journalist and politician; b. at Dornach in the canton of Solothurn, 12 May, ...Schinner, Matthæus
Bishop, cardinal, and statesman, b. at Muhlbach in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, about ...Schism
I. GENERAL IDEAS, MORAL CHARACTER, AND PENAL SANCTIONS Schism (from the Greek schisma , rent, ...Schism, Eastern
From the time of Diotrephes ( 3 John 1:9-10 ) there have been continual schisms, of which the ...Schism, Western
This schism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries differs in all points from the Eastern ...Schlör, Aloysius
Ascetical writer, b. at Vienna, 17 June, 1805; d. at Graz, 2 Nov., 1852. After completing his ...Schlegel, Friedrich von
Poet, writer on æsthetics, and literary historian, the "Messias" of the Romantic School, b. ...Schleswig
Formerly a duchy and diocese of northwestern Germany, now a part of the Prussian Province of ...Schlosser, John Frederick Henry
Jurist, b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 30 December, 1780; d. there 22 January, 1851. He studied ...Schmalzgrueber, Francis Xavier
Canonist, b. at Griesbach, Bavaria, 9 Oct., 1663; d. at Dillingen 7 Nov., 1735. Entering the ...Schmid, Christoph von
Writer of children's stories and educator, b. at Dinkelsbuehl, in Bavaria, 15 Aug., 1768; d. at ...Schmidt, Friedrich von
Born at Frickenhofen, 1825; died at Vienna, 1891, After studying at the technical high school ...Schneeman, Gerard
Born at Wesel, Lower Rhine, 12 Feb., 1829; d. at Kerkrade, Holland, 20 Nov., 1885. After studying ...Schoenberg, Matthias von
Author, b. at Ehingen, in the Diocese of Constance, 9 Nov., 1732; d. at Munich, 20 Apr., 1792. Of ...Schola Cantorum
A place for the teaching and practice of ecclesiastical chant, or a body of singers banded ...Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a term used to designate both a method and a system. It is applied to theology ...Scholliner, Herman
Theologian and historian, b. at Freising in Bavaria, 15 January, 1722; d. at Welchenberg, 16 ...Schols, Charles Mathieu
Born of Catholic parents at Maastriche, Holland, 28 March, 1849; died at Delft 17 March, 1897. ...Scholz, John Martin Augustine
An erudite German Orientalist and exegete, b. at Kapsdorf, near Breslau, 8 Feb., 1794; d. at ...Schongauer, Martin
(Also known as SCHON). German painter and engraver, b. at Colmar between 1445 and 1450; ...Schools
In the Church I. The Christian Church By virtue of her Divine charter, "Going, teach ye all ...Schools, Apostolic
Where the Church is normally organized the recruitment of the secular clergy is provided for ...Schools, Clerks Regular of the Pious
Called also Piarists, Scolopli, Escolapios, Poor Clerks of the Mother of God, and the Pauline ...Schorlemer-Alst, Burghard Freiherr von
Social reformer, b. at Heringhausen, Westphalia, 21 Oct., 1825; d. at Alst, 17 March, 1895. He ...Schott, Gaspar
German physicist, b. 5 Feb., 1608, at Königshofen; d. 12 or 22 May, 1666, at Augsburg. He ...Schottenklöster
(Scotch Monasteries). A name applied to the monastic foundations of Irish and Scotch ...Schrader, Clement
Jesuit theologian, b. at Itzum, in Hanover, Nov., 1820; d. at Poitiers 23 Feb., 1875. He studied ...Schram, Dominic
(SCHRAMM). A Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Bamberg, 24 October 1722; d. in the ...Schrank, Franz Paula von
Naturalist, b. at Varnbach near Schärding on the Inn, 21 August, 1747; d. at Munich, 22 ...Schraudolph, Johann
Historical painter, b. at Obersdorf in the Allgau, 1808; d. 31 May, 1879. As pupil and assistant ...Schubert, Franz
Composer, b. at Vienna, 31 January, 1797; d. there 19 November, 1829. He studied under his ...Schwane, Joseph
A theological writer, b. at Dorsten in Westphalia, 2 Aril, 1824; d. at Münster, 6 June, ...Schwann, Theodor
German physiologist and founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms; b. at ...Schwanthaler, Ludwig von
Founder of the modern Romantic school of sculpture, b. at Munich in 1802; d there, 1848. He ...Schwarz, Berthold
(Schwartz). A German friar, reputed the inventor of gunpowder and firearms. There has been ...Schwarzburg
Two small principalities of Central Germany, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and ...Schwarzenberg, Friedrich, Prince of
Cardinal and Prince- Archbishop of Prague, b. at Vienna, 6 April, 1809; d. there, 27 March, ...Schwenckfeldians
The name of a Protestant sect founded by the nobleman Caspar von Schwenckfeld (b. at Ossig in ...Schwind, Moritz von
Born at Vienna, 1804; died at Munich, 1871. A painter possessing an inexhaustible wealth of ...Science and the Church
The words "science" and "Church" are here understood in the following sense: Science is not taken ...Scillium
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Perhaps the name should be ...Scillium, Martyrs of
In the year 180 six Christians were condemned to death by the sword, in the town of Scillium, ...Scopia
(SCUPI; SCOPIENSIS). Archdiocese, ancient residence of the early Servian rulers is the modern ...Scotism and Scotists
I. SCOTISM This is the name given to the philosophical and theological system or school ...Scotland
The term as at present used includes the whole northern portion of the Island of Great Britain, ...Scotland, Established Church of
The religious organization which has for three centuries and a half claimed the adherence of the ...Scoto-Hibernian Monasteries
A convenient term under which to include the monastic institutions which were founded during the ...Scots College, The
Clement VIII gave Scotland its college at Rome. The Bull of foundation, dated 5 December, ...Scott, Ven. Montford
English martyr, b. in Norfolk, England ; martyred at Fleet Street, London, on 2 July, 1591. He ...Scotus, Blessed John Duns
Surnamed DOCTOR SUBTILIS, died 8 November, 1308; he was the founder and leader of the famous ...Scranton
(Scrantonensis). A suffragan see of Philadelphia, U.S.A. established on 3 March, 1868, ...Screen, Altar
The Caerem. Episc (I, xii, n. 13) says that if the High Altar is attached to the wall (or is not ...Scribes
(Greek grammateis, nomodidaschaloi , teachers of the law). In the New-Testament period the ...Scriptorium
A scriptorium is commonly a large room set apart in a monastery for the use of the scribes or ...Scripture
Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old ...Scruple
(Latin Scrupulus , "a small sharp, or pointed, stone", hence, in a transferred sense, ...Scrutiny
(Latin scrutinium from scrutari to search, to investigate) A term variously employed in ...Sculpture
In the widest sense of the term, sculpture is the art of representing in bodily form men, animals, ...Scutari, Archdiocese of
(SCUTARENSIS) The first known bishop was Bassus (387). The bishops of Scutari were at ...Scythopolis
A titular metropolitan of Palaestina Secunda. It is the ancient Bethsan so often mentioned in ...Se 118
Se 118
Seña, Balthasar
Indian missionary and philologist, b. at Barcelona, Spain, about 1590; d. at Guarambare, ...Señan, José Francisco de Paula
Born at Barcelona, Spain, 3 March, 1760; died at Mission San Buenaventura on 24 Aug., 1823; ...Seal
The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era. It was ...Seal of Confession, the Law of the
In the "Decretum" of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles ...Seattle
DIOCESE OF SEATTLE (SEATTLENSIS). The Diocese of Seattle (Seattlensis) comprises the entire ...Sebaste
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Sebaste is known to us, apart from ...Sebastia
(SIVAS). An Armenian Catholic diocese. The city, which existed perhaps under another name in ...Sebastian Newdigate, Blessed
Executed at Tyburn, 19 June, 1535. A younger son of John Newdigate of Harefield Place, Middlesex, ...Sebastian, Saint
Roman martyr ; little more than the fact of his martyrdom can be proved about St. Sebastian. ...Sebastopolis
A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebastia. The primitive name of this city was ...Sebenico
(SIBINICENSIS). Suffragan of Zara. Sebenico was the seat of a bishop before the ...Secchi, Angelo
Astronomer, b. at Reggio in Emilia, Italy, 18 June, 1818; d. 26 Feb., 1878. He was the son of a ...Sechelt Indians
(Properly SICIATL). A small tribe speaking a distinct language of Salishan linguistic stock, ...Sechnall, Saint
(Secundinus.) Bishop and confessor, b. 372 or 373; d. at Dunshaughlin, 27 Nov., 457. Son of ...Seckau
DIOCESE OF SECKAU (SECOVIENSIS) Diocese in Styria, Austria, suffragan of Salzburg. The See ...Secret
The Secret ( Latin Secreta, sc. oratio secreta ) is the prayer said in a low voice by the ...Secret, Discipline of the
(Latin Disciplina Arcani ; German Arcandisciplin ). A theological term used to express ...Sect and Sects
I. ETYMOLOGY AND MEANING The word "sect" is not derived, as is sometimes asserted, from secare , ...Secular Clergy
( Latin clerus sæcularis ) In the language of religious the world (sæculum) is ...Secularism
A term used for the first time about 1846 by George Jacob Holyoake to denote "a form of opinion ...Secularization
( Latin sæcularizatio ) Secularization, an authorization given to religious with solemn ...Sedgwick, Thomas
Regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1557, rector of Stanhope, Durham, and vicar of ...Sedia Gestatoria
The Italian name of the portable papal throne used on certain solemn occasions in the pontifical ...Sedilia
(Plural of Latin sedile , a seat.) The name given to seats on the south side of the ...Seduction
( Latin seducere , to lead aside or astray) Seduction is here taken to mean the inducing of ...Sedulius
Christian poet of the fifth century. The name of Cælius, which at times precedes that of ...Sedulius Scotus
An Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator, who lived in the ninth century. ...Seekers
An obscure Puritan sect which arose in England in the middles of the seventeenth century. They ...Seelos, Francis X.
Born at Füssen, Bavaria, 11 January, 1819; died at New Orleans, La., 4 Oct., 1867. When a ...Seerth
Seerth, a Chaldean see, appears to have succeeded the See of Arzon in the same province, several ...Seghers, Charles John
Bishop of Vancouver Island (today Victoria ), Apostle of Alaska. b. at Ghent, Belgium, 26 ...Segneri, Paolo
Italian Jesuit, preacher, missionary, ascetical writer, b. at Nettuno, 21 March (cf. Massei) ...Segni
(SIGNINSIS). Located in the Province of Rome. The city, situated on a hill in the Monti ...Segorbe
(Also CASTELLÓN DE LA PLANA; SEGOBIENSIS; CASTETELLIONENSIS) Diocese in Spain, bounded ...Segovia
DIOCESE OF SEGOVIA (SEGOVIENSIS, SEGOVIAE). Diocese in Spain ; bounded on the north by ...Sehna, Diocese of
(SIHNAH or SEHANENSIS). A Chaldean see, governed by a patriarchal administrator with episcopal ...Seidl, Johann Gabriel
Poet, author of the present Austrian national hymn, b. at Vienna, 21 June 1804; d. there, 17 ...Seitz, Alexander Maximilian
Painter, b. at Munich, 1811; d. at Rome, 1888. He studied under Cornelius, and two early ...Sejny, Diocese of
(AUGUSTÓWO; SEJNESIS, or AUGUSTOVIENSIS). A diocese in the northwestern part of ...Sekanais
(Or more properly, Tshé-'kéh-ne, "People on the Rocks", i.e., the Rocky Mountains). ...Seleucia Pieria
Titular metropolis of Syria Prima. The city was founded near the mouth of the Orontes, not far ...Seleucia Trachea
Metropolitan see of Isauria in the Patriarchate of Antioch. The city was built by Seleucus I, ...Seleucians
A Gnostic sect who are said to have flourished in Galatia. They derived their name from ...Seleucids
The name given to the Macedonian dynasty, which was founded by Seleucus, a general under Alexander ...Self-Defense
Ethically the subject of self-defense regards the right of a private person to employ force ...Selgas y Carrasco, José
Poet and novelist, b. at Lorca, Murcia, Spain, 1824; d. at Madrid, 5 Feb., 1882, he received his ...Selge
A titular see in Pamphylia Prima, suffragan of Side. Situated in a fertile plain on the south ...Selinus
A titular see in Isauria, near the Gulf of Adalia. Selinus, mentioned by Ptolemy, V, 8, 2, ...Selvaggio, Giulio Lorenzo
Canonist and archaeologist, b. at Naples, 10 August, 1728; d. there, November, 1772. He entered ...Selymbria
A titular see in Thracia Prima, suffragan of Heraclea. Selymbria, or Selybria, the city of ...Sem
( Hebrew "name", "fame", "renown"; in Septuagint, Sem ; A.V., Shem .) Son of Noah ; ...Semiarians and Semiarianism
A name frequently given to the conservative majority in the East in the fourth century as ...Seminary, Ecclesiastical
I. TERMINOLOGY The word seminary (Fr. séminaire, Ger. Seminar ) is sometimes used, ...Semipelagianism
A doctrine of grace advocated by monks of Southern Gaul at and around Marseilles after 428. ...Semites
The term Semites is applied to a group of peoples closely related in language, whose habitat is ...Semitic Epigraphy
Semitic epigraphy is a new science, dating only from the past fifty years. At the beginning of ...Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp
Physician and discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever, b. Ofen (Buda), 1 July, 1818; d. at ...Semmes, Raphael
Naval officer, b. in Charles County, Maryland, U.S.A. 27 September, 1809; d. at Point Clear, ...Senan, Saint
Bishop and confessor, b. at Magh Lacha, Kilrush, Co. Clare, c. 488; d. 1 March, 560, his ...Seneca Indians
The westernmost and largest of the five tribes of the celebrated Iroquois Confederacy of central ...Senefelder, Aloys
Principally known as the inventor of lithography, b. at Prague, 6 Nov., 1771; d. at Munich, 26 ...Senegambia
(SENEGAMBLE). Vicariate Apostolic, to which is joined the Prefecture Apostolic of Senegal ...Sennen and Abdon, Saints
(Variously written in early calendars and martyrologies Abdo, Abdus; Sennes, Sennis, Zennen.) ...Sens
(S ENONIS ) Archdiocese comprising the Department of the Yonne. It was suppressed by the ...Sens, Councils of
A number of councils were held at Sens. The first, about 600 or 601, in conformity with the ...Sentence
(Latin sententia , judgment). In canon law, the decision of the court upon any issue brought ...Sept-Fons, Notre-Dame de Saint-Lieu
Located in the Diocese of Moulins in France, it was founded (1132) by Guichard and Guillaume de ...Septimius Severus
Founder of the African dynasty of Roman emperors, b. at Leptis Magna in Africa, 11 April, 146; d. ...Septuagesima
( Latin septuagesima , the seventieth). Septuagesima is the ninth Sunday before Easter, ...Septuagint Version
The first translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, made into popular Greek before the Christian ...Sepulchre, Holy
Holy Sepulchre refers to the tomb in which the Body of Jesus Christ was laid after His death ...Sequence or Prose
I. DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Sequence ( Sequentia )–or, more accurately as ...Serajevo, Archdiocese of
(SERAIUM). The healthy growth of the Church in Bosnia was blighted and stunted by ...Seraphic Crown
( Or Seraphic Rosary.) A Rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the seven ...Seraphim
The name, a Hebrew masculine plural form, designates a special class of heavenly attendants of ...Seraphin of Montegranaro, Saint
Born at Montegranaro, 1540; died at Ascoli, 12 October 1604. Felix de Nicola was born of a poor, ...Seraphina Sforza, Blessed
Born at Urbino about 1434; died at Pesaro, 8 September, 1478. Her parents were Guido Antonio ...Serapion, Saint
Bishop of Antioch (190-211). Known principally through his theological writings. Of these ...Serena, Diocese of La
(De Serena, Serenopolitana). Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of ...Sergeant, John
Born at Barrow-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, in 1623; died in 1710, not, as Dodd asserts, in 1707 ...Sergeant, Ven. Richard
English martyr, executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1586. He was probably a younger son of Thomas ...Sergiopolis
A titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. Under its native name Rhesapha, ...Sergius and Bacchus
Martyrs, d. in the Diocletian persecution in Coele-Syria about 303. Their martyrdom is well ...Sergius I, Pope Saint
(Reigned 687-701), date of birth unknown; consecrated probably on 15 Dec., 687; d. 8 Sept., ...Sergius II, Pope
Date of birth unknown; consecrated in 844, apparently in January; d. 27 Jan., 847. He was of ...Sergius III, Pope
Date of birth unknown; consecrated 29 Jan., 904; d. 14 April, 911. He was a Roman of noble birth ...Sergius IV, Pope
Date of birth unknown; consecrated about 31 July, 1009; d. 12 May, 1012. Peter Pig's Snout ( ...Seripando, Girolamo
Italian theologian and cardinal, b. at Troja (Apulia), 6 May, 1493; d. at Trent 17 March, ...Seroux d'Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste-Louis-George
Born at Beauvais, 5 April, 1730; died at Rome, 24 September, 1814. He was a descendant of the ...Serpieri, Alessandro
Born at S. Giovanni in Marignano, near Rimini, 31 Oct., 1823; died at Fiesole, 22 Feb., 1885. His ...Serra, Junípero
Born at Petra, Island of Majorca, 24 November, 1713; died at Monterey, California, 28 August, ...Serrae
Titular metropolitan see in Macedonia, more correctly Serrhae, is called Siris by Herodotus ...Servants of Mary (Order of Servites)
This order was founded on the feast of the Assumption, 1233 when the Blessed Virgin appeared to ...Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament
An order of nuns, founded by the Venerable Pierre-Julien Eymard in 1858, assisted by Mother ...Servia
(S ERBIA ) A European kingdom in the north-western part of the Balkan peninsula. I. ...Servites, Order of
(SERVANTS OF MARY). The Order of Servites is the fifth mendicant order, the objects of which ...Servus servorum Dei
(SERVANT OF THE SERVANTS OF GOD.) A title given by the popes to themselves in documents of ...Sessa-Aurunca
(SUESSANA). Diocese in Campania, Province of Caserta (Southern Italy ). The city is situated ...Sestini, Benedict
Astronomer, mathematician, b. at Florence, Italy, 20 March, 1816; d. at Frederick, Maryland, 17 ...Setebo Indians
A considerable tribe of Panoan linguistic stock formerly centering about the confluence of the ...Seton, Saint Elizabeth Ann
Foundress and first superior of the Sisters of Charity in the United States ; born in New York ...Seton, William
Author, b. in New York, 28 Jan., 1835; d. there, 15 Mar., 1905. His father was William Seton, ...Settignano, Desiderio da
Born at Settignano, Tuscany, 1428; died at Florence, 1463. He is said to have been the son of a ...Settlement, Act of (Irish)
In 1662 an act was passed by the Irish Parliament, the privileges of which were restored on the ...Seven Deacons
The seven men elected by the whole company of the original Christian community at Jerusalem and ...Seven Robbers
(Septem Latrones), martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their ...Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The
The story is one of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after ...Seven-Branch Candlestick
One of the three chief furnishings of the Holy of the Tabernacle and the Temple ( Exodus ...Severian
Bishop of Gabala in Syria, flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries. Concerning his life ...Severinus, Pope
The date of his birth is not known. He was consecrated seemingly on 28 May, 640, and died 2 ...Severus Sanctus Endelechus
Christian rhetorician and poet of the fourth century. It is possible that his true name was ...Severus, Alexander
Roman emperor, b. at Acco in Palestine, 208, murdered by his mutinous soldiers at Sicula on the ...Seville
ARCHDIOCESE OF SEVILLE (HISPALENSIS). Archdiocese in Spain, is bounded on the north by ...Seville, University of
In the middle of the thirteenth century the Dominicans, in order to prepare missionaries for work ...Sexagesima
( Latin sexagesima , sixtieth) is the eighth Sunday before Easter and the second before ...Sexburga, Saint
Died about 699. Her sisters, Sts. Ethelburga and Saethrid, were both Abbesses of Faremontier in ...Sext
I. MEANING, SYMBOLISM, AND ORIGIN The hora sexta of the Romans corresponded closely with our ...Sexton
(Old English Sexestein, sextein , through the French sacristain from Latin sacrista ). ...Sf 2
Sf 2
Sfondrati, Celestino
Prince-abbot of St. Gall and cardinal, b. at Milan, 10 January, 1644, d. at Rome, 4 September, ...Sforza, Blessed Seraphina
Born at Urbino about 1434; died at Pesaro, 8 September, 1478. Her parents were Guido Antonio ...Sh 36
Sh 36
Shakespeare, Religion of
Of both Milton and Shakespeare it was stated after their deaths, upon Protestant authority, that ...Shamanism
(From Shaman or Saman , a word derived by Bantzaroff from Manchu saman , i.e., an excited ...Shammai
(Called ha-Zekan , "the Elder"). A famous Jewish scribe who together with Hillel made ...Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern
The Faith was carried for the first time into the Province of Shan-si. Norhter China, by the ...Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern
Erected in 1890; there are about 6,000,000 inhabitants; the mission is entrusted to the Franciscan ...Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern
This mission was separated in 1894 from Northern Shan-Tung and erected into a vicariate ...Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern
Erected by Gregory XVI in 1839. The first vicar Apostolic was Louis de Besi, formerly ...Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern
On 2 Jan., 1882, the then vicar Apostolic of Shan-tung, Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. Cosi, elected as ...Sharpe, James
(Alias POLLARD). Born at York, 1577; died at Lincoln, 1630. Converted when young, he made ...Shea, John Dawson Gilmary
Historian, born in New York, 22 July, 1824; died at Elizabeth, New Jersey , 22 February, 1892. ...Shea, Sir Ambrose
Born in Newfoundland, 17 Sept., 1815; d. in London, 30 July, 1905. At the age of twenty-two he ...Sheil, Richard Lalor
Dramatist, prose writer, and politician, b. at Drumdowny, County Kilkenny, Ireland, 17 August, ...Sheldon, Edward
Translator, b. at Beoley, 23 April, 1599; d. in London, 27 March, 1687. He was the third son of ...Shelley, Richard
English confessor ; d. in Marshalsea prison, London, probably in February or March, 1585-6. ...Shem
( Hebrew "name", "fame", "renown"; in Septuagint, Sem ; A.V., Shem .) Son of Noah ; ...Shen-si, Northern
(V ICARIATE A POSTOLIC ). In 1640 the Christian religion was preached for the first time ...Shen-si, Southern
The southern part of Shen-si was entrusted in 1885 to the Seminary of Sts. Peter and Paul, ...Shepherd, John
Musical composer, born about 1512; died about 1563; one of the great English musicians who rank ...Sherborne Abbey
Located in Dorsetshire, England ; founded in 998. Sherborne ( scir-burne , clear brook) was ...Sherbrooke
(S HERBROOKIENSIS ). Diocese in the Province of Quebec, suffragan of the Archdiocese of ...Sheridan, Philip Henry
Born at Albany, N.Y., U.S.A. 6 March, 1831; died at Nonquitt, Mass, 5 August, 1888. His family ...Sherson, Martin
English priest and confessor, one of the Dilati (see ENGLISH MARTYRS), b. 1563; d. 1588. A ...Shert, Blessed John
A native of Cheshire; took the degree of B.A. at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1566. Successively ...Sherwin, Blessed Ralph
English martyr, born 1550 at Rodesley, near Longford, Derbyshire; died at Tyburn, 1 December, ...Sherwood, Blessed Thomas
Martyr, born in London, 1551; died at Tyburn, London, 7 February, 1578. His parents also ...Sherwood, William
Bishop of Meath, d. at Dublin, 3 Dec. 1482. He was an English ecclesiastic who obtained the ...Shewbreads
Heb. "bread of the faces", i.e. "bread of the presence (of Yahweh )" ( Exodus 35:13 ; 39:35 , ...Shi-koku
One of the four great islands of Japan, has all area of 7009 square miles, not counting the ...Shields, James
Military officer, b. in Dungannon County Tyrone, Ireland, 12 Dec., 1810; d. at Ottumwa, Iowa, 1 ...Shire
(SHIRENENSIS). Vicariate apostolic in Nyassaland Protectorate, Africa. The Nyassaland ...Shirley, James
Poet and dramatist, b. in London, 18 Sept., 1596; d. there Oct., 1666. As a boy he attended the ...Shrewsbury
(SALOPIENSIS). One of the thirteen English dioceses created by Apostolic Letter of Pius IX ...Shrines of Our Lady and the Saints in Great Britain and Ireland
I. SANCTUARIES OF OUR LADY A. England (1) Abingdon -- St. Edward the Martyr and St. Dunstan, ...Shroud of Turin
This name is primarily given to a relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that ...Shrovetide
Shrovetide is the English equivalent of what is known in the greater part of Southern Europe as ...Shuswap Indians
(Properly SU-KHAPMUH, a name of unknown origin and meaning). A tribe of Salishan linguistic ...Si 90
Si 90
Siam
Siam, "the land of the White Elephant" or the country of the Muang Thai (the Free), is situated ...Sibbel, Joseph
Sculptor, b. at Dulmen, 7 June, 1850; d. in New York, 10 July, 1907. As a boy he evinced the ...Siberia
A Russian possession in Asia forming the northern third of that continent; it extends from the ...Sibour, Marie-Dominique-Auguste
Born at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drome, France ), 4 August, 1792; died in Paris, 3 January, ...Sibylline Oracles
The name given to certain collections of supposed prophecies, emanating from the sibyls or ...Sicard
Bishop of Cremona ( Italy ) in the twelfth century, a member of one of the principal families ...Sicca Veneria
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Sicca was an ancient important ...Sichem
(A.V. Shechem ). An Israelite city in the tribe of Ephraim, the first capital of the ...Sicilian Vespers
The traditional name given to the insurrection which broke out at Palermo on Easter Tuesday, 31 ...Sicily
The largest island in the Mediterranean. It is triangular in shape and was on that account called ...Sick, Anointing of the
A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect ...Side, Altar
That part of the altar which faced the congregation, in contradistinction to the side at which ...Sidon
The seat of a Melchite and a Maronite see in Syria. Sidon is the oldest city of the ...Sidon
Titular metropolis of Pamphylia Prima. Sidon, situated on the coast of Pamphylia, was a colony ...Sidonius Apollinaris
(CAIUS SOLLIUS MODESTUS APOLLINARIS SIDONIUS). Christian author and Bishop of Clermont, b. ...Sidyma
A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra ; mentioned by Ptolemy, V, 3, 5; Pliny, V, 28; ...Siena
(SENENSIS) Archdiocese in Tuscany (Central Italy ). The city is situated on three gently ...Siena, University of
The earliest notices of an advanced school (of grammar and medicine ) at Siena go back to ...Sieni, Cyril
(Better known as CYRIL OF BARCELONA). Missionary bishop, b. in Catalonia, date of birth ...Sierra Leone
(SIERRAE LEONIS, SIERRA-LEONENSIS). Comprises the English colony of that name and the ...Sigüenza
(SEGUNTINA, SEGONTIAE). Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo; bounded on the north by Soria, ...Sigebert of Gembloux
Benedictine historian, b. near Gembloux which is now in the Province of Namur, Belgium, about ...Siger of Brabant
Indisputably the leader of Latin Averroism during the sixth and seventh decades of the ...Sigismund
King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, b. 15 February, 1361, at Nuremberg ; d. ...Sign of the Cross
A term applied to various manual acts, liturgical or devotional in character, which have this at ...Signorelli, Luca
Italian painter, b. at Cortona about 1441; d. there in 1523. He was a son of Egidio Signorelli, ...Sikhism
The religion of a warlike sect of India, having its origin in the Punjab and its centre in the ...Silandus
A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Sardis. It is not mentioned by any ancient geographer or ...Silence
All writers on the spiritual life uniformly recommend, nay, command under penalty of total ...Silesia
I. PRUSSIAN SILESIA Prussian Silesia, the largest province of Prussia, has an area of 15,557 ...Siletz Indians
The collective designation for the rapidly dwindling remnant of some thirty small tribes, ...Siloe
(SILOAH, SILOAM). A pool in the Tyropoean Valley, just outside the south wall of Jerusalem, ...Silveira, Ven. Goncalo da
Pioneer missionary of South Africa, b. 23 Feb, 1526, at Almeirim, about forty miles from Lisbon ...Silverius, Pope Saint
(Reigned 536-37). Dates of birth and death unknown. He was the son of Pope Hormisdas who had ...Silvester, Francis
(F ERRARIENSIS ). Theologian, b. at Ferrara about 1474; d. at Rennes, 19 Sept., 1526. At ...Silvia, Saint
(Also spelled "Sylvia"). Mother of Pope St. Gregory the Great , born about 515 (525?); died ...Simeon
The second son of Jacob by Lia and patronymic ancestor of the Jewish tribe bearing that name. ...Simeon of Durham
(Symeon). Chronicler, d. 14 Oct., between 1130 and 1138. As a youth he had entered the ...Simeon Stylites the Elder, Saint
St. Simeon was the first and probably the most famous of the long succession of stylitoe , or ...Simeon Stylites the Younger, Saint
Born at Antioch in 521, died at the same place 24 May, 597. His father was a native of Edessa, ...Simeon, Canticle of
(The Canticle of Simeon). Found in St. Luke's Gospel (2:29-32) , is the last in historical ...Simeon, Holy
The "just and devout" man of Jerusalem who according to the narrative of St. Luke, greeted the ...Simla
Archdiocese in India, a new creation of Pius X by a Decree dated 13 September, 1910 formed ...Simon Magus
According to the testimony of St. Justin ("First Apolog.", xxvi), whose statement as to this ...Simon of Cascia
(SIMEONE FIDATI) Italian preacher and ascetical writer, b. at Cascia, Italy ; d at ...Simon of Cramaud
Cardinal, b. near Rochechouart in the Diocese of Limoges before 1360; d. at Poitiers 14 Dec., ...Simon of Cremona
A theological writer and celebrated preacher belonging to the Order of St. Augustine, date of ...Simon of Sudbury
Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Sudbury, Suffolk, England, of middle-class parents, date of ...Simon of Tournai
Professor in the University of Paris at the beginning of the thirteenth century, dates of birth ...Simon Peter
The life of St. Peter may be conveniently considered under the following heads: I. Until the ...Simon Stock, Saint
Born in the County of Kent, England, about 1165; died in the Carmelite monastery at Bordeaux, ...Simon the Apostle, Saint
The name of Simon occurs in all the passages of the Gospel and Acts, in which a list of the ...Simone da Orsenigo
A Lombard architect and builder of the fourteenth century whose memory is chiefly connected with ...Simonians
A Gnostic, Antinomian sect of the second century which regarded Simon Magus as its founder and ...Simony
(From Simon Magus ; Acts 8:18-24 ) Simony is usually defined "a deliberate intention of ...Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrice
Martyrs at Rome during the Diocletian persecution (302 or 303). The brothers Simplicius and ...Simplicius, Pope Saint
Reigned 468-483; date of birth unknown; died 10 March, 483. According to the "Liber ...Simpson, Richard
Born 1820; died near Rome, 5 April, 1876. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, and took ...Sin
The subject is treated under these heads: I. Nature of sin II. Division III. Mortal Sin IV. Venial ...Sinai
The mountain on which the Mosaic Law was given. Horeb and Sinai were thought synonymous by ...Sinaiticus, Codex
(The symbol is the Hebrew character Aleph , though Swete and a few other scholars use the ...Sinaloa
DIOCESE OF SINALOA (SINALOENSIS) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the ...Singing, Congregational
In his Instruction on sacred music , commonly referred to as the Motu Proprio (22 Nov., 1903), ...Sinigaglia
(SENIGALLIA), DIOCESE OF SINIGAGLIA (SENOGALLIENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Ancona in the ...Sinis
A titular see in Armenia Secunda, suffragan of Melitene. The catalogue of titular bishoprics ...Sinope
A titular see in Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasea in Helenopontus. It is a Greek colony, ...Sion
A titular see in Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. No civil document mentions it. It is ...Sion
(Sedunensis) A Swiss bishopric, depending directly on the Holy See. HISTORY The Diocese of ...Sioux City
DIOCESE OF SIOUX CITY (SIOPOLITAN). Erected 15 Jan., 1902, by Leo XIII . The establishment of ...Sioux Falls
DIOCESE OF SIOUX FALLS (SIOUXORMENSIS). Suffragan of St. Paul , comprises all that part of ...Sioux Indians
The largest and most important Indian tribe north of Mexico, with the single exception of the ...Sipibo Indians
A numerous tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, formerly centring about the Pisqui and Aguaitia ...Sirach, Book of
(Abbrev. Ecclus.; also known as the Book of Sirach.) The longest of the deuterocanonical books ...Siricius, Pope Saint
(384-99). Born about 334; died 26 November, 399, Siricius was a native of Rome ; his father's ...Sirleto, Gugliemo
Cardinal and scholar, born at Guardavalle near Stilo in Calabria, 1514; died at Rome, 6 October, ...Sirmium
(SZERÉM, SIRMIENSIS) Sirmium, situated near the modern town of Mitrovitz in Slavonia; ...Sirmond, Jacques
One of the greatest scholars of the seventeenth century, born at Riom in the Department of ...Sisinnius, Pope
Date of birth unknown; died 4 February, 708, Successor of John VII, he was consecrated probably ...Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio
On 27 October, 1829, at the request of Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati, several sisters from Mother ...Sisters of the Little Company of Mary
A congregation founded in 1877 in England to honour in a particular manner the maternal Heart ...Sistine Choir
Although it is known that the Church, from her earliest days, employed music in her cult, it was ...Sitifis
(Sitifensis). Titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis. Sitifis, situated in Mauretania ...Sitjar, Buenaventura
Born at Porrera, Island of Majorca, 9 December, 1739; died at San Antonio, California, 3 Sept., ...Siunia
A titular see, suffragan of Sebastia in Armenia Prima. Siunia is not a town, but a province ...Six Days of Creation
Hexaemeron signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of ...Sixtus I, Pope Saint
Pope St. Sixtus I (in the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three ...Sixtus II, Pope Saint
(XYSTUS). Elected 31 Aug., 257, martyred at Rome, 6 Aug., 258. His origin is unknown. The ...Sixtus III, Pope Saint
(XYSTUS). Consecrated 31 July, 432; d. 440. Previous to his accession he was prominent among ...Sixtus IV, Pope
(FRANCESCO DELLA ROVERE) Born near Abisola, 21 July, 1414; died 12 Aug., 1484. His parents ...Sixtus V, Pope
(FELICE PERETTI). Born at Grottamare near Montalto, 13 December, 1521; elected 24 April, ...Sk 3
Sk 3
Skara, Ancient See of
(SCARAE; SKARONENSIS, SCARENSIS). Located in Sweden ; suffragan to Hamburg (990-1104), to ...Skarga, Peter
Theologian and missionary, b. at Grojec, 1536; d. at Cracow, 27 Sept., 1612. He began his ...Skoda, Josef
Celebrated clinical lecturer and diagnostician and, with Rokitansky, founder of the modern ...Sl 11
Sl 11
Slander
Slander is the attributing to another of a fault of which one knows him to be innocent. It ...Slavery and Christianity
How numerous the slaves were in Roman society when Christianity made its appearance, how hard ...Slavery, Ethical Aspect of
In Greek and Roman civilization slavery on an extensive scale formed an essential element of the ...Slaves
(Déné "Men"). A tribe of the great Déné family of American ...Slavonic Language and Liturgy
Although the Latin holds the chief place among the liturgical languages in which the Mass is ...Slavs in America
The Slavic races have sent large numbers of their people to the United States and Canada, and ...Slavs, The
I. NAME A. Slavs At present the customary name for all the Slavonic races is Slav . This name ...Slomšek, Anton Martin
Bishop of Lavant, in Maribor, Styria, Austria, noted Slovenian educator, born 1800; died 24 ...Slotanus, John
(SCHLOTTANUS, VAN DER SLOOTIEN), (JOHN GEFFEN) Polemical writer; born at Geffen, Brabant; died ...Sloth
One of the seven capital sins. In general it means disinclination to labour or exertion. As a ...Slythurst, Thomas
English confessor, born in Berkshire; died in the Tower of London, 1560. He was B.A. Oxon, ...Sm 8
Sm 8
Smalkaldic League
A politico-religious alliance formally concluded on 27 Feb., 1531, at Smalkalden in Hesse-Nassau, ...Smaragdus, Ardo
Hagiographer, died at the Benedictine monastery of Aniane, Herault, in Southern France, March, ...Smith, James
Journalist, b. at Skolland, in the Shetland Isles, about 1790; d. Jan., 1866. He spent his boyhood ...Smith, Richard
Bishop of Chalcedon, second Vicar Apostolic of England ; b. at Hanworth, Lincolnshire, Nov., ...Smith, Richard
Born in Worcestershire, 1500; died at Douai, 9 July, 1563. He was educated at Merton College, ...Smith, Thomas Kilby
Born at Boston, Mass., 23 Sept., 1820; died at New York, 14 Dec., 1887; eldest son of Captain ...Smits, William
Orientalist and exegete, b. at Kevelaer in the Duchy of Geldern, 1704; d. 1 Dec., 1770. He ...Smyrna
LATIN ARCHDIOCESE OF SMYRNA (SMYRNENSIS), in Asia Minor. The city of Smyrna rises like an ...Sn 2
Sn 2
Snorri Sturluson
Historian, born at Hvammr, 1178; died 1241. Snorri, who was the son of Sturla Thortsson (d. 1182), ...Snow, Venerable Peter
English martyr, suffered at York, 15 June, 1598. He was born at or near Ripon and arrived at the ...So 71
So 71
Sobaipura Indians
Once an important tribe of the Piman branch of the great Shoshonean linguistic stock, occupying ...Sobieski, John
Born at Olesko in 1629; died at Wilanow, 1696; son of James, Castellan of Cracow and descended by ...Social Contract, The
Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique , is the title of a work written by J.J. ...Socialism
A system of social and economic organization that would substitute state monopoly for private ...Socialistic Communities
This title comprehends those societies which maintain common ownership of the means of ...Societies, Catholic
Catholic societies are very numerous throughout the world; some are international in scope, some ...Societies, Catholic, American Federation of
An organization of the Catholic laity, parishes, and societies under the guidance of the ...Societies, Secret
A designation of which the exact meaning has varied at different times. I. DEFINITION "By a ...Society
Society implies fellowship, company, and has always been conceived as signifying a human relation, ...Society of Foreign Missions of Paris
The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris was established in 1658-63, its chief founders being ...Society of Jesus, The
(Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ...Society of the Blessed Sacrament, The
A congregation of priests founded by Venerable Pierre-Julien Eymard in Paris, 1 June, 1856. ...Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, The
An institution of religious women, taking perpetual vows and devoted to the work of education, ...Society, The Catholic Church Extension
IN THE UNITED STATES The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society ...Socinianism
The body of doctrine held by one of the numerous Antitrinitarian sects to which the ...Sociology
The claims of sociology ( socius , companion; logos , science ) to a place in the hierarchy ...Socorro
(DE SUCCURSU.) Established in 1895 as a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Bogota, in the ...Socrates
A historian of the Early Church, b. at Constantinople towards the end of the fourth century. ...Socrates
Greek philosopher and educational reformer of the fifth century B.C.; born at Athens, 469 ...Sodality
I The sodalities of the Church are pious associations and are included among the ...Sodality (Confraternity)
( Latin confraternitas , confratria ) A confraternity or sodality is a voluntary ...Sodom and Gomorrha
Sodom, a city of Pentapolis ( Wisdom 10:6 ; Genesis 14:2 ): Sodom, Gomorrha, Adama, Seboim, and ...Sodoma
(GIOVANNI ANTONIO BAZZI, or DE'BAZZI, often miscalled RAZZI, more usually known by his nickname, ...Sodor and Man
(SODORENSIS). The early history of this see is extremely obscure. The Scandinavian diocese, ...Soissons
Diocese of Soissons (Suessionensis) Includes, with the exception of two hamlets, the entire ...Solanus, Saint Francis
South American missionary of the Order of Friars Minor ; b. at Montilla, in the Diocese of ...Solari
(SOLARIO) A family of Milanese artists, closely connected with the cathedral and with the ...Solemnity
(From Latin solet and annus -- a yearly celebration). The word solemnity is here used ...Solesmes
A Benedictine monastery in Department of Sarthe, near Sablé, France. It was founded in ...Soli
A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis. Soli was an important port on the Clarius, on ...Solicitation
( Latin sollicitare ) Technically in canon law the crime of making use of the Sacrament of ...Solimôes Superiore
A prefecture Apostolic in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, erected by a decree of the Sacred ...Solomon
Our sources for the study of the life, reign, and character of Solomon are 1 Kings 1-9 ; and 2 ...Solomon Islands, Northern
(PREFECTURE APOSTOLIC OF THE NORTHERN SOLOMON ISLANDS) Established on 23 May, 1898, by ...Solomon Islands, Southern
PREFECTURE APOSTOLIC OF THE SOUTHERN SOLOMON ISLANDS (INSULARUM SOLOMONIARUM). The Solomon ...Solomon, Psalms of
Eighteen apocryphal psalms, extant in Greek, probably translated from a Hebrew, or an Aramaic ...Solsona
DIOCESE OF SOLSONA (CELSONENSIS). Diocese in Lérida, Spain, suffragan of Tarragona, ...Somaliland
A triangular-shaped territory in the north-eastern extremity of Africa, projecting into the ocean ...Somaschi
Name of a charitable religious congregation of regular clerics, founded in the sixteenth century ...Somerset, Thomas
Confessor, born about 1530; died in the Tower of London, 27 May, 1587; second son of Henry, second ...Son of God
IN THE OLD TESTAMENT The title "son of God" is frequent in the Old Testament. The word "son" was ...Son of Man
In the Old Testament "son of man " is always translated in the Septuagint without the article ...Song, Religious
(Sacred Song) Religious song is the general designation given to the numerous poetical and ...Songish Indians
A tribe of some importance formerly holding the south coast of Vancouver Island, B.C., in the ...Sonnius, Franciscus
Theologian, b. at Zon in Brabant, 12 August, 1506; d. at Antwerp, 30 June, 1576. His real name ...Sonora
(DE SONORA) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico ; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Durango. Its ...Sophene
A titular see, suffragan of Melitene in Armenia Secunda. In the sixth century "Notitiæ ...Sophists
A group of Greek teachers who flourished at the end of the fifth century B.C. They claimed to be ...Sophonias
The ninth of the twelve Minor Prophets of the Canon of the Old Testament ; preached and wrote ...Sophronius
Sophronius, Bishop of Constantina or Tella in Osrhoene, was a relative of Ibas, Bishop of ...Sora
A titular see in Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangra. Sora must have been an insignificant town; ...Sorbait, Paul de
Physician, b. in Hainault, 1624; d. at Vienna, 19 April, 1691. He went to school at Paderborn, ...Sorbonne
This name is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of ...Sorin, Edward
The founder of Notre Dame, Indiana ; b. 6 Feb., 1814, at Ahuillé, near Laval, France ; ...Sorrento
Archdiocese in the Province of Naples, with one suffragan, Castellamare. The city is situated on ...Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the Seven
There are two such days: Friday before Palm Sunday, major double; third Sunday in ...Soter and Caius, Saints
They have their feast together on 22 April, on which day they appear in most of the ...Soto, Dominic
Dominican, renowned theologian, b. at Segovia, 1494; d. at Salamanca, 15 Nov., 1560. His first ...Soul
(Greek psyche ; Latin anima ; French ame ; German Seele ). The question of the ...Soul, Faculties of the
I. MEANING Whatever doctrine one may hold concerning the nature of the human soul and its ...South American College in Rome, The
(Legal title, COLLEGIO PIO-LATINO-AMERICANO PONTIFICIO). The Rev. Ignatius Victor Eyzaguirre, ...South Carolina
One of the thirteen original colonies of the United States, has an area of 30,570 square miles ...South Dakota
The thirty-ninth state, admitted to the Union on 2 November, 1889, is officially bounded as ...Southerne, Venerable William
English martyr, suffered at Newcastle-under-Lyme, 30 April, 1618. An alumnus and priest of the ...Southwark
DIOCESE OF SOUTHWARK (SOUTHWARCENSIS) Suffragan of Westminster, England, comprises the ...Southwell, Venerable Robert
Poet, Jesuit, martyr ; born at Horsham St. Faith's, Norfolk, England, in 1561; hanged at ...Southworth, Saint John
English martyr, b. in Lancashire, 1592, martyred at Tyburn, 28 June, 1654. A member of a junior ...Sovana and Pitigliano
DIOCESE OF SOVANA AND PITIGLIANO (SUANENSIS ET PITILIANENSIS). The two towns, Sovana and ...Sozomen, Salaminius Hermias
One of the famous historians of the early Church, born at Bethelia, a small town near Gaza in ...Sozopolis
Titular see in the Balkans, suffragan of Adrianopolis. The town, at first called Antheia, was ...Sozusa
A titular see of Palestina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea. The town, at first called ...Sp 45
Sp 45
Space
( Latin spatium ). The idea of space is one of the most important in the philosophy of ...Spagni, Andrea
Educator and author, born at Florence, 8 Aug., 1716; died at Rome, 16 Sept., 1788. He entered the ...Spain
This name properly signifies the whole peninsula which forms the south-western extremity of ...Spalato-Macarsca (Salona)
DIOCESE OF SPALATO-MACARSCA (SPALATENSIS ET MACARSCENSIS). Suffragan of Zara. Salona is the ...Spalding, Martin John
Seventh Archbishop of Baltimore, b. Bardstown, Kentucky, 23 May, 1810; d., at Baltimore, 7 ...Spallanzani
A distinguished eighteenth-century scientist, b. at Scadiano in Modena, Italy, 10 January, 1729; ...Spanish Armada, The
The Spanish Armada, also called the Invincible Armada ( infra ), and more correctly La Armada ...Spanish Language and Literature
Spanish, a Romance language, that is, one of the modern spoken forms of Latin, is the speech of ...Spanish-American Literature
The literature produced by the Spanish-speaking peoples of Mexico, Central America, Cuba and ...Spanish-American Universities
The University of St. Mark's at Lima enjoys the reputation of being the oldest in America; ...Sparta
A celebrated town of the Peloponnesus, mentioned several times under this name or under that of ...Species
In scholastic terminology, Species is the necessary determinant of every cognitive process. ...Speckbacher, Josef
A Tyrolean patriot of 1809, born at Gnadenwald, near Hall, in the Tyrol, 13 July, 1767; died at ...Speculation
A term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of ...Spedalleri, Nicola
A priest, theologian, and philosopher, born at Bronte in the Province of Catania, Sicily, 6 ...Spee, Friedrich Von
A poet, opponent of trials for witchcraft, born at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, 25 February, 1591; ...Speed, Blessed John
[ alias Spence] English martyr, executed at Durham, 4 Feb., 1593-4, for assisting the ...Spencer, The Hon. George
( In religion , Ignatius of St. Paul). Passionist, b. at the Admiralty, London, 21 Dec., ...Spenser, John
( alias HATCLIFFE and TYRRWHIT) John Spenser, born in Lincolnshire, 1601; died at Grafton, ...Spenser, Venerable William
English martyr, b. at Ghisburn, Yorkshire; executed at York, 24 September, 1589. His maternal ...Speyer
DIOCESE OF SPEYER (SPIRA) Diocese in Bavaria. The city dates back to the stronghold of ...Speyer, Johann and Wendelin von
German printers in Venice from 1468 to 1477. They were among the first of those who, after 1462, ...Spillmann, Joseph
Author, b. at Zug, Switzerland, 22 April, 1842; d. at Luxembourg, 20 February, 1905. He attended ...Spina, Alphonso de
Spanish Franciscan, date of birth unknown; died about 1491. A convert from Judaism, he was for ...Spina, Bartolommeo
Scholastic theologian, born at Pisa about 1475; died at Rome, 1546. He joined the Dominican ...Spinola, Christopher Royas de
Bishop of Wiener-Neustadt, born of a noble Spanish family, near Roermond in Gelderland in ...Spinoza, Benedict
(d'Espinosa, Despinoza). Born at Amsterdam, 24 Nov., 1632; died at The Hague, 21 Feb., ...Spire
(From the Anglo-Saxon word spir , meaning "a stalk" or "shoot"). A tapering construction ...Spirit
( Latin spiritus , spirare , "to breathe"; Gk. pneuma ; Fr. esprit ; Ger. Geist ). As ...Spirit, Holy
I. SYNOPSIS OF THE DOGMA The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms ...Spiritism
Spiritism is the name properly given to the belief that the living can and do communicate with ...Spirito Santo
(SPIRITUS SANCTI) Suffragan of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro , established in ...Spiritual Direction
In the technical sense of the term, spiritual direction is that function of the sacred ministry by ...Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius
A short work composed by St. Ignatius of Loyola and written originally in Spanish. THE TEXT ...Spiritualism
The term "spiritualism" has been frequently used to denote the belief in the possibility of ...Spirituals
A general term denoting several groups of Friars Minor, existing in the second half of the ...Spokan Indians
An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely cognate with the Colville, Coeur ...Spoleto
ARCHDIOCESE OF SPOLETO (SPOLETANO). Archdiocese in the province of Umbria, Italy. The city is ...Spondanus, Henri
(DE SPONDE) A convert from Calvinism, Bishop of Pamiers, and one of the continuators of ...Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico
Composer, born at Magolati, near Jesi, Ancona, 14 Nov., 1774; died there, 14 Jan., 1851. He was ...Spoons, Apostle
A set of thirteen spoons, usually silver, the handles of which are adorned with representations of ...Sporer, Patritius
Moral theologian, born at Passau, Bavaria ; died there, 29 May, 1683. In 1637 he entered the ...Sportelli, Cæsar
Born at Nola in Bari, Italy, 29 March, 1702; died at Pagani, 19 April, 1750. His mother, who ...Springfield
Diocese of Springfield (Campifontis) in Massachusetts, erected in June, 1870. It comprises five ...Sprott, Venerable Thomas
(Spratt) English martyr, b. at Skelsmergh, near Kendal, Westmoreland; suffered at Lincoln with ...Sq 3
Sq 3
Squamish Indians
A considerable tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, speaking a distinct language, holding the ...Squiers, Herbert Goldsmith
Army officer and diplomatist; b. at Madoc, Canada, 20 April, 1859; d. at London, 19 Oct., 1911. ...Squillace
(Squillacensis). Suffragan diocese of Reggio, in Calabria, Southern Italy. The city of ...Sr 1
Sr 1
Sri Lanka
An island (266 1/2 miles long and 140 1/2 miles broad), to the south-east of India and separated ...St 107
St 107
Stöckl, Albert
A neo-Scholastic philosopher and theologian, born at Möhren, near Freuchtlingen, in Middle ...Stabat Mater
The opening words of two companion hymns, one of which (Stabat Mater Dolorosa) is in liturgical ...Stadler, John Evangelist
A Bavarian hagiographer, b. at Parkstetten, in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 24 Dec., 1804; d. at ...Staff, Pastoral
(Or PASTORAL STAFF). The crosier is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops ...Stained Glass
The popular name for the glass used in the making of coloured windows. The term is a misnomer, as ...Stalls
Stalls — seats in a choir, wholly or partly enclosed on the back and sides — are ...Stanbrook Abbey
An abbey of Benedictine nuns, midway between Malvern and Worcester, England. The abbey and ...Stanfield, William Clarkson
English painter, b. at Sunderland, 1793; d. at Hampstead, near London, 1867. He became a sailor, ...Stanislas Kostka, Saint
Born at Rostkovo near Prasnysz, Poland, about 28 October, 1550; died at Rome during the night of ...Stanislaus of Cracow, Saint
Bishop and martyr, born at Szczepanów (hence called Szczepanowski), in the Diocese of ...Stanislawow
Diocese of Stanislawow (Stanislaopoliensis) Diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite, in Galicia, ...Stanley Falls
Vicariate Apostolic in the Belgian Congo. It is bounded on the east by the meridian 30° E. ...Stansel, Valentin
Astronomer, b. at Olmütz, Moravia, 1621; d. at Bahia, Brazil, 18 Dec., 1705. He entered the ...Stanyhurst, Richard
Catholic controversialist, historian, and devotional writer, born at Dublin, 1547; died at ...Stanza
An Italian word signifying room, chamber, apartment. In English the term is chiefly used for ...Stapf, Joseph Ambrose
Theologian, born at Fliess in the valley of the Upper Inn in the Tyrol, Austria, 15 August, 1785; ...Staphylus, Friedrich
Theologian, born at Osnabrück, 27 Aug., 1512; died at Ingolstadt, 5 March, 1564. His father, ...Stapleton, Theobald
Theobald Stapleton was born in Co. Kilkenny, Ireland, but was English by descent, though not ...Stapleton, Thomas
Controversialist, born at Henfield, Sussex, July, 1535; died at Louvain, 12 Oct., 1598. He was the ...Starowolski, Simon
Born at Stara Wola, near Cracow, 1585; died at Cracow, 1656; studied at Louvain, but took his ...Starr, Eliza Allen
Born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, 29 August, 1824; died at Durand, Illinois, 8 September, 1901. ...State and Church
The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essentially aiming ...State or Way
The word state is used in various senses by theologians and spiritual writers. It may be ...State, Allegiance to the
By civil allegiance is meant the duty of loyalty and obedience which a person owes to the State ...States of the Church
( Italian Lo Stato della Chiese ) Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years ...States, Papal
( Italian Lo Stato della Chiese ) Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years ...Station Days
Days on which in the early Church fast was observed until the Hour of None (between twelve and ...Stations of the Cross
(Also called Stations of the Cross, Via Crucis, and Via Dolorosa). These names are used to signify ...Statistics of Religions
I. DEFINITION This study concerns itself with religious bodies, the number of their members, and ...Statistics, Ecclesiastical
In dealing with statistics, both theoretically and practically, it is unimportant whether the men, ...Stattler, Benedict
Jesuit theologian, born at Kötzting, Bavaria ( Diocese of Ratisbon ), 30 Jan., 1728; died ...Staudenmaier, Franz Anton
A theologian, born at Donzdorf, Würtemberg, 11 Sept., 1800; died at Freiburg im Breisgau, ...Staupitz, Johann Von
Abbot, born at Motterwitz near Leisnig (or Moderwitz near Meustadt an der Orla) about 1460; died ...Stauropolis
A titular metropolitan see of the Province of Caria. The city, founded by the Leleges, was at ...Stavanger, Ancient See of
(STAVANGRIA; STAVANGRENSIS) Located in Norway ; included the Provinces of Stavanger, Lister ...Stedingers
(A word meaning "those living along a shore") A tribe of Frisian peasants in Northern Germany ...Stefaneschi, Giacomo Gaetani
A cardinal-deacon, born at Rome, about 1270; died at Avignon, 23 June, 1343. He was the son of ...Steffani, Agostino
A titular Bishop of Spiga, diplomatist and musician, born at Castelfranco in the Province of ...Steinamanger
(SZOMBATHELY) Located in Hungary, suffragan of Gran, founded in 1777 under Queen Maria ...Steinle, Eduard Von
An historical painter, born at Vienna, 2 July, 1810; died at Frankfort, 19 Sept., 1886. Steinle ...Steinmeyer, Ferdinand
(FARMER) Ferdinand Steinmeyer, Jesuit missionary, born in Swabia, Germany, 13 Oct., 1720; ...Steno, Nicolaus
(Niels Steensen) An eminent Danish anatomist and geologist, convert and saintly bishop, ...Stephen (II) III, Pope
Unanimously elected in St. Mary Major's and consecrated on 26 March (or 3 April), 752; d. 26 ...Stephen (III) IV, Pope
Born about 720; died 1 or 3 August, 772. Paul I was not dead when trouble began about the ...Stephen (IV) V, Pope
(816-17) Date of birth unknown; died 24 Jan., 817. Stephen, the son of Marinus, was of the same ...Stephen (IX) X, Pope
Born probably about the beginning of the eleventh century; died at Florence, 29 March, 1058. ...Stephen (V) VI, Pope
(885-91) Date of birth unknown; died in Sept., 891. His father, Hadrian, who belonged to the ...Stephen (VI) VII, Pope
(896-7) Date of birth unknown; died about August, 897. Stephen was a Roman, and the son of ...Stephen (VII) VIII, Pope
(929-31) Date of birth unknown; died in February or March, 931. He became pope either at the ...Stephen (VIII) IX, Pope
(939-942) Date of birth unknown; he became pope about 14 July, 939, and died about the end of ...Stephen Harding, Saint
Confessor, the third Abbot of Cîteaux, was born at Sherborne in Dorsetshire, England, ...Stephen I, Pope Saint
Although there is some doubt as to the dates connected with the pontificate of Stephen, it is ...Stephen II, Pope
On the death of Zachary, a certain priest Stephen was unanimously elected to succeed him ...Stephen of Autun
Bishop, liturgical writer, b. at Bangé (hence surnamed Blagiacus or de Balgiaco) in ...Stephen of Bourbon
Illustrious writer and preacher, especially noted as a historian of medieval heresies, b. at ...Stephen of Muret, Saint
Born 1045; died at Muret, 8 February, 1124, founder of the Abbey and Order of Grandmont. Serious ...Stephen of Tournai
Stephen of Tournai, canonist, born at Orléans, 1128; died at Tournai, September, 1203. He ...Stephen, Saint
One of the first deacons and the first Christian martyr ; feast on 26 December. In the Acts ...Stephen, Saint
First King of Hungary, b. at Gran, 975; d. 15 August, 1038. He was a son of the Hungarian ...Stephens, Henry Robert
Belgian theologian, born of English parentage at Liège, 5 August, 1665; died there, 15 ...Stephens, Thomas
(Also known in India as PADRE ESTEVÄO or ESTEVAM; less familiarly PADRE BUSTEN, BUSTON, or DE ...Steps, Altar
In the beginning altars were not erected on steps. Those in the catacombs were constructed on the ...Steuco, Agostino
(STEUCHUS) Exegete, born at Gubbio, Umbria, 1496; died at Venice, 1549. At the age of ...Stevenson, Joseph
Archivist, born at Berwick-on-Tweed, 27 Nov., 1806; died in London, 8 Feb., 1895. Though his ...Stevin, Simon
Born at Bruges in 1548; died at Leyden in 1620. He was for some years book-keeper in a business ...Stifter, Adalbert
Poet and pedagogue, b. at Oberplan in Bohemia, 23 October, 1805; d. at Linz, 28 October, 1868. ...Stigmata, Mystical
To decide merely the facts without deciding whether or not they may be explained by supernatural ...Stipend
[ Latin stipendium , a tax, import, tribute; in military use, pay, salary; contraction for ...Stockholm
Stockholm, the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, is situated on Lake Maelar at the spot where it ...Stoddard, Charles Warren
An American author, born 7 August, 1843, at Rochester, N. Y.; died 23 April, 1909, at Monterey, ...Stoics and Stoic Philosophy
The Stoic School was founded in 322 B.C. by Zeno of Cittium and existed until the closing of the ...Stolberg
1. Friedrich Leopold, Count zu Stolberg Born at Brammstedt in Holstein (then a part of Denmark ...Stole
A liturgical vestment composed of a strip of material from two to four inches wide and about ...Stole, Altar
An ornament, having the shape of the ends of a stole, which in the Middle Ages was attached to ...Stolz, Alban Isidor
Catholic theologian and popular author, b. at Bühl, Baden, 3 Feb., 1808; d. at Freiberg, ...Stone, Altar
A solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop, large enough to hold the Sacred Host ...Stone, Corner
(Foundation Stone) A rite entitled "De benedictione et impositione Primarii Lapidis pro ...Stone, John, Blessed
English martyr, executed at the Dane-John, Canterbury, probably in December, 1539, for denying ...Stone, Marmaduke
Jesuit, b. at Draycot, 28 Nov., 1748; d. at St. Helens, 22 Aug., 1834. He was educated at St. ...Stone, Mary Jean
Born at Brighton, Sussex, in 1853; died at Battle, Sussex, 3 May, 1908. She was educated at a ...Stones, Precious, in the Bible
Precious stones are stones remarkable for their colour, brilliancy, or rarity. Such stones have at ...Stoning in Scripture
Palestine being a very rocky country, the abundance of stones made it natural to use them as ...Stonnes, James
English priest, b. 1513; d. after 1585. He was ordained at Durham by Bishop Tunstall in 1539. ...Stonyhurst College
The history of Stonyhurst as a school dates back to a period considerably prior to its ...Story, Blessed John
( Or Storey.) Martyr ; born 1504; died at Tyburn, 1 June, 1571. He was educated at ...Stoss, Veit
Sculptor, b. at Nuremberg in 1438; d there in 1533. In 1477 he established a large work shop at ...Stoup
Vessels intended for the use of holy water are of very ancient origin, and archaeological ...Stradivari Family, The
The name Stradivari goes back to the Middle Ages ; we find it spelt in various ways, Stradivare, ...Stradivari, Antonio
The famous Cremonese violin-maker, b. in 1649 or 1650; d. at Cremona, 18 or 19 Dec., 1737. He ...Strahov, Abbey of
A Premonstratensian abbey at Prague, Bohemia, founded in 1149 by Bishop Henry Zdik of ...Strain, John
Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, born at Edinburgh, 8 December, 1810; died there, 2 July, ...Stransham, Venerable Edward
English martyr, born at Oxford about 1554; suffered at Tyburn, 21 January, 1586. He was educated ...Strasburg
(ARGENTINENSIS) A German diocese immediately dependent on the Papal See . According to ...Stratonicea
A titular see in Caria ( Asia Minor ) suffragan of Stauropolis. Stratoniceia or Stratonicea ...Streber, Franz Ignaz Von
Numismatist and theologian, born at Reisbach, Lower Bavaria, 11 Feb., 1758; died at Munich, 26 ...Streber, Franz Seraph
Numismatist and nephew of Franz Ignaz von Streber, born at Deutenkofen, Lower Bavaria, 26 Feb., ...Streber, Hermann
Son of Franz Seraph Streber, b. at Munich, 27 Sept., 1839; d. at Tölz, 9 Aug., 1896. He ...Strengnäs, Ancient See of
(STRENGAE, STRENGENSIA; STRENGENESIS). Located in Sweden. The diocese consisted of the ...Striking of the Breast
Striking of the breast as a liturgical act is prescribed in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass ...Stripping of an Altar
On Holy Thursday the celebrant, having removed the ciborium from the high altar, goes to the ...Strossmayer, Joseph Georg
(Josip Juraj), Bishop of Diakovár [Djakovo], born at Essegg [Osijek] in ...Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement
Cardinal, Duke of York, known by the Jacobites as "Henry IX, King of Great Britain, France, ...Studion
(Latin Studium ), the most important monastery at Constantinople, situated not far from the ...Stuhlweissenburg
DIOCESE OF STUHLWEISSENBURG (ALBAE REGALENSIS) Diocese in Hungary, and Suffragen of Gran. It ...Sturluson, Snorri
Historian, born at Hvammr, 1178; died 1241. Snorri, who was the son of Sturla Thortsson (d. 1182), ...Stylites
Stylites were solitaries who, taking up their abode upon the tops of a pillar ( stylos ), chose ...Styria
( German Steiermark) A duchy and Austrian crownland, divided by the River Mur into Upper and ...Su 44
Su 44
Suárez, Francisco
Doctor Eximius , a pious and eminent theologian, as Paul V called him, born at Granada, 5 ...Subdeacon
The subdiaconate is the lowest of the sacred or major orders in the Latin Church. It is defined ...Subiaco
(SUBLACUM, SUBLACEUM, SUBLAQUEM). A city in the Province of Rome, twenty-five miles from ...Subreption
( Latin subreptio ). In canon law the concealment or suppression of statements or facts that ...Subsidies, Episcopal
( Latin subsidia , tribute, pecuniary aid, subvention) Since the faithful are obliged to ...Substance
( Latin sub-stare, substantia ) Substance, the first of Aristotle's categories, signifies ...Suburbicarian Dioceses
A name applied to the dioceses nearest Rome, viz. Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina, ...Sudan
The Vicariate Apostolic of Sudan or Central-Africa (S UDANENSIS SEU A FRICÆ C ...Sufetula
A titular see of North Africa. Sufetula seems to be Suthul where Jugurtha had deposited his ...Sugar, Venerable John
(Suker). Born at Wombourn, Staffordshire, 1558; suffered at Warwick, 16 July, 1604. He ...Suger
Abbot of St-Denis, statesman and historian, b. probably at or near St-Denis, about 1081; d. ...Suicide
This article will treat the subject under the following three heads: I. The notions and ...Suidas
( Souidas, Soudas ) Author of, perhaps, the most important Greek lexicon or encyclopedia. ...Suitbert, Saint
(Suidbert [or Swithbert]). Apostle of the Frisians, b. in England in the seventh century; d. ...Sullivan, Alexander Martin
Irish politician, lawyer and journalist, b. at Bantry in 1830; d. at Dartry Lodge, Rathmines, ...Sullivan, Peter John
Soldier, lawyer, born at Cork, Ireland, 15 March, 1821; died at Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 March 1883. ...Sully, Maurice de
Bishop of Paris, born of humble parents at Sully-sur-Loire (Soliacum), near Orléans, at ...Sulpicians in the United States
The Sulpicians came to the United States at the very rise of the American Hierarchy. When the ...Sulpicius Severus
An ecclesiastical writer, born of noble parents in Aquitaine c. 360; died about 420-25. The ...Sulpitius
Two bishops of Bourges bore this name. (1) The first, St. Sulpitius the Severe, wrongly ...Sumatra
Sumatra, erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins. Previously ...Summæ
(SUMMULÆ) Summæ are compendiums of theology, philosophy, and canon law which ...Summer Schools, Catholic
A Catholic summer school is an assembly of Catholic clergy and laity held during the summer ...Sunday
Sunday (Day of the Sun), as the name of the first day of the week, is derived from Egyptian ...Superior
(SUPERIORENSIS) Situated in the northern part of Wisconsin, Superior comprises the following ...Supernatural Adoption
( Latin adoptare , to choose.) Adoption is the gratuitous taking of a stranger as one's own ...Supernatural Gift
A supernatural gift may be defined as something conferred on nature that is above all the ...Supernatural Order
The Supernatural Order is the ensemble of effects exceeding the powers of the created universe ...Superstition
[From supersisto , "to stand in terror of the deity " (Cicero, "De Nat. deorum", I, 42, 117); ...Supper, The Last
The meal held by Christ and His disciples on the eve of His Passion at which He instituted the ...Suppression of Monasteries in Continental Europe
Under this title will be treated only the suppressions of religious houses (whether monastic in ...Suppression of Monasteries in England
From any point of view the destruction of the English monasteries by Henry VIII must be ...Supremi disciplinæ
Motu Proprio of Pius X, promulgated 2 July, 1911, relating to Holy Days of obligation. On Holy ...Sura
Titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. Sura, situated on the banks of the ...Surin, Jean-Joseph
Born 1600; died at Bordeaux, 1665. He belonged to the Society of Jesus , and enjoyed great ...Surius, Laurentius
Hagiologist, born at the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, 1522; died at Cologne, 23 May, 1578. It ...Surplice
A large-sleeved tunic of half-length, made of fine linen or cotton, and worn by all the clergy. ...Susa
(Greek Sousan, Sousa ) The capital of the Kingdom of Elam, and from the time of Cyrus, or ...Susa
(SEGUSIN; SEGUSIENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Turin, Piedmont, Northern Italy. The city ...Susanna and Tiburtius, Saints
Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that ...Suso, Blessed Henry
(Also called Amandus , a name adopted in his writings). German mystic, born at Constance on ...Suspension (in Canon Law)
Suspension, in canon law, is usually defined as a censure by which a cleric is deprived, ...Sutton, Sir Richard
Co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford, date of birth unknown; d. September or October, 1524. ...Sutton, Ven. Robert
Priest, martyr, b. at Burton-on-Trent; quartered at Stafford, 27 July, 1587. He is not to be ...Sw 9
Sw 9
Swan, Order of the
A pious confraternity, indulgenced by the pope, which arose in 1440 in the Electorate of ...Sweden
The largest of the three Scandinavian countries and the eastern half of the Scandinavian ...Swedenborgians
The believers in the religious doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. As an organized body they ...Sweinheim, Konrad
See also KONRAD SWEYNHEIM . Both printers; Pannartz died about 1476, Sweinheim in 1477. ...Swetchine, Sophie-Jeanne Soymonof
Writer, b. at Moscow, 22 Nov., 1782; d. in Paris, 10 Sept., 1857. She was a member of a noble ...Sweynheim, Konrad
See also ARNOLD PANNARTZ AND KONRAD SWEINHEIM . (SCHWEINHEIM) Printer, b. at Schwanheim, ...Swinomish Indians
A tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely connected with the Skagit. They formerly held the ...Swithin, Saint
(SWITHUN). Bishop of Winchester ; died 2 July, 862. Very little is known of this saint's ...Switzerland
(Confederatio Helvetica) A confederation in the central part of Western Europe, made up of ...Sy 45
Sy 45
Sydney
ARCHDIOCESE OF SYDNEY (SYDNEYENSIS). The vast territories formerly known as New Holland and Van ...Syene
A titular see in Thebian Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais. Syene (Egyptian, Souanou, Coptic, ...Sykes, Edmund
Born at Leeds ; martyred at York Tyburn 23 March, 1586-7; was a student at the College at ...Syllabus
( syllabos , "collection") The name given to two series of propositions containing modern ...Sylvester Gozzolini, Saint
Founder of the Sylvestrines, b. of the noble family of the Gozzolini at Osimo, 1177; d. 26 ...Sylvester I, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; d. 31 December, 335. According to the "Liber pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, ...Sylvester II
Reigned 999-1003; also called Gerbert. Born at or near Aurillac, Auvergne, France, about 940-950, ...Sylvester, Bernard, of Chartres
( More properly , of Tours.) A twelfth-century philosopher of Neo-Platonic tendencies. ...Sylvester, Order of Saint
The Order of Saint Sylvester is neither monastic nor military but a purely honorary title ...Sylvestrines
A minor monastic order or, strictly speaking, congregation following in general the Rule of St. ...Sylvia, Saint
(Also spelled "Sylvia"). Mother of Pope St. Gregory the Great , born about 515 (525?); died ...Sylvius, Francis
Theologian, born at Braine-le-Comte, Hainault, Belgium, 1581; died at Douai, 22 February, ...Symbolism
Symbolism may for our present purpose be defined to be the investing of outward things or actions ...Symmachus the Ebionite
Author of one of the Greek versions of the Old Testament included by Origen in his Hexapla ...Symmachus, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; d. 19, July, 514. According to the "Liber pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, I, ...Symphorian and Timotheus, Saints
Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (311-13), ...Symphorosa, Saint
Martyred with her seven sons at Tibur (Tivoli) towards the end of the reign of Emperor Hadrian ...Synagogue
The place of assemblage of the Jews. This article will treat of the name, origin, history, ...Synaus
(SYNAITANSIS) A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Nothing is known ...Synaxarion
( synaxarion , collection) The name of a liturgical book of the Byzantine Church. The ...Synaxis
Synaxis ( synaxis from synago ) means gathering, assembly, reunion. It is exactly equivalent ...Syncelli
( sygkelloi , from syn , with, and kellion , the Græcized form of the Latin cella ...Syncretism
From sygkretizein (not from sygkerannynai .) An explanation is given by Plutarch in a ...Synderesis
Synderesis , or more correctly synteresis , is a term used by the Scholastic theologians to ...Syndic, Apostolic
A layman, who in the name, and by the authority, of the Holy See assumes the care and civil ...Syndicalism
The term Syndicalism has been derived from the French syndicats , associations of workingmen ...Synesius of Cyrene
Bishop of Ptolomais, neo-Platonist, date of birth uncertain; d. about 414. He was a younger ...Synnada
Titular metropolis in Phrygia Salutaris. Synnada is said to have been founded by Acamas who went ...Synod
(Greek synodos , an assembly). A general term for ecclesiastical gatherings under ...Synods, National
According to the recent canon law, national councils are the deliberating assemblies at which all ...Synoptics
The name given since Griesbach's time (about 1790) to the first three canonical Gospels. It is ...Syntagma Canonum
A canonical collection made in 1335 by Blastares, a Greek monk about whose life nothing ...Syon Monastery
Syon Monastery, Middlesex, England, founded in 1415 by King Henry V at his manor of Isleworth. ...Syra
DIOCESE OF SYRA (SYRENSIS). A Latin diocese, suffragan of Naxos, comprising the Island of ...Syracuse
Archdiocese of Syracuse (Syracusana) in Sicily. The city is situated upon a peninsula extending ...Syracuse
(Syracusensis) The Diocese of Syracuse, in the State of New York, comprises the counties of ...Syria
GEOGRAPHY AND POLITICAL DIVISIONS, ANCIENT AND MODERN A country in Western Asia, which in modern ...Syriac Hymnody
To the general consideration set forth in the article HYMNODY AND HYMNOLOGY must be added some ...Syriac Language and Literature
Syriac is the important branch of the group of Semitic languages known as Aramaic. In the time ...Syrian Rite, East
Also known as the Chaldean, Assyrian, or Persian Rite. History and Origin This rite is used by ...Syrian Rite, West
The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin ...Syro-Chaldaic Rite
Also known as the Chaldean, Assyrian, or Persian Rite. History and Origin This rite is used by ...Syro-Jacobite Liturgy
The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin ...Syro-Malabar Church
An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent ...Syro-Malabar Rite
Also known as the Chaldean, Assyrian, or Persian Rite. History and Origin This rite is used by ...Sz 9
Sz 9
Szántó, Stephan
Born in the Diocese of Raab, Hungary, 1541; died at Olmütz in 1612. On finishing his ...Szatmár
DIOCESE OF SZATMAR (SZATMARIENSIS) Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, from which it was ...Sze-Ch'wan (Eastern)
Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern Sze-Ch'wan The mission of Eastern Sze-ch'wan was separated from ...Sze-Ch'wan (North-western)
Vicariate Apostolic of North-western Sze-Ch'wan The mission of North-eastern Sze-ch'wan includes ...Sze-Ch'wan (Southern)
Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Sze-Ch'wan On 24 January, 1860, the mission of Southern ...Szentiványi, Martin
Born at Szentivàn, 20 October, 1633; died at Nagy-Szombàt (Tyrnau), 5 March, 1708. ...Szepes
(SZEPES; SCEPUSIENSIS). A diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Agria (Eger), founded by Maria ...Szujski, Joseph
Born at Tarnow, 1835; d. at Cracow, 1883. He studied at Tarnow, then at Cracow (1854) and at ...
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