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The Communion of Saints
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( communo sanctorum , a fellowship of, or with, the saints).
The doctrine expressed in the second clause of the ninth article in the received text of the Apostles' Creed : "I believe. . . the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints". This, probably the latest, addition to the old Roman Symbol is found in:
- the Gallican Liturgy of the seventh century (P.L., LXXII, 349, 597);
- in some letters of the Pseudo-Augustine (P. L., XXXIX, 2189, 2191, 2194), now credited to St. Caesarius of Arles (c. 543);
- in the "De Spiritu Sancto" (P. L., LXII, 11), ascribed to Faustus of Riez (c. 460);
- in the "Explanatio Symboli" (P. L., LII, 871) of Nicetas of Remesiana (c. 400); and
- in two documents of uncertain date, the "Fides Hieronymi", and an Armenian confession.
Catholic Doctrine
The communion of saints is the spiritual solidarity which binds together the faithful on earth, the souls in purgatory, and the saints in heaven in the organic unity of the same mystical body under Christ its head, and in a constant interchange of supernatural offices. The participants in that solidarity are called saints by reason of their destination and of their partaking of the fruits of the Redemption ( 1 Corinthians 1:2 &151; Greek Text). The damned are thus excluded from the communion of saints. The living, even if they do not belong to the body of the true Church, share in it according to the measure of their union with Christ and with the soul of the Church. St. Thomas teaches (III:8:4) that the angels, though not redeemed, enter the communion of saints because they come under Christ's power and receive of His gratia capitis . The solidarity itself implies a variety of inter-relations: within the Church Militant, not only the participation in the same faith, sacraments, and government, but also a mutual exchange of examples, prayers, merits, and satisfactions; between the Church on earth on the one hand, and purgatory and heaven on the other, suffrages, invocation, intercession, veneration. These connotations belong here only in so far as they integrate the transcendent idea of spiritual solidarity between all the children of God. Thus understood, the communion of saints, though formally defined only in its particular bearings (Council of Trent, Sess. XXV, decrees on purgatory; on the invocation, veneration, and relics of saints and of sacred images; on indulgences), is, nevertheless, dogma commonly taught and accepted in the Church. It is true that the Catechism of the Council of Trent (Pt. I, ch. x) seems at first sight to limit to the living the bearing of the phrase contained in the Creed, but by making the communion of saints an exponent and function, as it were, of the preceding clause, "the Holy Catholic Church ", it really extends to what it calls the Church's "constituent parts, one gone before, the other following every day"; the broad principle it enunciates thus: "every pious and holy action done by one belongs and is profitable to all, through charity which seeketh not her own".
In this vast Catholic conception rationalists see not only a late creation, but also an ill-disguised reversion to a lower religious type, a purely mechanical process of justification, the substitution of impersonal moral value in lieu of personal responsibility. Such statements are met best, by the presentation of the dogma in its Scriptural basis and its theological formulation. The first spare yet clear outline of the communion of saints is found in the "kingdom of God" of the Synoptics, not the individualistic creation of Harnack nor the purely eschatological conception of Loisy, but an organic whole ( Matthew 13:31 ), which embraces in the bonds of charity ( Matthew 22:39 ) all the children of God ( Matthew 19:28 ; Luke 20:36 ) on earth and in heaven ( Matthew 6:20 ), the angels themselves joining in that fraternity of souls ( Luke 15:10 ). One cannot read the parables of the kingdom ( Matthew 13 ) without perceiving its corporate nature and the continuity which links together the kingdom in our midst and the kingdom to come. The nature of that communion, called by St. John a fellowship with one another ("a fellowship with us"-- 1 John 1:3 ) because it is a fellowship with the Father, and with his Son", and compared by him to the organic and vital union of the vine and its branches ( John 15 ), stands out in bold relief in the Pauline conception of the mystical body. Repeatedly St. Paul speaks of the one body whose head is Christ ( Colossians 1:18 ), whose energizing principle is charity ( Ephesians 4:16 ), whose members are the saints, not only of this world, but also of the world to come ( Ephesians 1:20 ; Hebrews 12:22 ). In that communion there is no loss of individuality, yet such an interdependence that the saints are "members one of another" ( Romans 12:5 ), not only sharing the same blessings ( 1 Corinthians 12:13 ) and exchanging good offices (ibid., xii, 25) and prayers ( Ephesians 6:18 ), but also partaking of the same corporate life, for "the whole body . . . by what every joint supplieth . . . maketh increase . . . unto the edifying of itself in charity" ( Ephesians 4:16 ).
Recent well-known researches in Christian epigraphy have brought out clear and abundant proof of the principal manifestations of the communion of saints in the early Church. Similar evidence, is to be found in the Apostolic Fathers with an occasional allusion to the Pauline conception. For an attempt at the formulation of the dogma we have to come down to the Alexandrian School. Clement of Alexandria shows the "gnostic's" ultimate relations with the angels (Strom., VI, xii, 10) and the departed souls (ibid., VIII, xii, 78); and he all but formulates the thesaurus ecclesiae in his presentation of the vicarious martyrdom, not of Christ alone, but also of the Apostles and other martyrs (ibid., IV, xii, 87). Origen enlarges, almost to exaggeration, on the idea of vicarious martyrdom (Exhort. ad martyr., ch. 1) and of communion between man and angels (De orat., xxxi); and accounts for it by the unifying power of Christ's Redemption ), ut caelestibus terrena sociaret (In Levit., hom. iv) and the force of charity, stranger in heaven than upon earth (De orat., xi). With St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom the communion of saints has become an obvious tenet used as an answer to such popular objections as these: what, need of a communion with others? (Basil, Ep. cciii) another has sinned and I shall atone? (Chrysostom, Hom. i, de poenit.). St. John Damascene has only to collect the sayings of the Fathers in order to support the dogma of the invocation of the saints and the prayers for the dead .
But the complete presentation of the dogma comes from the later Fathers. After the statements of Tertullian, speaking of "common hope, fear, joy, sorrow, and suffering" (De poenit., ix and x); of St. Cyprian, explicitly setting forth the communion of merits (De lapsis, xvii); of St. Hilary, giving the Eucharistic Communion as a means and symbol of the communion of saints (in Ps. lxiv, 14), we come to the teaching of Ambrose and St. Augustine. From the former, the thesaurus ecclesiae , the best practical test of the reunion of saints, receives a definite explanation (De poenit., I, xv; De officiis, I, xix). In the transcendent view of the Church taken by the latter (Enchir., lvi) the communion of saints, though never so called by him, is a necessity ; to the Civitas Dei must needs correspond the unitas caritatis (De unitate eccl., ii), which embraces in an effective union the saints and angels in heaven (Enarr. in Psalmos, XXXVI, iii, 4), the just on earth (De bapt., III, xvii), and in a lower degree, the sinners themselves, the putrida membra of the mystic body; only the declared heretics, schismatics, and apostates are excluded from the society, though not from the prayers, of the saints (Serm. cxxxvii). The Augustinian concept, though somewhat obscured in the catechetical expositions of the Creed by the Carlovingian and later theologians (P. L., XCIX, CI, CVIII, CX, CLII, CLXXXVI), takes its place in the medieval synthesis of Peter Lombard, St. Bonaventure, St. Thomas, etc.
Influenced no doubt by early writers like Yvo of Chartres (P. L., CLXII, 606l), Abelard (P. L. CLXXXIII, 630), and probably Alexander of Hales (III, Q. lxix, a, 1), St. Thomas (Expos. in symb. 10) reads in the neuter the phrase of the Creed, communio sanctorum (participation of spiritual goods), but apart from the point of grammar his conception of the dogma is thorough. General principle; the merits of Christ are communicated to all, and the merits of each one are communicated to the others (ibid.). The manner of participation: both objective and intentional, in radice operis, ex intentione facientis (Supp., 71:1) . The measure: the degree of charity (Expos. in symb., 10). The benefits communicated: not the sacraments alone but, the superabundant merits of Christ and the saints forming the thesaurus ecclesia (ibid. and Quodlib., II, Q. viii, a. 16). The participants: the three parts of the Church (Expos. in symb., 9); consequently the faithful on earth exchanging merits and satisfactions ( I-II:113:6, and Suppl., 13:2 ), the souls in purgatory profiting by the suffrages of the living and the intercession of the saints (Suppl., 71), the saints themselves receiving honour and giving intercession ( II-II:83:4, II-II:83:11, III:25:6 ), and also the angels, as noted above. Later Scholastics and post-Reformation theologians have added little to the Thomistic presentation of the dogma. They worked rather around than into it, defending such points as were attacked by heretics, showing the religious, ethical, and social value of the Catholic conception; and they introduced the distinction between the body and the soul of the Church, between actual membership and membership in desire, completing the theory of the relations between church membership and the communion of saints which had already been outlined by St. Optatus of Mileve and St. Augustine at the time of the Donatist controversy. One may regret the plan adopted by the Schoolmen afforded no comprehensive view of the whole dogma, bur rather scattered the various components of it through a vast synthesis. This accounts for the fact that a compact exposition of the communion of saints is to be sought less in the works of our standard theologians than in our catechetical, apologetic, pastoral, and even ascetic literature. It may also partly explain, without excusing them, the gross misrepresentations noticed above.
In the Anglo-Saxon Church
That the Anglo-Saxons held the doctrine of the communion of saints may be judged from the following account given by Lingard in his "History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church." They received the practice of venerating the saints, he says, together with the rudiments the Christian religion ; and they manifested their devotion to them both in public and private worship: in public, by celebrating the anniversaries of individual saints, and keeping annually the feast of All-Hallows as a solemnity of the first class; and in their private devotions , by observing the instructions to worship God and then to " pray, first to Saint Mary, and the holy apostles, and the holy martyrs, and all God's saints, that they would intercede for them to God ". In this way they learned to look up to the saints in heaven with feelings of confidence and affection, to consider them as friends and protectors, and to implore their aid in the hour of distress, with the hope that God would grant to the patron what he might otherwise refuse to the supplicant.
Like all other Christians, the Anglo-Saxons held in special veneration "the most holy mother of God, the perpetual virgin Saint Mary " (Beatissima Dei genitrix et perpetua virgo.-Bede, Hom. in Purif.). Her praises were sung by the Saxon poets; hymns in her honour were chanted in the public service; churches and altars were placed under her patronage; miraculous cures were ascribed to her; and four annual feasts were observed commemorating the principal events of her mortal life: her nativity, the Annunciation, her purification, and assumption. Next to the Blessed Virgin in the devotion was Saint Peter, whom Christ had chosen for the leader of the Apostles and to whom he had given the keys of the kingdom of Heaven , "with the chief exercise of judicial power in the Church, to the end that all might know that whosoever should separate himself from the unity of Peter's faith or of Peter's fellowship, that man could never attain absolution from the bonds of sin, nor admission through the gates of the heavenly kingdom " (Bede). These words of the Venerable Bede refer, it is true, to Peter's successors as well as to Peter himself, but they also evidence the veneration of Anglo-Saxons for the Prince of the Apostles, a veneration which they manifested in the number of churches dedicated to his memory, in the pilgrimages made to his tomb, and by the presents sent to the church in which his remains rested and to the bishop who sat in his chair. Particular honours were paid also to Saints Gregory and Augustine, to whom they were chiefly indebted for their knowledge of Christianity. They called Gregory their "foster-father in Christ" and themselves "his foster-children in baptism "; and spoke of Augustine as "the first to bring to them the doctrine of faith, the sacrament of baptism, and the knowledge of their heavenly country". While these saints were honoured by the whole people, each separate nation revered the memory of its own apostle. Thus Saint Aidan in Northumbria, Saint Birinus in Wessex, and Saint Felix in East Anglia were venerated as the protectors of the countries which had been the scenes of their labours. All the saints so far mentioned were of foreign extraction; but the Anglo-Saxons soon extended their devotion to men who had been born and educated among them and who by their virtues and zeal in propagating Christianity had merited the honours of sanctity.
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This account of the devotion of the Anglo-Saxons to those whom they looked up to as their friends and protectors in heaven is necessarily brief, but it is amply sufficient to show that they believed and loved the doctrine of the communion of saints.
Protestant Views
Sporadic errors against special points of the communion of saints are pointed out by the Synod of Gangra ( Mansi, II, 1103), St. Cyril of Jerusalem (P. G., XXXIII, 1116), St. Epiphanius (ibid., XLII, 504), Asteritis Amasensis (ibid., XL, 332), and St. Jerome (P. L., XXIII, 362). From the forty-second proposition condemned, and the twenty-ninth question asked, by Martin V at Constance ( Denzinger, nos. 518 and 573), we also know that Wyclif and Hus had gone far towards denying the dogma itself. But the communion of saints became a direct issue only at the time of the Reformation. The Lutheran churches, although commonly adopting the Apostles' Creed, still in their original confessions, either pass over in silence the communion of saints or explain it as the Church's "union with Jesus Christ in the one true faith " ( Luther's Small Catechism), or as "the congregation of saints and true believers" (Augsburg Confession, ibid., III, 12), carefully excluding, if not the memory, at least the invocation of the saints, because Scripture "propoundeth unto us one Christ, the Mediator, Propitiatory, High-Priest, and Intercessor" (ibid., III, 26). The Reformed churches generally maintain the Lutheran identification of the communion of saints with the body of believers but do not limit its meaning to that body. Calvin (Inst. chret., IV, 1, 3) insists that the phrase of the Creed is more than a definition of the Church ; it conveys the meaning of such a fellowship that whatever benefits God bestows upon the believers should mutually communicate to one another. That view is followed in the Heidelberg Catechism, emphasized in the Gallican Confession, wherein communion is made to mean the efforts of believers to mutually strengthen themselves in the fear of God. Zwingli in his articles admits an exchange of prayers between the faithful and hesitates to condemn prayers for the dead , rejecting only the saints' intercession as injurious to Christ. Both the Scotch and Second Helvetic Confessions bring together the Militant and the Triumphant Church, but whereas the former is silent on the signification of the fact, the latter says that they hold communion with each other: "nihilominus habent illae inter sese communionem, vel conjunctionem".
The double and often conflicting influence of Luther and Calvin, with a lingering memory of Catholic orthodoxy, is felt in the Anglican Confessions. On this point the Thirty-nine Articles are decidedly Lutheran, rejecting as they do "the Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping and Adoration as well of Images as of Relics, and also Invocation of Saints", because they see in it "a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God ". On the other hand, the Westminster Confession, while ignoring the Suffering and the Triumphant Church, goes beyond the Calvinistic view and falls little short of the Catholic doctrine with regard to the faithful on earth, who, it says, "being united to one another in love, have communion in each other's gifts and graces ". In the United States, the Methodist Articles of Religion, 1784, as well as the Reformed Episcopal Articles of Religion, 1875, follow the teachings of the Thirty-nine Articles, whereas the teaching of the Westminster Confession is adopted in the Philadelphia Baptist Confession, 1688, and in the Confession of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 1829. Protestant theologians, just as Protestant confessions, waver between the Lutheran and the Calvinistic view.
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The cause of the perversion by Protestants of the traditional concept of communion of saints is not to be found in the alleged lack of Scriptural and early Christian evidence in favour of that concept; well-informed Protestant writers have long since ceased to press that argument. Nor is there any force in the oft-repeated argument that the Catholic dogma detracts from Christ's mediatorship, for it is plain, as St. Thomas had already shown (Suppl., 72:2, ad 1) , that the ministerial mediatorship of the saints does not detract from, but only enhances, the magisterial mediatorship of Christ. Some writers have traced that perversion to the Protestant concept of the Church as an aggregation of souls and a multitude of units bound together by a community of faith and pursuit and by the ties of Christian sympathy, but in no way organized or interdependent as members of the same body. This explanation is defective because the Protestant concept of the Church is a fact parallel to, but in no way causative of, their view of the communion of saints. The true cause must be found elsewhere. As early as 1519, Luther, the better to defend his condemned theses on the papacy, used the clause of the Creed to show that the communion of saints, and not the papacy, was the Church : "non ut aligui somniant, credo ecclesiam esse praelatum . . . sed . . . communionem sanctorum". This was simply playing on the words of the Symbol. At that time Luther still held the traditional communion of saints, little dreaming that he would one day give it up. But he did give it up when he formulated his theory on justification. The substitution of the Protestant motto, "Christ for all and each one for himself". In place of the old axiom of Hugh of St. Victor, "Singula sint omnium et omina singulorum" (each for all and all for each--P. L., CLXXV. 416), is a logical outcome of their concept of justification; not an interior renovation of the soul, nor a veritable regeneration from a common Father, the second Adam, nor yet an incorporation with Christ, the head of the mystical body, but an essentially individualistic act of fiducial faith. In such a theology there is obviously no room for that reciprocal action of the saints, that corporate circulation of spiritual blessings through the members of the same family, that domesticity and saintly citizenship which lies at the very core of the Catholic communion of saints. Justification and the communion of saints go hand in hand. The efforts which are being made towards reviving in Protestantism the old and still cherished dogma of the communion of saints must remain futile unless the true doctrine of justification be also restored.
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Téllez, Gabriel
Spanish priest and poet, better known by his pseudonym of Tirso de Molina, b. at Madrid, c. ...Tü 1
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Tübingen, University of
Located in Würtemberg ; founded by Count Eberhard im Bart on 3 July, 1477, after Pope ...Ta 91
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Titular see in Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis ; according to Strabo (XII, 570, 576) it was ...Tabasco
(TABASQUENSIS) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archbishopric of ...Tabb, John Bannister
An American poet and educator, born at "The Forest" near Richmond, 1845; died at Ellicott City, ...Tabbora
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Tabbora or Talbora has been ...Tabernacle
(TABERNACULUM). Tabernacle signified in the Middle Ages sometimes a ciborium-altar, a ...Tabernacle
(Latin tabernaculum , tent). Tabernacle in Biblical parlance usually designates the ...Tabernacle Lamp
In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should ...Tabernacle Societies
The Association of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and of work for poor churches ...Tabernacle Society
Notre Dame Convent, Philadelphia; a society of persons affiliated with the Association of ...Tabernacles, Feast of
One of the three great feasts of the Hebrew liturgical calendar, even the greatest, according ...Tabor, Mount
The name of Mount Thabor, , is rendered in the Septuagint as , and in Jeremias and Osee ...Tacana Indians
The collective designation for a group of tribes constituting the Tacanan linguistic stock in ...Tacapæ
Titular see of Tripolitana in northern Africa. The official list of titular sees of the ...Taché, Alexandre-Antonin
First Archbishop of St. Boniface, Manitoba, missionary, prelate, statesman, and writer of ...Taché, Etienne-Pascal
Statesman, b. at St. Thomas (Montmagny, Province of Quebec ), 5 Sept., 1795, son of Charles, and ...Tadama
A titular see in Mauretania Cæsariensis, of which nothing, is known. Its bishop David is ...Taensa Indians
A tribe of Muskhogean stock and somewhat superior culture, living when first known on the west ...Tahiti
Tahiti, the most important of the Society Islands, has an area of 600 square miles and a ...Taigi, Ven. Anna Maria
( Maiden name Giannetti.) Venerable Servant of God, born at Siena, Italy, 29 May, 1769; ...Tait Indians
( Te-it , "Those up river"). A collective term for those members of the Cowichan tribe, of ...Takkali
(More proper Takhehi, plural Takhehlne). The hybrid name by which the Carrier Indians of the ...Talbot, James
Fourth son of George Talbot and brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury (b. 1726; d. ...Talbot, John
English Catholic layman, b. 1535(?); d. 1607(?). Only son and heir of Sir John Talbot, of ...Talbot, Peter
Archbishop of Dublin, 1669-1680; b. at Malahide, Dublin, in 1620. At an early age he entered ...Talbot, Thomas Joseph
Born 14 February, 1727; died at Hotwells, near Bristol, 24 April, 1795. Brother of the fourteenth ...Tallagaht, Monastery of
The name Tallaght (Irish Tamlachta ), derived from tam , plague, and lecht , stone ...Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de
Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador, born in Paris, 13 ...Tallis, Thomas
English composer, born about 1514; died 23 November, 1585. He was a chorister at Saint ...Talmud
1. DEFINITION Talmud was a post-Biblical substantive formation of Pi'el ("to teach"), and ...Talon, Jean
First intendant in exercise of New France , b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1625, of Philippe ...Talon, Nicolas
French Jesuit, historian, and ascetical writer, b. at Moulins, 31 August, 1605; d. at Paris, 29 ...Talon, Pierre
A French-Canadian explorer, b. at Quebec, 1676, of Lucien and Isabelle Planteau; d. in France ...Tamanac Indians
A formerly important tribe of Cariban linguistic stock occupying the territory about the Cuchivero ...Tamassus
A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis, was situated in the great central plain of the ...Tamaulipas
(CIVTTATIS VICTORIÆ SIVE TAMAULIPENSIS) Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of ...Tamburini, Michelangelo
Fourteenth General of the Society of Jesus , born at Modena, 27 Sept., 1648; died 28 Feb., ...Tamburini, Thomas
Moral theologian, born at Caltanisetta in Sicily, 6 March, 1591; died at Palermo 10 October, ...Tametsi
("ALTHOUGH") The first word of Chapter 1, Session 24 ( De Ref. Matr. ), of the Council of ...Tamisier, Marie-Marthe-Baptistine
(Called by her intimates EMILIA) Initiator of international Eucharistic congresses, born at ...Tanagra
A titular see in Hellas, suffragan of Corinth ; it was a town of Bœotia, in a fertile ...Tancred
Prince of Antioch, born about 1072; died at Antioch, 12 Dec., 1112. He was the son of Marquess ...Taney, Roger Brooke
(Pronounced Tawney ) Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, ...Tanguay, Cyprien
Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902. After a course of classics and theology at Quebec ...Tanis
A titular see, suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima, capital of the fourteenth district ...Tanner, Adam
Controversialist, born at Innsbruck in 1571; died at Unken, 25 May, 1632. He entered the Society ...Tanner, Conrad
Abbot of Einsiedeln, born at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec., 1752; died 7 April, 1825. He ...Tanner, Edmund
Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579. The statement in ...Tanner, Matthias
Born at Pilsen in Bohemia, 28 Feb., 1630; died at Prague, 8 Feb., 1692. He entered the Society ...Tantum Ergo
The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn (see PANGE LINGUA GLORIOSI, II) ...Tanucci, Bernardo
Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 ...Taoism
(TAO-KIAO.) Taoism is the second of the three state religions ( San-kiao ) of China. ...Taos Pueblo
An important town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of ...Taparelli, Aloysius
(D'AZEGLIO, christened PROSPERO) Philosopher and writer on sociological subjects, born at ...Tapestry
A word of French origin naming a fabric in which the two processes of weaving and embroidering ...Tapis, Esteban
Born at Santa Coloma de Farnes, Catalonia, Spain, 25 Aug., 1754; died 3 Nov., 1825. He entered ...Tarabotti, Helena
Nun and authoress, b. at Venice, 1605; d. there 1652. Obliged by her father, who was descended ...Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, Saints
Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (about 304). The "Martyrologium Hieronymian." contains the ...Taranto
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Patriarch of Constantinople, date of birth unknown; died 25 February, 806. He was the son of the ...Tarazona
DIOCESE OF TARAZONA (TURIASONENSIS) The Diocese of Tarazona comprises the Spanish provinces of ...Tarbes
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(TARANTASIENSIS) Tarentaise comprises the arrondissement of Moutiers in the Department of ...Targum
Targum is the distinctive designation of the Aramaic translations or paraphrases of the Old ...Tarisel, Pierre
Master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in August, 1510. (In 1555 the title of architect was ...Tarkin, Saint
(Talarican.) Bishop of Sodor (including the western islands of Scotland ), was probably of ...Tarnow
DIOCESE OF TARNOW (TARNOVIENSIS). Diocese in western Galicia, Austria. The See of Posen, ...Tarquini, Camillus
Cardinal, Jesuit canonist and archaeologist, b. at Marta in the diocese of Montefiascone, ...Tarragona
ARCHDIOCESE OF TARRAGONA (TARRACONENSIS) Bounded on the north by Barcelona and Lérida, ...Tarsicius, Saint
Martyr. The only positive information concerning this Roman martyr is found in the poem composed ...Tarsus
A metropolitan see of Cilicia Prima. It appears to have been of Semitic origin and is ...Tartaglia, Nicolò
(T ARTALEA ). Italian mathematician, b. at Brescia, c. 1500; d. at Venice, 13 December, ...Tartini, Giuseppe
Violinist, composer, and theorist, b. at Pirano, Italy, 12 April, 1692; d. at Padua, 16 Feb., ...Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre
Archbishop of Quebec and first Canadian cardinal, b. 17 February, 1820, at la Beauce, Province ...Tassé, Joseph
Writer and journalist, born at Montreal, 23 Oct., 1848; died 17 Jan., 1895; son of Joseph, and ...Tassach, Saint
Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497. He was one of St. ...Tassin, René-Prosper
French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Lonlay, in ...Tasso, Torquato
Italian poet, born at Sorrento near Naples in 1544; died at Rome, in 1595; son of Bernardo ...Tassoni, Alessandro
Italian poet, born at Modena in 1565; died there in 1635. He spent his life in the service of ...Tatian
A second-century apologist about whose antecedents and early history nothing can be affirmed ...Tatwin, Saint
(TATUINI) Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 30 July, 734. A Mercian by birth, he became a ...Taubaté
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German Dominican, one of the greatest mystics and preachers of the Middle Ages, born at ...Taunton, Ethelred
Writer, born at Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, 17 Oct., 1857; died in London, 9 May, 1907. He ...Taverner, John
Composer, b. in the County of Norfolk, England, about 1475; d. at Boston, England, 1535 or 1536. ...Tavistock Abbey
Tavistock Abbey, on the Tavy River in Devonshire, England, founded for Benedictine monks in ...Tavium
A titular see in Galatia Prima, suffragan of Ancyra. Tavium, or Tavia, was the chief city of ...Taxa Innocentiana
A Decree issued by Innocent XI, 1 Oct., 1678, regulating the fees that may be demanded or ...Taxster, John de
(TAYSTER) John de Taxster, sometimes erroneously called Taxter or Taxston, was a ...Taylor, Frances Margaret
(MOTHER M. MAGDALEN TAYLOR) Superior General, and foundress of the Poor Servants of the Mother ...Taylor, Ven. Hugh
English martyr, born at Durham ; hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, 25 (not 26) November, ...Te 69
Te 69
Te Deum, The
An abbreviated title commonly given both to the original Latin text and the translations of a ...Te Lucis Ante Terminum
The hymn at Compline in the Roman Breviary. The authorship of St. Ambrose, for which Pimont ...Tebaldeo, Antonio
Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1463; died in 1537. His family name (Tebaldi) he changed to ...Tegernsee
Called Tegrinseo in 817, Tegernsee in 754. A celebrated Benedictine abbey of Bavaria that ...Tehuantepec
(Tehuantepecensis) Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Oaxaca. Its area covers ...Teilo, Saint
(Eliud.) "Archbishop" of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at ...Tekakwitha, Blessed Kateri
(Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha/Takwita.) Known as the "Lily of the Mohawks", and the ...Teleology
(From Greek telos , end, and logos , science). Teleology is seldom used according to its ...Telepathy
( tele , far, and pathein , to experience) A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to ...Telese
(TELESINENSIS) Telese, a small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy, is situated ...Telesio, Bernardino
Italian humanist and philosopher born of a noble family at Cosenza, near Naples, 1508; died ...Telesphorus of Cosenza
(THEOPHORUS, THEOLOPHORUS). A name assumed by one of the pseudo-prophets during the time of ...Telesphorus, Pope Saint
(Lived about 125-136.) St. Telesphorus was the seventh Roman bishop in succession from the ...Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The
The Tell el-Amarna Tablets are a collection of some 350 clay tablets found in 1887 amid the ruins ...Tellier, Michel Le
Born 19 April, 1603; died at Paris, 30 Oct., 1685. He was commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin to ...Telmessus
Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Telmessus (or incorrectly Telmissis) was a flourishing ...Temiskaming
The Vicariate Apostolic of Temiskaming, suffragan of Ottawa, Canada, is bounded on the north by ...Temnus
A titular see in Asia, a suffragan of Ephesus. Temnus was a little town of Æolia, near ...Tempel, Wilhelm
(ERNEST LEBERECHT) German astronomer, b. 4 December, 1821, at (Nieder-) Cunnersdorf near ...Temperance
(Latin temperare , to mingle in due proportions; to qualify). Temperance is here considered ...Temperance Movements
EUROPE Reasons for a temperance movement exist to a greater or less degree in all the countries ...Templars, The Knights
The Knights Templars were the earliest founders of the military orders, and are the type on which ...Temple
The Latin form, templum , from which the English temple is derived, originally signified an ...Temple of Jerusalem
The word "temple" is derived from the Latin templum , signifying an uncovered place affording a ...Temple, Sisters of the
The Sisters of the Temple (whose full title is S ISTERS OF THE F INDING OF J ESUS IN THE T ...Temptation
( Latin tentare , to try or test). Temptation is here taken to be an incitement to sin ...Temptation of Christ
In the Catholic translation of the Bible , the word "temptation" is used in various senses, ...Ten Commandments, The
Called also simply THE COMMANDMENTS, COMMANDMENTS OF GOD, or THE DECALOGUE (Gr. deka , ten, ...Ten Thousand Martyrs, The
On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology. On 18 March: ...Tencin, Pierre-Guérin de
French statesman and cardinal, b. at Grenoble, 22 August, 1680; d. at Lyons, 2 March, 1758. ...Tenebræ
Tenebræ is the name given to the service of Matins and Lauds belonging to the last three ...Tenebrae Hearse
The Tenebræ Hearse is the triangular candlestick used in the Tenebræ service. The ...Tenedos
A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish ...Teneriffe
DIOCESE OF TENERIFFE (TENERIFENSIS). Suffragan of Seville, formerly called Nivariensis from ...Teniers, David
The name of two eminent Flemish landscape painters ; the elder, born at Antwerp in 1582; ...Tennessee
The State of Tennessee lies between 35° and 36°30' N. lat. and 81°37' and 90°38' ...Tenney, William Jewett
An author, editor, born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1814; died at Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., ...Tentyris
(TENTYRA) Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda. The city was ...Tenure, Ecclesiastical
I. In the feudal system an ecclesiastical fief followed all the laws laid down for temporal ...Teos
Titular see ; suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. A city of Caria situated on a peninsula ...Tepic
DIOCESE OF TEPIC (TEPICENSIS) A diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the ...Tepl
A Premonstratensian abbey in the western part of Bohemia, included in the Archdiocese of Prague ...Teramo
Diocese in southern Italy. In the past the city was injured by earthquakes. It is situated at ...Terce
The origin of Terce, like that of Sext and None, to which it bears a close relationship, dates ...Terenuthis
Titular see, suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima. Le Quien (Oriens christ., II, 611) ...Teresa of Avila, Saint
Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada Born at Avila, Old Castile, 28 March, 1515; died at ...Teresa of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne, The Sixteen Blessed
Guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 ...Terill, Anthony
English theologian, b. at Canford, Dorsetshire, in 1623; d. at Liège, 11 Oct., 1676. His ...Termessus
A titular see, suffragan of Perge in Pamphylia Secunda. This is one of the most ancient cities ...Termoli
(THERMULARUM) Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the ...Ternan, Saint
Bishop of the Picts, flourished in the sixth century. Much obscurity attaches to his history, and ...Terracina, Sezze, and Piperno
(TERRACINENSIS, SETINENSIS ET PRIVERNENSIS) Located in the Province of Rome. The city of ...Terrasson, André
A French preacher, born at Lyons in 1669; died at Paris, 25 April, 1723. He was the eldest son ...Terrestrial Paradise
( paradeisos , Paradisus ). The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the ...Terrien, Jean-Baptiste
Dogmatic theologian, born at St-Laurent-des-Autels, Maine-et-Loire, 26 Aug., 1832; d. at ...Tertiaries
(From the Latin tertiarius , the relative adjective of tertius , third ). Tertiaries, or ...Tertullian
(Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS ). Ecclesiastical writer in the second and ...Teruel
(TUROLENSIS) A suffragan of Saragossa, comprises the civil province of the same name, ...Test-Oath, Missouri
In January, 1865, there assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, a "Constitutional Convention" composed ...Testament, New
I. Name ; II. Description ; III. Origin ; IV. Transmission of the Text ; V. Contents, History, ...Testament, Old
I. NAME The word "testament", Hebrew berîth , Greek diatheke , primarily signifies the ...Testem Benevolentiae
An Apostolic Letter of Leo XIII addressed to Cardinal Gibbons, 22 January, 1899. It opens by ...Tetzel, Johann
First public antagonist of Luther, b. at Pirna in Meissen, 1465; d. at Leipzig, 11 Aug., 1519. ...Teuchira
A titular see in Libyan Pentapolis. Teuchira ( Teucheira ) neuter plural, was a city on the ...Teutonic Order
A medieval military order modelled on the Hospitallers of St. John, which changed its residence ...Tewdrig
(THEODORIC) A Welsh saint, son of King Ceithfalt of Morganwg or Southern Wales, flourished ...Texas
S TATE OF T EXAS . The name, Texas, is probably derived from Tejas, the name of a ...Textual Criticism
The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work ...Th 147
Th 147
Thænæ
A titular see in Africa Byzacena. It is mentioned in numerous ancient geographical documents ...Thébaud, Augustus
Jesuit educator and publicist, b. at Nantes, France, 20 Nov., 1807; d. at St. John's College, ...Thénard, Louis-Jacques, Baron
Chemist, b. at Louptière, near Nogent-sur-Seine, Aube, France, on 4 May, 1777; d. at Paris, ...Théophane Vénard
(JEAN-THÉOPHANE V&Eaucte;NARD.) French missionary, born at St-Loup, Diocese of ...Thérèse of Lisieux, Saint
(Sister Teresa of the Child Jesus) Carmelite of Lisieux, better known as the Little Flower of ...Thabor, Mount
The name of Mount Thabor, , is rendered in the Septuagint as , and in Jeremias and Osee ...Thabraca
A titular see of Numidia near the sea, between the Armua and the Tusca. Thabraca was the last ...Thacia Montana
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. An inscription discovered in the ...Thagaste
(TAGASTE) Thagaste, a titular see in Numidia, was a rather important municipality. It is ...Thagora
(Tagora) Titular see in Numidia, mentioned by the "Rabula Peutingeriana", which calls it ...Thais, Saint
(THAISIS or THAISIA). A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century. In the Greek menology her ...Thalberg, Sigismond
Musical composer and pianist, b. at Geneva, 1812; d. at Posilipo, Italy, 27 April, 1871. The ...Thalhofer, Valentin
German theologian, b. at Unterroth, near Ulm, 21 January, 1825; d. at the same place, 17 ...Thangmar
(THANKMAR) Historian, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. probably at Hildesheim ...Thanksgiving before and after Meals
The word grace , which, as applied to prayer over food, always in pre-Elizabethan English ...Thanksgiving Day
A civil holiday observed annually in the United States of America on the last Thursday in ...Thapsus
A titular see in Byzacene Africa. It was a Phoenician market on the coast of Byzacium in ...Thasos
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. The island of Thasos was anciently ...Thaumaci
A titular see in Thessaly, suffragan of Larissa, commanding the defile of Coele at the ...Thayer, John
Missionary, convert, first native of New England ordained to the priesthood, b. Boston, ...Theatines
(CLERICS REGULAR) A religious order of men, founded by Gaetano dei Conti di Tiene, Paolo ...Theatre, The
Considering the tone of what is preserved to us of the works of the Greek tragedians and even of ...Thebaid
The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper ...Thebes
(THEBAE) A metropolitan titular see of Achaia Secunda. The city was founded by the ...Thebes
(THEBAE) Titular see of Thebais Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais, and the seat of a Coptic ...Thecla, Saint
Benedictine Abbess of Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt; date of birth unknown; d. at Kitzingen about 790 ...Thecla, Saints
I. Thecla of Iconium The reputed pupil of the Apostle Paul , who is the heroine of the ...Theft
Theft is the secret taking of another's property against the reasonable will of that other. ...Thegan (Degan) of Treves
Chronicler, d. about 850. Very little is known of his life; all that is certain is that he was ...Theiner, Augustin
Theologian and historian, b. at Breslau, 11 April, 1804; d. at Civitavecchia, 8 Aug., 1874. He was ...Thelepte
A titular see in Byzacene. From an inscription we learn that it was a colony. An important ...Themiscyra
A titular see, suffragan of Amasea in the Hellespont. There was a town of this name near the ...Themisonium
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. Themisonium was a city of Phrygia, ...Thennesus
A titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Cassian (Collat., XI, 1-3) gives a ...Theobald
(T EDBALD .) Archbishop of Canterbury ; d. 18 April, 1161. He was a Norman by descent and ...Theobald, Saint
Born at Provins in the Province of Champagne, France, in 1017; died at Salanigo in Italy 30 June, ...Theocracy
A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head. The laws of the ...Theodard, Saint
Archbishop of Narbonne, b. at Montauban about 840; d. at the same place 1 May, 893. He seems to ...Theodicy
Etymologically considered theodicy ( théos díe ) signifies the justification of ...Theodore I, Pope
Pope from 642 to 649; the date of his birth is unknown. He was a Greek of Jerusalem and the ...Theodore II, Pope
Son of Photius. His pontificate lasted only twenty days; neither the date of his birth nor of his ...Theodore of Amasea, Saint
Surnamed Tyro (Tiro), not because he was a young recruit, but because for a time he belonged to ...Theodore of Gaza
A fifteenth-century Greek Humanist and translator of Aristotle, b. at Thessalonica early in ...Theodore of Studium, Saint
A zealous champion of the veneration of images and the last geat representative of the unity ...Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
Seventh Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Tarsus in Cilicia about 602; d. at Canterbury 19 ...Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia
Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Antioch about 350 (thus also ...Theodoret
Bishop of Cyrus and theologian, born at Antioch in Syria about 393; died about 457. He says ...Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres
A Platonist philosopher of the twelfth century, b. in France at the beginning of the twelfth ...Theodoric the Great
King of the Ostrogoths, born A.D. 454 (?); died 26 August, 526. He was an illegitimate son of ...Theodorus and Theophanes, Saints
(Called Grapti , "written upon", graptoi ) Theodorus, b. about 775; d. about 842-43; ...Theodorus Lector
A lector attached to the Church of St. Sophia of Constantinople in the early part of the sixth ...Theodosiopolis
A titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima. In the beginning the city was called Apros, or ...Theodosius Florentini
Born at Münster, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 23 May, 1808; died at Heiden, in Appenzell, ...Theodosius I
Roman Emperor (also known as Flavius Theodosius), born in Spain, about 346; died at Milan, 17 ...Theodotus of Ancyra, Saint
Martyr. On 18 May the Roman Martyrology says: "At Ancyra, in Galatia, the martyr Saint Theodotus ...Theodulf
(Theodulfus, Theodulfe), Bishop of Orléans, a writer skilled in poetic forms and a ...Theology of Christ (Christology)
Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent ...Theology, Ascetical
Ascetics, as a branch of theology, may be briefly defined as the scientific exposition of ...Theology, Dogmatic
Dogmatic theology is that part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith ...Theology, History of Dogmatic
The imposing edifice of Catholic theology has been reared not by individual nations and men, ...Theology, Moral
Moral theology is a branch of theology, the science of God and Divine things. The distinction ...Theology, Mystical
Mystical theology is the science which treats of acts and experiences or states of the soul ...Theology, Pastoral
Pastoral theology is the science of the care of souls. This article will give the definition of ...Theonas
Bishop of Alexandria from about 283 to 301 ( Eusebius, "Chronicle", Ann. Abr. 2299, St. Jerome's ...Theophanes Kerameus
( Kerameus , potter). Archbishop of Rossano in Calabria (1129-52), a celebrated homiletic ...Theophanes, Saint
Chronicler, born at Constantinople, about 758; died in Samothracia, probably 12 March, 817, on ...Theophilanthropists
("Friends of God and Man") A deistic sect formed in France during the latter part of the ...Theophilus
Bishop of Antioch. Eusebius in his "Chronicle" places the name of Theophilus against that of ...Theophilus
Patriarch of Alexandria (385-412). Concerning the extraction and early life of Theophilus we ...Theosophy
( Theosophia = "wisdom concerning God ") Theosophy is a term used in general to designate ...Theotocopuli, Domenico
One of the most remarkable Spanish artists, b. in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; d. at Toledo, 7 ...Thera (Santorin)
DIOCESE OF THERA (SANTORINO) Diocese in the Cyclades. About the year 2000 B.C., the ...Thermae Basilicae
A titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea. The Greek "Notitiae episcopatuum" ...Thermopylae
A titular see and suffragan of Athens in Achaia Prima. It is the name of a defile about 4 ...Thessalonians, Epistles to the
Two of the canonical Epistles of St. Paul. This article will treat the Church of ...Thessalonica
(SALONIKI) Titular metropolis in Macedonia. It was at first a village called Alia, situated ...Theveste
Titular see of Numidia. The city seems to have had some importance even prior to Christianity. ...Thibaris
Titular see in Byzacena ( Africa ), not mentioned by any ancient author. The official list of ...Thibaut de Champagne
Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and King of Navarre, a French poet, b. 1201, at Troyes ; d. 8 ...Thierry of Freburg
( Or Thierry of Saxony). A philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages, and a member of ...Thiers, Louis-Adolphe
French statesman and historian, first president of the Third French Republic, b. at Marseilles, ...Thignica
A titular see in Numidia. The Roman Curia's official list of titular sees places Thignica in ...Thijm, Joseph Albert Alberdingk
Born at Amsterdam, 8 July, 1820; d. there, 17 March, 1889. After finishing his studies in his ...Thijm, Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk
Brother of Joseph Alberdingk Thijm , b. at Amsterdam, 21 Oct., 1827, d. at Louvain, 1 Feb., ...Thimelby, Richard
( Alias ASHBY) Missionary priest, b. in Lincolnshire, England, 1614; d. at St. Omer's, ...Third Orders
I. GENERAL Third Orders signify in general lay members of religious orders, i.e. men and women ...Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance ...Thmuis
A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium ; a city of Lower Egypt, on the ...Thomas á Jesu
(Diaz Sanchez de Avila). Discalced Carmelite, writer on mystical theology, born at Baeza, ...Thomas à Kempis
Author of the "Imitation of Christ" , born at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, in 1379 or 1380; ...Thomas Abel, Blessed
(Also ABLE, or ABELL.) Priest and martyr, born about 1497; died 30 July, 1540. He was ...Thomas Alfield, Venerable
(AUFIELD, ALPHILDE, HAWFIELD, OFFELDUS; alias BADGER). Priest, born at Gloucestershire; ...Thomas Aquinas, Saint
Philosopher, theologian, doctor of the Church ( Angelicus Doctor ), patron of Catholic ...Thomas Atkinson, Venerable
Martyred at York, 11 March, l6l6. He was born in the East Riding of Yorkshire, was ordained ...Thomas Becket, Saint
Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, born at London, 21 December, 1118 (?); died at Canterbury, 29 ...Thomas Belchiam, Venerable
A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537. He ...Thomas Christians, Saint
An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent ...Thomas Cottam, Blessed
Martyr, born 1549, in Lancashire; executed at Tyburn, 30 May, 1582. His parents, Laurence cottam ...Thomas Ford, Blessed
Born in Devonshire; died at Tyburn, 28 May, 1582. He incepted M.A. at Trinity College, Oxford, 14 ...Thomas Garnet, Saint
Protomartyr of St. Omer and therefore of Stonyhurst College; b. at Southwark, c. 1575; executed ...Thomas Johnson, Blessed
Carthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ...Thomas More, Saint
Saint, knight, Lord Chancellor of England, author and martyr, born in London, 7 February, ...Thomas of Beckington
(BEKYNTON.) Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Beckington, Somerset, about 1390; died at ...Thomas of Bradwardine
(BRAGWARDIN, BRANDNARDINUS, BREDWARDYN, BRADWARDYN, DE BREDEWARDINA). Born about 1290; died in ...Thomas of Cantimpré
Medieval writer, preacher, and theologian, born of noble parentage at Leuw St. Pierre near ...Thomas of Celano
Friar Minor, poet, andhagiographical writer, born at Celano in the Province of the Abruzzi, about ...Thomas of Dover
Martyr ; died 2 or 5 August, 1295. On the above date the French ravaged Dover with fire and ...Thomas of Hereford
(THOMAS DE CANTELUPE). Born at Hambledon, Buckinghamshire, England, about 1218; died at ...Thomas of Jesus
(THOMAS DE ANDRADA). Reformer and preacher, born at Lisbon, 1529; died at Sagena, Morocco, 17 ...Thomas of Jorz
(Often but erroneously called JOYCE and frequently referred to as ANGLUS or ANGLICUS). ...Thomas of Strasburg
A fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order, born, according to some writers, at ...Thomas of Villanova, Saint
Educator, philanthropist, born at Fuentellana, Spain, 1488; died at Valencia, 8 September, 1555. ...Thomas Percy, Blessed
Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572. He was the eldest ...Thomas Sherwood, Blessed
Martyr, born in London, 1551; died at Tyburn, London, 7 February, 1578. His parents also ...Thomas the Apostle, Saint
Little is recorded of St. Thomas the Apostle, nevertheless thanks to the fourth Gospel his ...Thomas Thwing, Venerable
Martyr. Born at Heworth Hall, near York, in 1635; suffered at York, 23 Oct., 1680. His father was ...Thomas Woodhouse, Blessed
Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573, being disembowelled alive. Ordained in Mary's ...Thomas, Charles L.A.
French composer, born at Metz, 5 August, 1811; died at Paris, 12 February, 1896. He gained the ...Thomassin, Louis
Theologian and French Oratorian, b. at Aix-en-Provence 28 Aug., 1619; d. in Paris, 24 Dec., ...Thomism
In a broad sense, Thomism is the name given to the system which follows the teaching of St. ...Thompson River Indians
(THOMPSON INDIANS). An important tribe of British Columbia of Salishan linguistic stock, also ...Thompson, Blessed James
(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ...Thompson, Edward Healy and Harriet Diana
The name of two English converts : (1) Edward Healy and (2) Harriet Diana. Edward Healy ...Thompson, Francis
Poet, b. at Preston, Lancashire, 18 Dec., 1859; d. in London, 13 Nov., 1907. He came from the ...Thompson, Right Honourable Sir John Sparrow David
Jurist and first Catholic Premier of Canada, b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia , 10 Nov., 1844; d. ...Thonissen, Jean-Joseph
Professor of law at the University of Louvain, minister in the Belgian Government, b. at ...Thorlaksson, Arni
An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297. While a deacon, he visited ...Thorney Abbey
(i.e. "the isle of thorns", anciently called ANCARIG). Thorney Abbey, in Cambridgeshire, ...Thorns, Crown of
Although Our Saviour's Crown of Thorns is mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded ...Thorns, Feast of the Crown of
The first feast in honour of the Crown of Thorns ( Festum susceptionis coronae Domini ) was ...Thorpe, Venerable Robert
Priest and martyr, b. in Yorkshire; suffered at York, 15 May, 1591. He reached the English ...Thou, Jacques-Auguste de
French historian, b. at Paris, 8 October, 1553; d. there, 7 May, 1617. The son of Christophe de ...Thou, Nicolas de
Bishop of Chartres, uncle of the historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou, b. at Paris, 1528; d. at ...Three Chapters
The Three chapters ( trîa kephálaia ) were propositions anathematizing : (1) the ...Three Rivers
DIOCESE OF THREE RIVERS (TRIFLUVIANENSIS) Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec , to which it ...Throne
(Latin thronus, cathedra, sedes episcopalis ), the seat the bishop uses when not engaged at ...Thuburbo Minus
A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Thuburbo Minus is mentioned in ...Thugga
Titular see of Numidia, perhaps the Numidian fortress of Tocai mentioned about 305 B.C. by ...Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula
Austrian statesman, born at Linz, 31 March, 1736; died at Vienna, 28 May, 1818. He was the son of ...Thulis, Venerable John
English martyr, born at Up Holland, Lancashire, probably about 1568; suffered at Lancaster, 18 ...Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo
Austrian statesman, b. at the family castle of Tetschen in Bohemia, 7 April, 1811; d. at Vienna, ...Thundering Legion
( Legio fulminata , or fulminea , not fulminatrix ). The story of the Thundering Legion ...Thuringia
The name Thuringia is given to a large part of Central Germany, bounded on the west by the ...Thurmayr, Johannes
(Called AVENTINUS from the place of his birth) Born at Abensberg, Bavaria, 4 July, 1477; died ...Thyatira
A titular suffragan see of Sardes in Lydia. According to Stephanus Byzantius, the name was ...Thynias
A titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia, in Bithynia Prima. It is an island situated in the Black ...Thyräus, Hermann
German Jesuit, b. at Neuss on the Rhine, 1532; d. at Mainz, 26 October, 1591. He studied first ...Ti 45
Ti 45
Tiara
The papal crown, a costly covering for the head, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, ...Tibaldi, Pellegrino
Known also as Pellegrino da Bologna and as Pellegrino Pellegrini; decorator, mural painter, and ...Tiberias
Titular see, suffragan of Scythopolis, in Palaestina Secunda. The town of Tiberias was founded on ...Tiberias, Sea of
So called in John 21:1 (cf. 6:1 ), otherwise known as "the sea of Galilee" ( Matthew 4:18 ; Mark ...Tiberiopolis
Titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana. Tiberiopolis is mentioned by Ptolemy (V, 2, 25); Socrates ...Tiberius
The second Roman emperor ( A. D. 14-37), b. 16 November, 42 B. C. , d. 16 March, A. D. 37. ...Tibet
A vast plateau, about 463,320 square miles, about 1240 miles in its greatest length from east to ...Tiburtius and Susanna, Saints
Roman martyrs, feast 11 August. The story is related in the legend of St. Sebastian that ...Ticelia
Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis. Under this name it is not found in any ...Tichborne, Ven. Nicholas
Martyr, b. at Hartley Mauditt, Hampshire; suffered at Tyburn, London, 24 Aug., 1601. He was a ...Tichborne, Ven. Thomas
Born at Hartley, Hampshire, 1567; martyred at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1602. He was educated ...Ticonius
(Also TYCONIUS, TYCHONIUS, etc.) An African Donatist writer of the fourth century who ...Ticuna Indians
A tribe of Indians of some importance, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, inhabiting the ...Tieffentaller, Joseph
Jesuit missionary and noted geographer in Hindustan, b. at Bozen in the Tyrol, 27 August, 1710; ...Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo Born in Venice in 1696; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1770. ...Tierney, Mark Aloysius
Born at Brighton, Sept., 1795; died at Arundel, 19 Feb., 1862. After his early schooling with the ...Tigris, Saint
Irish saint, sister of St. Patrick. Much obscurity attaches to her life, and she has been ...Tillemont, Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de
French historian and priest, b. at Paris, 30 November, 1637; d. there, 10 January, 1698; he was ...Tilly, Johannes Tserclæs, Count of
Born at Brabant in 1559; died at Ingolstadt in April, 1632. He was a member of a noble family of ...Timbrias
A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. It is called Thymbrium in the official lists ...Time
The problem of time is one of the most difficult and most keenly debated in the field of natural ...Timothy and Symphorian, Saints
Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August. During the pontificate of Melchiades (311-13), ...Timothy and Titus, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Timucua Indians
A principal group or confederacy of Ancient Florida, notable for the successful missions ...Tincker, Mary Agnes
Novelist, born at Ellsworth, Maine, 18 July, 1833; died at Boston, Massachusetts, 4 December, ...Tingis
A titular see of Mauretania Tingitana (the official list of the Roman Curia places it in ...Tinin
SEE OF TININ (KNIN). Located in Dalmatia ; suffragan to Kalocsa-Bacs. Knin is a town on ...Tinos and Mykonos
DIOCESE OF TINOS AND MYKONOS (TINENSIS ET MYCONENSIS) A Latin diocese of the Cyclades, ...Tintern Abbey
This abbey, in Monmouthshire, England [actually Wales -- Ed. ], was founded in 1131 by ...Tintoretto, Il
(J ACOPO R OBUSTI ) Italian painter, b. at Venice, 1518; d. there 1594. His father was a ...Tipasa
A titular see of Numidia. The Phoenician word signifies passage. Early in its history we find ...Tiraboschi, Girolamo
Italian scholar, b. in the region of Bergamo, 1731; d. 3 June, 1794. At an early age he entered ...Tiraspol
DIOCESE OF TIRASPOL (or CHERSONESE) (TIRASPOLENSIS; CHERSONENSIS) Diocese in Southern Russia ...Tisio da Garofalo, Benvenuto
An Italian painter of the Ferrarese school ; b. in 1481 at Garofalo, whence, as was the ...Tissot, James
(JOSEPH-JACQUES TISSOT) French draughtsman and painter, b. at Nantes, 15 Oct., 1836; d. at ...Tithes
(Anglo-Saxon teotha , a tenth). Generally defined as "the tenth part of the increase arising ...Tithes, Lay
Under this heading must be distinguished (1) secular tithes, which subjects on crown-estates were ...Titian
(T IZIANO V ECELLI , called T ITIAN ). The greatest of Venetian painters, born at Pieve ...Titopolis
(TITIOPOLIS) Titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachaea in Isauria. Le Quien (Oriens ...Titulus
In pagan times titulus signified an inscription on stone, and later the stone which marked ...Titus
Roman Emperor 79-81, b. 30 Dec., 41; d. 13 Sept., 81; son of the Emperor Vespasian, and from the ...Titus and Timothy, Epistles to
(T HE P ASTORALS STS. TIMOTHY AND TITUS Saints Timothy and Titus were two of the most beloved ...Titus, Bishop of Bostra
Born about 362-371. Sozomen (Hist. eccl., III, xiv) names Titus among the great men of the time ...Tius
(TIUM) Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in Honorias. According to Strabo (542, 545) the ...Tivoli
DIOCESE OF TIVOLI (TIBURTINA) Diocese in the Province of Rome. The city in situated where the ...Tl 2
Tl 2
Tlaxcala
(TLAXCALENSIS) A former diocese of the colony of New Spain. It was the fifth diocese ...Tlos
A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Tlos was one of the six cities forming the Lycian ...To 56
To 56
Toaldo, Giuseppe
Priest and physicist, b. at Pianezze, 1719; d. at Padua, 1797. In his fourteenth year he entered ...Toba Indians
One of the few still unconquered savage tribes of the great Chaco wilderness of South America, and ...Tobias
We shall first enumerate the various Biblical persons and then treat the book of this name. I. ...Tocqueville, Charles-Alexis-Henri-Maurice-Clerel de
(CHARLES-ALEXIS-HENRI-MAURICE-CLEREL DE TOCQUEVILLE) Writer and statesman, b. at Verneuil, ...Todi
(T UDERTINA ). Diocese in Central Italy ; immediately dependent on the Holy See. The city ...Tokio
(Tokiensis) Archdiocese comprising 21 provinces or 15 departments with a population of over ...Toledo (Ohio)
(Toletana in America) A diocese in Ohio, U.S.A. formed out of the Diocese of Cleveland and ...Toledo (Spain)
ARCHDIOCESE OF TOLEDO (TOLETANENSIS) Primatial see of Spain, whose archbishop, raised almost ...Toledo, Francisco
Philosopher, theologian, and exegete, son of an actuary, b. at Córdova, 4 Oct., 1532; d. ...Tolentino and Macerata
Located in the Marches, Central Italy. Macerata is a provincial capital, situated on a hill, ...Toleration, History of
In any attempt to deal historically with the attitude of the Church towards religious toleration ...Toleration, Religious
Toleration in general signifies patient forbearance in the presence of an evil which one is ...Tolomei, John Baptist
A distinguished Jesuit theologian and cardinal, born of noble parentage, at Camberaia, between ...Tomb
A memorial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, especially for distinguished persons, ...Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The tomb of the Blessed Virgin is venerated in the Valley of Cedron, near Jerusalem. Modern ...Tomb, Altar
A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having ...Tomi
A titular metropolitan see in the Province of Scythia, on the Black Sea. It was a Greek colony ...Tommasi, Blessed Giuseppe Maria
A Cardinal, noted for his learning, humility, and zeal for reform; born at Licata, Sicily, of ...Tongerloo, Abbey of
Located near Antwerp, Belgium, founded in 1128 in honour of the Blessed Virgin, by de ...Tongiorgi, Salvator
Philosopher, born at Rome, Italy, 25 December, 1820; d. there, 12 November, 1865. At the age of ...Tongues, Gift of
(Glossolaly, glossolalia ). A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae , ...Tonica Indians
(Or TUNICA). A small tribe constituting a distinct linguistic stock living, when first known ...Tonkawa Indians
A tribal group or confederacy, of low culture status and constituting a distinct linguistic stock, ...Tonsure
( Latin tondere , "to shear") A sacred rite instituted by the Church by which a baptized ...Tootell, Hugh
Commonly known as Charles Dodd. Historian, b. in 1671 or 1672, at Durton-in-Broughton, ...Torah
I. USE OF WORD Torah, (cf. Hiph. of ), signifies first "direction, instruction", as, for ...Torbido, Francesco
Often called IL MORO (The Moor). Veronese painter and engraver, b. at Verona about 1486; ...Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo, Saint
Archbishop of Lima ; b. at Mayorga, León, Spain, 1538; d. near Lima Peru, 23 March ...Tornielli, Girolamo Francesco
Italian Jesuit, preacher and writer, b. at Cameri, 1 Febreuary, 1693, of a distinguished family ...Torone
A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Torone was a colony of Chalcideans from ...Toronto
(TORONTINA). Located in the Province of Ontario , Canada. When constituted a diocese, it ...Torquemada, Tomás de
First Grand Inquisitor of Spain, born at Valladolid in 1420; died at Avila, 16 September, ...Torres Naharro, Bartolemé de
Spanish poet and dramatist, b. at Torres, near Badajoz, towards the end of the fifteenth ...Torres, Francisco
(TURRIANUS.) Hellenist and polemicist, born in Herrera, Palencia, about 1509; died at Rome, ...Torricelli, Evangelista
Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 ...Torrubia, José
Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain ; died in 1768 in the ...Tortona
DIOCESE OF TORTONA (DERTONENSIS) Diocese in Piedmont, Italy. The city is situated on the ...Tortosa
DIOCESE OF TORTOSA (DERTHUSENSIS, DERTUSA). Located in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona ; ...Toscanella and Viterbo
(VITERBIENSIS ET TUSCANENSIS). The city of Viterbo in the Province of Rome stands at the foot ...Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo
Mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer, b. at Florence in 1397; d. there, 10 May, 1482. ...Tosephta
( Hebrew = addition, supplement ) Tosephta is the name of compilation of ...Tostado, Alonso
(ALONSO TOSTATUS) Exegete, b. at Madrigal, Castile, about 1400; d. at Bonilla de la Sierra, ...Tosti, Luigi
Benedictine historian, b. at Naples 13 Feb., 1811; d. at Monte Cassino, 24 Sept., 1897. His ...Totemism
Totemism from ote , root ot , possessive form otem , in the Ojibway dialect of the ...Totonac Indians
One of the smaller cultured nations of ancient Mexico, occupying at the time of the Spanish ...Touchet, George Anselm
Born at Stalbridge, Dorset; died about 1689. He was second son of Mervyn, twelfth Lord Audley, ...Toulouse
A RCHDIOCESE OF T OULOUSE (T OLOSENSIS ) Includes the Department of Haute-Garonne. As ...Tournély, Honoré
Theologian, b. Antibes, Provence, 28 August, 1658; d. at Paris, 26 December 1729. His parents ...Tournai
DIOCESE OF TOURNAI (Latin TURNACUM, TORNACUM; Flemish, DOORNIJK — TORNACENSIS) Diocese ...Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de
French botanist, b. at Aix in Provence, 5 June, 1656; d. at Paris, 28 Dec., 1708. After his ...Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de
Papal legate to India and China, cardinal, born of a noble Savoyard family at Turin, 21 ...Touron, Antoine
Dominican biographer and historian, born at Graulhet, Tarn, France, on 5 September, 1686; died ...Tours
(TURONENSIS.) Comprises the Department of Indre-et-Loire, and was re-established by the ...Toustain, Charles-François
French Benedictine, and member of the Congregation of St-Maur, born at Repas in the Diocese of ...Touttée, Antoine-Augustin
A French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. at Riom, Department of Puy-de-Dôme, ...Tower of Babel
The "Tower of Babel" is the name of the building mentioned in Genesis 11:19 . History of the ...Tr 77
Tr 77
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de
Viceroy of New France, born in France, 1603, of noble parents ; died there in 1670. A soldier ...Tradition and Living Magisterium
The word tradition (Greek paradosis ) in the ecclesiastical sense, which is the only one in ...Traditionalism
A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude. ...Traducianism
Traducianism ( tradux , a shoot or sprout, and more specifically a vine branch made to take root ...Trajan
Emperor of Rome (A.D. 98-117), b. at Italica Spain, 18 September, 53; d. 7 August, 117. He ...Trajanopolis
Titular metropolitan see of Rhodope. The city owes its foundation or restoration to Trajan. Le ...Trajanopolis
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea. The only geographer who speaks ...Tralles
A titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor. It was founded, it is said, by the Argians ...Trani and Barletta
(T RANEN , et Barolen.) Diocese in Italy. The city of Trani is situated on the Adriatic in ...Transcendentalism
The terms transcendent and transcendental are used in various senses, all of which, as a ...Transept
A rectangular space inserted between the apse and nave in the early Christian basilica. It ...Transfiguration
The Transfiguration of Christ is the culminating point of His public life, as His Baptism is ...Transfiguration of Christ, Feast of the
Observed on August 6 to commemorate the manifestation of the Divine glory recorded by St. ...Transubstantiation
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Transvaal
Vicariate apostolic ; lies between 23° 3' and 27° 30' S. lat., and 25° and 32° ...Transylvania
(Also TRANSYLVANIENSIS or ERDELY). Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa Bács. The ...Trapani
(TREPANENSIS). Diocese in Sicily, suffragan of Palermo. The city is the capital of a ...Trapezopolis
A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan to Laodicea. Trapezopolis was a town of Caria ...Trappists
The common name by which the Cistercians who follow the reform inaugurated by the Abbot de ...Trasilla and Emiliana, Saints
Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century, given in the Roman Martyrology, ...Treason, Accusations of
A common misrepresentation concerning the Elizabethan persecution of English and Irish Catholics ...Trebizond
(TRAPEZUNTINA). An Armenian Catholic diocese. The city owes its ancient name to the fact that ...Trebnitz
A former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia. It was founded in ...Tredway, Lettice Mary
(Called "Lady" Tredway) Born 1595; died Oct., 1677; daughter of Sir Walter Tredway, of Buckley ...Tregian, Francis
Confessor, b. in Cornwall, 1548; d. at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608. He was son of Thomas Tregian of ...Tremithus
Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. The city is mentioned by Ptolemy (Geog., V, xiii, ...Trent
(TRIDENTUM; TRIDENTINA). Diocese ; suffragan of Salzburg. Trent became universally known ...Trent, Council of
The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 ...Trenton
(T RENTONENSIS ). Diocese created 15 July, 1881, suffragan of New York, comprises Atlantic, ...Tresham, Sir Thomas
Knight Bachelor (in or before 1524), Grand Prior of England in the Order of Knights ...Treviso
(TARVISINA). Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy ). The capital is surrounded by the River ...Tribe, Jewish
( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ...Tricarico, Diocese of
(TRICARICENSIS.) Located in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy ), near ...Tricassin, Charles Joseph
One of the greatest theologians of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes ; d. in 1681. There is but ...Tricca
Titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. It was an ancient city of Thessaly, near the River ...Trichinopoly, Diocese of
(TRICHINOPOLITAN.) Located in India, suffragan of Bombay, comprises the south east portion of ...Trichur
(TRICHURENSIS.) Vicariate Apostolic in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar ...Tricomia
Titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima. It is mentioned in George of Cyprus ...Triduum
(Three days). A time frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices, whether ...Trier
(TREVIRENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of Cologne; includes in the Prussian province of the ...Triesnecker, Francis a Paula
Astronomer, b. at Kirchberg on the Wagram, in Lower Austria, 2 April, 1745; d. at Vienna 29 ...Triest-Capo d'Istria
(TERGESTINA ET JUSTINOPOLITANA.) Suffragan diocese of Görz-Gradiska ; exists as a ...Trincomalee
(TRINCOMALIENSIS.) Located in Ceylon, suffragan of Colombo, was created in 1893 by a division ...Trinità di Cava dei Tirrenti, Abbey of
Located in the Province of Salerno. It stands in a gorge of the Finestre Hills near Cava dei ...Trinitarians, Order of
The redemption of captives has always been regarded in the Church as a work of mercy, as is ...Trinity College
An institution for the higher education of Catholic women, located at Washington, D.C., and ...Trinity Sunday
The first Sunday after Pentecost, instituted to honour the Most Holy Trinity. In the early ...Trinity, The Blessed
This article is divided as follows: I. Dogma of the Trinity; II. Proof of the Doctrine from ...Triple-Candlestick
A name given along with several others (e.g. reed, tricereo, arundo, triangulum, lumen Christi ...Trissino, Giangiorgio
Italian poet and scholar, b. of a patrician family at Vicenza in 1478; d. at Rome, 8 ...Tritheists
(TRITHEITES). Heretics who divide the Substance of the Blessed Trinity. (1) Those who are ...Trithemius, John
A famous scholar and Benedictine abbot, b. at Trittenheim on the Moselle, 1 February, 1462; d. at ...Trivento
(Triventensis) Diocese in southern Italy. The earliest bishop was St. Castus of an uncertain ...Trivet, Nicholas
(Or "Trevet" as he himself wrote it) B. about 1258; d. 1328. He was the son of Thomas Trevet, a ...Troas
A suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespont. The city was first called Sigia; it was enlarged and ...Trocmades
(Trocmada) Titular see of Galatia Secunda, suffragan of Pessinus. No geographer or historian ...Trokelowe, John de
(THROWLOW, or THORLOW) A monastic chronicler still living in 1330, but the dates of whose birth ...Trondhjem, Ancient See of
(NIDAROS). In Norway it was the kings who introduced Christianity, which first became ...Trope
Definition and Description Trope, in the liturgico-hymnological sense, is a collective name ...Tropology, Scriptural
The theory and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of Holy Writ. The literal meaning, ...Troy, John Thomas
Archbishop of Dublin ; b. in the parish of Blanchardstown, near Dublin, 10 May, 1739; d. at ...Troyes
(TRECENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Aube. Re-established in 1802 as a suffragan ...Truce of God
The Truce of God is a temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God ...Truchsess von Waldburg, Otto
Cardinal-Bishop of Augsburg (1543-73), b. at Castle Scheer in Swabia, 26 Feb., 1514; d. at ...Trudo, Saint
(TRON, TROND, TRUDON, TRUTJEN, TRUYEN). Apostle of Hasbein in Brabant; d. 698 (693). Feast 23 ...Trudpert, Saint
Missionary in Germany in the seventh century. He is generally called a Celtic monk from ...True Cross, The
(AND REPRESENTATIONS OF IT AS OBJECTS OF DEVOTION). (1) Growth Of the Christian Cult ; (2) ...Trueba, Antonio de
Spanish poet and folklorist, b. at Montellana, Biscay, in 1821; d. at Bilbao, 10 March, 1889. In ...Trujillo
Diocese comprising the Departments of Lambayeque, Libertad, Pinra, and the Province of Tumbes, ...Trullo, Council in
This particular council of Constantinople, held in 692 under Justinian II, is generally known as ...Trumpets, Feast of
The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Two trumpets are ...Trumwin, Saint
(TRIUMWINI, TRUMUINI). Died at Whitby, Yorkshire, England, after 686. He was consecrated by ...Trustee System
I In the exercise of her inherent right of administering property, the Church often appoints ...Trusts and Bequests
A trust has been defined, in its technical sense, as the right enforceable solely in equity to ...Truth
Truth (Anglo-Saxon tréow, tryw, truth, preservation of a compact, from a Teutonic base ...Truth Societies, Catholic
This article will treat of Catholic Truth Societies in the chronological order of their ...Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha
Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Tryphon is said to have ...Ts 2
Ts 2
Tschiderer zu Gleifheim, Johann Nepomuk von
Bishop of Trent, b. at Bozen, 15 Feb., 1777; d. at Trent, 3 Dec., 1860. He sprang from a family ...Tschupick, John Nepomuk
A celebrated preacher, b. at Vienna, 7 or 12 April, 1729; d. there, 20 July, 1784. He entered the ...Tu 27
Tu 27
Tuam
(TUAMENSIS). The Archdiocese of Tuam, the metropolitan see of Connacht, extends, roughly ...Tuam, School of
(Irish, Tuaim da Ghualann , or the "Mound of the two Shoulders"). The School of Tuam was ...Tubunae
A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis, according to the "Gerachia cattolica", or in Numidia ...Tucson
(T UCSONENSIS ). Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. It comprises the State of ...Tucumán
(T UCUMANENSIS ). Suffragan to Buenos Aires, erected from the Diocese of Salta on 15 ...Tudela
(TUTELÆ, TUTELENSIS). Diocese in Spain. The episcopal city has a population of 9213. ...Tuguegarao
(TUGUEGARAONENSIS). Diocese in the Philippines ; situated in the north-eastern section of ...Tulancingo
(D E T ULANCINGO ). Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Mexico. Its area is ...Tulasne, Louis-René
A noted botanist, b. at Azay-le-Rideau, Dept of Indre-et-Loire, France, 12 Sept., 1815; d. at ...Tulle
(TUTELENSIS). Diocese comprising the Department of Corrèze. It was suppressed by the ...Tunic
By tunic is understood in general a vestment shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper ...Tunis
French protectorate on the northern coast of Africa. About the twelfth century before Christ ...Tunja
(T UNQUENENSIS ). Diocese established in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogotá, in the ...Tunkers
( German tunken , to dip) A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite. ...Tunstall, Cuthbert
Bishop of London, later of Durham, b. at Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; d. at Lambeth Palace, ...Tunstall, Venerable Thomas
Martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616. He was descended from the Tunstalls of Thurland, an ancient ...Tunsted, Simon
English Minorite, b. at Norwich, year unknown; d. at Bruisyard, Suffolk, 1369. Having joined the ...Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
Baron de L' Aulne, French minister, born at Parish, 10 May, 1727; died there, 20 March, 1781. ...Turin
(Turino; Taurinensis) The City of Turin is the chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and ...Turin, Shroud of
This name is primarily given to a relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that ...Turin, University of
The University of Turin was founded in 1404, when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were ...Turkestan
I. CHINESE TURKESTAN When Jenghiz Khan died (1227) his second son, Djagatai, had the greater part ...Turkish Empire
Created in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, from the ...Turnebus, Adrian
Philologist, b. at Andely in Normandy in 1512; d. in Paris, 12 June, 1565. The accounts of the ...Turpin
Archbishop of Reims, date of birth uncertain; d. 2 Sept., 800. He was a monk of St. Denis ...Tuscany
Tuscany, a division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, ...Tuy
(Tudensis.) Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Santiago, comprises the civil provinces ...Tw 2
Tw 2
Twenge, Saint John
Last English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ...Twiketal of Croyland
(THURCYTEL, TURKETUL). Died July, 975. He was a cleric of royal descent, who is said to have ...Ty 7
Ty 7
Tyana
A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Prima. The city must first have been called Thoana, ...Tychicus
A disciple of St. Paul and his constant companion. He was a native of the Roman province of ...Tynemouth Priory
Tynemouth Priory, on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier ...Types in Scripture
Types, though denoted by the Greek word typoi , are not coextensive with the meaning of this ...Tyrannicide
Tyrannicide literally is the killing of a tyrant, and usually is taken to mean the killing of a ...Tyre
(TYRUS.) Melchite archdiocese and Maronite diocese. The city is called in Hebrew, Zor , ...Latest
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Daily Reading for Monday June 24, 2019
Reading 1, Isaiah 49:1-6
Psalm, Psalms 139:1-3, 13-14, 14-15
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