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Communism
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( Latin communis .)
In its more general signification communism refers to any social system in which all property, or at least all productive property, is owned by the group, or community, instead of by individuals. Thus understood it comprises communistic anarchism, socialism, and communism in the strict sense. Communistic anarchism (as distinguished from the philosophic variety) would abolish not only private property, but political government. Socialism means the collective ownership and management not of all property, but only of the material agencies of production. Communism in the strict sense demands that both production-goods, such as land, railways, and factories, and consumption-goods, such as dwellings, furniture, food, and clothing, should be the property of the whole community. Previous to the middle of the nineteenth century the term was used in its more general sense, even by socialists. Marx and Engels called the celebrated document in which they gave to socialism its first "scientific" expression, the "Communist Manifesto". They could scarcely do otherwise, since the word Socialism was used for the first time in the year 1833, in England. Before long, however, most of the followers of the new movement preferred to call their economic creed Socialism and themselves Socialists. To-day no socialist who believes that individuals should be allowed to retain ownership of consumption-goods would class himself as a communist. Hence the word is at present pretty generally employed in the narrower sense. Its use to designate merely common ownership of capital is for the most part confined to the uninformed, and to those who seek to injure socialism by giving it a bad name.
Communism in the strict sense is also distinguished from socialism by the fact that it usually connotes a greater degree of common life. In the words of the Rev. W.D.P. Bliss, "socialism puts its emphasis on common production and distribution; communism, on life in common" ("Handbook of Socialism ", p. 12). Communism aims, therefore, at a greater measure of equality than socialism. It would obtain more uniformity in the matter of marriage, education, food, clothing, dwellings, and the general life of the community. Hence the various attempts that have been made by small groups of persons living a common life to establish common ownership of industry and common enjoyment of its products, have generally been described as experiments in communism. In fact socialism, in its proper sense of ownership and operation of capital-instruments by the entire democratic State, has never been tried anywhere. This calls to mind the further distinction that communism, even as a present-day ideal, implies the organization of industry and life by small federated communities, rather than by a centralized State. William Morris thus distinguishes them, and hopes that socialism will finally develop into communism ("Modern Socialism ", edited by R.C.K. Ensor, p. 88). Combining all these notes into a formal definition, we might say that complete communism means the common ownership of both industry and its products by small federated communities, living a common life.
HISTORY
The earliest operation of the communistic principle of which we have any record, took place in Crete about 1300 B. C. All the citizens were educated by the State in a uniform way, and all ate at the public tables. According to tradition, it was this experiment that moved Lycurgus to set up his celebrated regime in Sparta. Under his rule, Plutarch informs us, there was a common system of education, gymnastics, and military training for all the youth of both sexes. Public meals and public sleeping apartments were provided for all the citizens. The land was redistributed so that all had equal shares. Although marriage existed, it was modified by a certain degree of promiscuity in the interest of race-culture. The principles of equality and common life were also enforced in many other matters. As Plutarch says, "no man was at liberty to live as he pleased, the city being like one great camp where all had their stated allowance". In several other respects, however, the regime of Lycurgus fell short of normal communism: though the land was equally distributed it was privately owned; the political system was not a democracy but a limited monarchy, and later an oligarchy; and the privileges of citizenship and equality were not enjoyed by the entire population. The Helots, who performed all the disagreeable work, were slaves in the worst sense of that term. Indeed, the purpose of the whole organization was military and political rather than economic and social. As Lycurgus was inspired by the Cretan experiment, so Plato was impressed by the achievement of Lycurgus. His "Republic" describes an ideal commonwealth in which there was to be community of property, meals, and even of women. The State was to control education, marriage, births, the occupation of the citizens, and the distribution and enjoyment of goods. It would enforce perfect equality of conditions and careers for all citizens and for both sexes. Plato's motive in outlining this imaginary social order was individual welfare, not State aggrandizement. He wanted to call the attention of the world to a State which was unique in that it was not composed of two classes constantly at war with each other, the rich and the poor. But his model commonwealth was to have slaves.
The communistic principle governed for a time the lives of the first Christians of Jerusalem. In the fourth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles we learn that none of the brethren called anything that he possessed his own; that those who had houses and lands sold them and laid the price at the feet of the Apostles, who distributed "to everyone according as he had need". Inasmuch as they made no distinction between citizens and slaves, these primitive Christians were in advance of the communism of Plato. Their communism was, moreover, entirely voluntary and spontaneous. The words of St. Peter to Ananias prove that individual Christians were quite free to retain their private property. Finally, the arrangement did not long continue, nor was it adopted by any of the other Christian bodies outside of Jerusalem. Hence the assertion that Christianity was in the beginning communistic is a gross exaggeration. And the claim that certain Fathers of the Church , notably Ambrose, Augustine, Basil, Chrysostum, and Jerome, condemned all private property and advocated communism, is likewise unwarranted. Most of the religious, that is, ascetic and monastic orders and communities which have existed, both within and without the Christian fold, exhibit some of the features of communism. The Buddhist monks in India, the Essenes in Judea, and the Therapeutæ in Egypt, all excluded private ownership and led a common life. The religious communities of the Catholic Church have always practised common ownership of goods, both productive (whenever they possessed these) and non-productive. Their communism differs, however, from that of the economic communists in that its primary object is not and never has been social reform or a more just distribution of goods. The spiritual improvement of the individual member and the better fulfilment of their charitable mission, such as instructing the young or caring for the sick and infirm, are the ends that they have chiefly sought. These communities insist, moreover, that their mode of life is adapted only to the few. For these reasons we find them always apart from the world, making no attempt to bring in any considerable portion of those without, and observing celibacy. One important feature of economic communism is wanting to nearly all religious communities, namely, common ownership and management of the material agents of production from which they derive their sustenance. In this respect they are more akin to wage-earning bodies than to communistic organizations.
During the Middle Ages communism was held, and in various degrees practised, by several heretical sects. In this they professed to imitate the example of the primitive Christians. Their communism was, therefore, like that of the monastic orders, religious rather than economic. On the other hand, the motive of the religious orders was Christ's counsel to seek perfection. Chief among the communistic heretical sects were: the Catharists, the Apostolics, the Brothers and Sisters of the Free Spirit, the Hussites, the Moravians, and the Anabaptists. None of them presents facts of any great importance to the student of communism. The next notable event in the history of communism is the appearance of St. Thomas More's "Utopia" (1516). The purpose of this romantic account of an ideal commonwealth was economic, not military or religious. The withdrawal of large tracts of land from cultivation to be used for sheep-raising, the curtailment of the tenant's rights to the common, and the rise in rents had already begun to produce that insecurity, poverty, and pauperism which later on became so distressing in England, and which still constitute a most perplexing problem. By way of contrast to these conditions, More drew his ideal picture of the State of Utopia. In his conception of industrial conditions, needs, and tendencies, More was ages ahead of his time. "I can have", he says, "no other notion of all the other governments that I see or know than that they are a conspiracy of the rich, who on pretence of managing the public only pursue their private ends, and devise all the ways and arts they can find out: first, that they may without danger preserve all that they have so ill acquired, and then that they may engage the poor to toil and labour for them at as low rates as possible, and oppress them as much as they please." This reads more like an outburst from some radical reformer of the twentieth century than the testimony of a state chancellor of the early sixteenth. In "Utopia" all goods are held and enjoyed in common, and all meals are taken at the public tables. But there is no community of wives. The disagreeable work is done by slaves, but the slaves are all convicted criminals. Concerning both the family and the dignity and rights of the individual, "Utopia" is, therefore, on higher ground than the "Republic". There are several other descriptions of ideal States which owe their inspiration to "Utopia". The most important are: "Oceana" (1656) by James Harrington; "The City of the Sun" (1625) by Thomas Campanella ; and Francis Bacon's "New Atlantis" (1629). None of them has been nearly so widely read nor so influential as their prototype. Campanella, who was a Dominican monk, represents the authorities of "The City of the Sun" as compelling the best-developed women to mate with the best-developed men, in order that the children may be as perfect as possible. Children are to be trained by the State not by the parents, for they "are bred for the preservation of the species and not for individual pleasure".
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The comprehensive criticism of, and revolt against social institutions carried on by French writers in the eighteenth century naturally included theories for the reconstruction of the economic order. Gabriel de Mably (Doutes proposés aux philosophes économiques, 1768) who seems to have borrowed partly from Plato and partly from Rousseau, declared that community of goods would secure equality of condition and the highest welfare of the race; but he shrank from advocating this as a practical remedy for the ills of his own time. Morelly (Code de la nature, 1755) agreed with Rousseau that all social evils were due to institutions, and urged the ownership and management of all property and industry by the State. Both de Mably and Morelly were apostate priests. Morelly's views were adopted by one of the French Revolutionists , F. N. Baboeuf, who was the first modern to take practical steps toward the formation of a communistic society. His plans included compulsory labour on the part of all, and public distribution of the product according to individual needs. To convert his theories into reality, he founded the "Society of Equals" (1796) and projected an armed insurrection; but the conspirators were soon betrayed and their leader guillotined (1797). Count Henri de Saint-Simon, whose theories received their final shape in his "Nouveau Christianisme" (1825), did not demand common ownership of all property. Hence he is looked upon as the first socialist rather than as a communist. He was the first to emphasize the division of modern society into employers and workingmen, and the first to advocate a reconstruction of the industrial and political order on the basis of labour and in the particular interest of the working classes. According to his view, the State should become the directer of industry, assigning tasks in proportion to capacity and rewards in proportion to work. He is also a socialist rather than a communist in his desire that reforms should be brought about by the central Government, instead of by local authority or voluntary associations. Charles Fourier (Traité de l'association domestique-agricole, 1822) did not even ask for the abolition of all capital. Yet he was more of a communist than Saint-Simon because his plans were to be carried out by the local communities, to which he gave the name of "phalanxes", and because the members were to live a common life. All would dwell in one large building called the "phalansterie". Tasks were to be assigned with some regard to the preferences of the individual, but there were to be frequent changes of occupation. Every worker would get a minimum wage adequate to a comfortable livelihood. The surplus product would be divided among labour, capital, and talent, but in such a way that those doing the most disagreeable work would obtain the highest compensation. Marriage would be terminable by the parties themselves. An attempt to establish a phalanx at Versailles in 1832 resulted in complete failure.
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Etienne Cabet drew up a communistic programme in his "Voyage en Icarie" (1840), which was modelled upon the work of Sir Thomas More. He would abolish private property and private education, but not marriage nor the family life. Goods were to be produced and distributed by the community as a whole, and there was to be complete equality among all its members. In 1848 he emigrated with a band of his disciples to America, and established the community of Icaria in Texas. In 1849 they moved to the abandoned Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. Here the community prospered for several years, until the usual solvent appeared in the shape of internal dissension. In 1856 the small minority that sided with Cabet settled at Cheltenham, near St. Louis, while the greater number moved to Southern Iowa, where they established a new community to which they gave the old name of Icaria. The latter settlement flourished until 1878, when there began a final series of disruptions, secessions, and migrations. The last band of Icarians was dissolved in 1895. At that time the community numbered only twenty-one members; in Nauvoo there were five hundred. Icaria has been called "the most typical experiment ever made in democratic communism" and "more wonderful than any other similar colony, in that it endured so long without any dogmatic basis". The Icarians practised no religion. In his "Organisation du travail" (1840) Louis Blanc demanded that the State establish national workshops, with a view to ultimate State ownership and management of all production. After the Revolution of 1848 the French Government did introduce several national workshops, but it made no honest effort to conduct them according to the ideas of M. Blanc. They were all unsuccessful and short-lived. Like Saint-Simon, Louis Blanc was a socialist rather than a communist in his theories of social reorganization, property, and individual freedom. From his time forward all the important theories and movements concerning the reorganization of society, in the other countries of Europe as well as in France, fall properly under the head of socialism. The remainder of the history of communism describes events that occurred in the United States. In his "American Communities" William A. Hinds enumerates some thirty-five different associations in which communistic principles were either partially or wholly put into operation.
COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES
The Ephrata Community (Pennsylvania) was, with two unimportant exceptions, the earliest. It was founded in 1732 by Conrad Beissel, a German, who had for some years led the life of a religious hermit. Three men and two women who shared his views on the Sabbath were permitted to join him, and thus the six became a community. The members held property in common, laboured in common, lived in common, and observed complete equality of conditions. They regarded celibacy as preferable to the wedded state, and during the early years of the community the majority remained unmarried. Their primary aim, therefore, was religious and spiritual instead of social and economic. The community never had more than three hundred members; in 1900 it had only seventeen.
The most important communistic organization in the United States is that of the Shakers. Their first community was founded at Mt. Lebanon, N. Y., in 1787. At present there are thirty-five separate communities with a total membership of one thousand; once they aggregated five thousand. Like the Ephratans, the Shakers are a religious sect and live a community life for a religious purpose. The founders of their first American settlement were a band of English Quakers to whom the name Shakers was given because of their bodily agitations under the supposed influence of spiritual forces in their religious meetings. In the Shaker communities property is held in common (except in the ease of members who have not reached the Third, or Senior Order), meals are taken in common, there is a common hour for rising, modes of dress are uniform, and there are minute rules governing manners and conduct generally. While all members are on a footing of equality, the government is hierarchical rather than democratic. They make confession of sin before entering, observe celibacy, abstain from alcoholic drinks, discourage the use of tobacco, and endeavour to avoid "all worldly usages, manners, customs, loves and affections, which interpose between the individual citizen of the heavenly kingdom and his duties and privileges therein". Owing to its principles and practices, Shaker communism is as little suited to the generality of men as monasticism. Their membership is recruited mostly through religious revivals and the reception of homeless children. Nevertheless the community has not been a complete failure as regards those who have remained faithful to its life. "For more than a hundred years", they maintain, "they have lived prosperous, contented, happy lives, making their land bloom like the fairest garden; and during all these years have never spent among themselves a penny for police, for lawyers, for judges, for poor-houses, for penal institutions or any like 'improvements' of the outside world."
Two communities that had a considerable resemblance to each other were the Harmonists, established in Pennsylvania in 1805 by George Rapp, and the Separatists of Zoar, founded in 1818 by Joseph Baumeler in Ohio. Both communities were German, were religious rather than economic, held the same religious views, and practised celibacy. Early in their history the Separatists abandoned celibacy, but continued to regard it as a higher state than marriage. The Harmonists had at one time one thousand members, but by the year 1900 dissensions had reduced them to nine. The Separatists never numbered more than five hundred. They ceased to exist as a community in 1898. The New Harmony Community was established in 1825 on land in Indiana that had once been occupied by the Harmonists. Its founder was Robert Owen, a Welshman, who had managed with remarkable success the New Lanark mills in Scotland. He was the first to introduce the ten-hour day into factories and to refuse to employ very young children and pauper children. He also established the first infant schools in England. He made the village of New Lanark a model of good order, temperance, thrift, comfort, and contentment. He was a humanitarian and reformer who did not shrink from large sacrifices on behalf of his theories. Encouraged by the success of his efforts at New Lanark, and believing that men were good by nature and needed only the proper environment to become virtuous, strong, intelligent, and contented, he began to dream of a communism that should be world-wide. He would have all persons gathered into villages of between three hundred and two thousand souls, each of whom was to have from one-half to one and one-half acres of land. The dwellings of each village would be arranged in a parallelogram, with common kitchens, eating-houses, and schools in the centre. Individual property was to be abolished. Such were the plans that he intended to try for the first time in the community of New Harmony. Before the end of its first year this community had nine hundred souls and thirty thousand acres of land. Before two years had passed dissensions had arisen, two new communities had been formed by seceders, and the original community had been dissolved. Several other communistic settlements which owed their existence to the teaching and example of Owen, were established in different States, but none of them outlived New Harmony. Like the latter, they all expressly rejected any religious basis. This seems to have been one of the chief reasons for their early dissolution. Toward the end of his life Owen gave up his materialistic notions, and admitted the supreme importance of spiritual forces in the formation of sound character.
The Oneida Community of Oneida, N. Y., was founded in 1848 by J. H. Noyes. Its purpose was primarily religious, "the establishment of the kingdom of God ". At one period it had five hundred members. For more than thirty years its members practised not only community of property and of life generally, but also of women, through their so-called "complex marriages". The rearing of children was partly a parental but chiefly a community function. In deference to public sentiment outside, the practice of "complex marriage" was in 1879 discontinued. They then divided themselves into two classes, "the married and the celibate, both legitimate but the last preferred". However, nearly all of them got married within a very short time. In 1881 the community was converted into a joint-stock company, the members owning individual shares. Financially, the new corporation has been a success, but most of its common-life features disappeared with "complex marriage".
Between 1840 and 1850 some thirty communities modelled upon the phalanxes of Fourier were established in different parts of the United States. Only one lasted longer than six years, and the great majority disappeared within three years. Their rise was due chiefly to the writings and efforts of an exceptionally able, cultured, and enthusiastic group of writers which included Horace Greeley, Albert Brisbane, George Ripley, Parke Goodwin, William Henry Channing, Charles A. Dana, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Elizabeth Peabody. The most notable of these experiments was the one at Brook Farm. Although it took the form of a joint-stock company, paying five per cent interest, it exemplified the principles of communism in many particulars. The industries were managed by the community and all the members took turns at the various tasks; all received the same wages, all were guaranteed support for themselves and their dependents, and all enjoyed the same advantages in the matter of food, clothing, and dwellings. For the first two years (1841-43) the life was charming; but the enterprise was not a success financially. In 1844 the organization was converted into a Fourieristic phalanx, which had an unsuccessful existence of a few brief months. Brook Farm failed thus early because it had too many philosophers and too few "hard-fisted toilers".
The Amana Community (Iowa) was begun in 1855 by a band of Germans who called themselves "True Inspirationists", on account of their belief that the inspiration of the Apostolic age is still vouchsafed to Christians. Their distinctive religious tenets reach back to the Pietists of the seventeenth century, but as an organization they began at Hesse, Germany, in 1714. They came to America to escape religious persecution, not to practise communism. According to their own testimony, the communistic feature was introduced solely as a means to a better Christian life. The community tolerates marriage but prefers celibacy. Those who marry suffer a decline in social standing, and are compelled to wait for some time before they can regain their former position. One of their "Rules for Daily Life" reads thus: "Fly from the society of woman-kind as much as possible, as a very highly dangerous magnet and magical fire." The families live separately, but eat in groups of from thirty-five to fifty. All property belongs to the community. In order the better to achieve their supreme purpose— and the imitation of Christ— life is very simple, and barren not only of luxury but of any considerable enjoyment. The Amana Community has for a long time been the largest community in existence, numbering between seventeen and eighteen hundred members. During sixty years the members of this community have lived in peace, comfort, and contentment, having neither lawyers, sheriffs, nor beggars.
None of the other communistic settlements of America presents features worthy of special mention. Of all the experiments made only the Amana Community and the Shakers survive. Societies like the Co-operative Brotherhood and the Equality Commonwealth of the State of Washington are examples of co-operation, or at most of socialism. Besides, they are all very young and very small.
GENERALIZATIONS DRAWN FROM COMMUNISTIC EXPERIMENTS
The history of communistic societies suggests some interesting and important generalizations.
First:All but three of the American communities, namely those founded by Robert Owen, the Icarians, and the Fourieristic experiments, and absolutely all that enjoyed any measure of success, were organized primarily for religious ends under strong religious influences, and were maintained on a basis of definite religious convictions and practices. Many of their founders were looked upon as prophets. The religious bond seems to have been the one force capable of holding them together at critical moments of their history. Mr. Hinds, who is himself a firm believer in communism, admits that there must be unity of belief either for or against religion. The importance of the spiritual and ascetic elements is further shown by the fact that nearly all the more successful communities either enjoined, or at least preferred, celibacy. If communism needs the ascetic element to this extent it is evidently unsuited for general adoption.
Second:It would seem that where religion and asceticism are not among the primary ends, community of wives as well as of property easily suggests itself to communists as a normal and logical feature of their system. Even Campanella declared that "all private property is acquired and improved for the reason that each one of us by himself has his own home and wife and children". Speaking of the decline of the Oneida Community, Mr. Hinds says: "The first step out of communism was taken when 'mine and thine' were applied to husband and wife; then followed naturally an exclusive interest in children; then the desire to accumulate individual property for their present and future use." The founder of this community was of opinion that if the ordinary principles of marriage are maintained, communistic associations will present greater temptations to unlawful love than ordinary society. Communism therefore seems to face the Scylla of celibacy and the Charybdis of promiscuity.
Third:All the American communities except those founded by Owen, were composed of picked and select souls who were filled with enthusiasm and willing to make great sacrifices for their ideal. Owen admitted recruits indiscriminately, but keenly regretted it afterwards; for he recognized it as one of the chief causes of premature failure. Moreover, the other communities separated themselves from and discouraged contact with the outside world. Most of the deserters were members who had violated this injunction, and become enamoured of worldly ways.
Fourth:The success attained by the American communities was in a very large measure due to exceptionally able, enthusiastic, and magnetic leaders. As soon as these were removed from leadership their communities almost invariably began to decline rapidly. This fact and the facts mentioned in the last paragraph add weight to the conclusions drawn from the first two, namely that communism is utterly unsuited to the majority.
Fifth:It is possible for small groups of choice spirits, especially when actuated by motives of religion and asceticism, to maintain for more than a century a communistic organization in contentment and prosperity. The proportion of laziness is smaller and the problem of getting work done simpler than is commonly assumed. And the habit of common life does seem to root out a considerable amount of human selfishness.
Finally:The complete equality sought by communism is a well-meant but mistaken interpretation of the great moral truths, that, as persons and in the sight of God, all human beings are equal; and that all have essentially the same needs and the same ultimate destiny. In so far as they are embodied in the principle of common ownership, these truths have found varied expressions in various countries and civilizations. Many economic historians maintain that common ownership was everywhere the earliest form of land tenure. It still prevails after a fashion in the country districts of Russia. Within the last half-century, the sphere of common or public ownership has been greatly extended throughout almost all of the Western world, and it is certain to receive still wider expansion in the future. Nevertheless, the verdict of experience, the nature of man, and the attitude of the Church, all assure us that complete communism will never be adopted by any considerable section of any people. While the Church sanctions the principle of voluntary communism for the few who have a vocation to the religious life, she condemns universal, compulsory, or legally enforced communism, inasmuch as she maintains the natural right of every individual to possess private property. She has reprobated communism more specifically in the Encyclical "Rerum Novarum" of Pope Leo XIII. For the theories condemned in that document under the name of socialism certainly include communism as described in these pages. See COLLECTIVISM, SOCIALISM; PROPERTY.
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A name used for (1) the descendants of Cain, (2) a sect of Gnostics and Antinomians. (1) ...Caiphas
According to Josephus (Antiquitates, XVIII, iv, 3), Caiphas was appointed High-Priest of the ...Caius
A Christian author who lived about the beginning of the third century. Little is known about his ...Caius and Soter, Saints
They have their feast together on 22 April, on which day they appear in most of the ...Caius, John
( Also Kay, Key.) Physician and scholar, born at Norwich, 6 October, 1510; died at London, ...Cajetan, Constantino
A Benedictine savant, born at Syracuse, Sicily, in 1560; died at Rome, 17 September, 1650. ...Cajetan, Saint
(GAETANO.) Founder of the Theatines, born October, 1480 at Vicenza in Venetian territory; ...Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio Gaetani
( Baptized GIACOMO.) Dominican cardinal, philosopher, theologian, and exegete ; born 20 ...Calabozo, Diocese of
(Calaboso) Calabozo is a town in the State of Miranda Actually the State of Guarico , ...Calahorra and La Calzada, Diocese of
(Calaguritana et Calceatensis.) Suffragan of Burgos, comprising almost all the province of ...Calama
A titular see of Africa. Calama appears to be the Roman name of Suthul, a city in Numidia, ...Calancha, Fray Antonio de la
An erudite Augustinian monk, born 1584 at Chiquisaca (now Sucre) in Bolivia ; died 1 March, ...Calas Case, The
Jean Calas was a French Calvinist , born 19 March, 1698, at La Caparède near Castres, in ...Calasanctius, Saint Joseph
Called in religion "a Matre Dei", founder of the Piarists, b. 11 Sept., 1556, at the castle of ...Calasio, Mario di
Friar Minor and lexicographer, born at Calasio in the Kingdom of Naples about 1550; died atRome, ...Calatayud, Pedro de
Jesuit missionary, born in Navarre, 1 August, 1689; died in Bologna, 27 February, 1773. He joined ...Calatrava, Military Order of
Founded in Castile, in the twelfth century, as a military branch of the great Cistercian ...Calcutta
THE ECCLESIASTICAL PROVINCE OF CALCUTTA The Ecclesiastical province of Calcutta comprises ...Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio
Anatomist and physiologist, b. at Bologna, 21 Nov., 1725; d. at Padua, 20 Dec., 1813. He studied ...Caldara, Polidoro (da Caravaggio)
An Italian painter, born at Caravaggio, 1492 (or 1495); died at Messina, 1543. He passed his ...Caldas-Barbosa, Domingo
A Brazilian poet, born of a white father and a negro mother at Rio Janeiro in 1740; died in ...Calderon de la Barca, Pedro
Born 1600; died 1681; a Spanish dramatist whose activity marks the second half of the golden age ...Caleb
(1) Caleb, Son of Jephone, The Cenezite. -- The representative of the tribe of Juda among the ...Calendar, Christian
GENERALITIES FOUNDATIONS OF THE CHRISTIAN CALENDAR The Easter Cycle The Nativity of ...Calendar, Jewish
Days From the remotest time to the present the Israelites have computed the day ( yôm ...Calendar, Reform of the
For the measurement of time the most important units furnished by natural phenomena are the ...Calepino, Ambrogio
An Italian lexicographer, born about 1440 at Calepio (province of Bergamo); died 1510 or 1511. ...Cali, Diocese of
(Caliensis). Founded in Colombia, South America, on 7 July, 1910. Cali is a city, district, ...Caliari, Paolo
( Also Paolo Veronese.) An eminent painter of the Venetian school ; born at Verona, 1528; ...California
California, the largest and most important of the Pacific Coast States, is the second State of the ...California Missions
I. LOWER CALIFORNIA California became known to the world through Hernando Cortés, the ...California, Vicariate Apostolic of Lower
Includes the territory of that name in Mexico (Sp. Baja or Vieja California ), a peninsula ...Callières, Louis-Hector de
Thirteenth Governor of New France ; born at Cherbourg, France, 1646; died 26 May, 1705. He was ...Callinicus
A titular see in Asia Minor. The city was founded by Alexander the Great under the name of ...Callipolis
A titular see of Thrace, now called Gallipoli (Turkish, Guelibolou ), is a city in the ...Callistus I, Pope
(Written by most Latins, Augustine, Optatus, etc. CALLIXTUS or CALIXTUS). Martyr, died c. 223. ...Callistus II, Pope
Date of birth unknown; died 13 December, 1124. His reign, beginning 1 February, 1119, is ...Callistus III, Pope
Born near Valencia in Spain, 31 December, 1378; died at Rome, 6 August, 1458. Alfonso de Borja ...Callot, Jacques
A French etcher, engraver, and painter, b. at Nancy, France, 1592; d. in the same city, 28 ...Cally, Pierre
Philosopher and theologian, b. at Mesnil-Hubert, department of Orne, France, date of birth ...Calmet, Dom Augustin
Celebrated exegetist; b. at Ménil-la-Horgne, near Commercy, Lorraine, France, 26 Feb., ...Caloe
A titular see of Asia Minor, mentioned as Kaloe, and Keloue in inscriptions of the third ...Caltagirone
(Calata Hieronis; Calatayeronensis). Caltagirone is a city in the province of Catania, Sicily, ...Caltanisetta
(Calathanisium; Calathanisiadensis). The city is situated in a fertile plain of Sicily, on the ...Calumny
( Latin calvor , to use artifice, to deceive) Etymologically any form of ruse or fraud ...Calvaert, Dionysius
An eminent painter, usually known as "The Fleming" and called Denis, a native of Antwerp and a ...Calvary, Congregation of Our Lady of
A congregation founded at Poitiers, in 1617, by Antoinette of Orléans-Longueville, ...Calvary, Mount
The place of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. NAME Etymology and Use The word Calvary ( ...Calvert, Cecilius
Second Lord Baltimore, founder of Maryland, born 1606, died 1675. At the age of thirteen, he ...Calvert, Charles
Third Baron of Baltimore and second Proprietary Governor of Maryland. Born in London, 1629; ...Calvert, George
First Lord Baltimore, statesman and colonizer. Born at Kiplin, Yorkshire, England, c. 1580; died ...Calvert, Leonard
Proprietary Governor of Maryland, 1634-1647, born in England, 1607; died in Maryland, 9 June, ...Calvert, Philip
Proprietary Governor of Maryland, 1660 to 1661, son of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore and ...Calvi and Teano, Diocese of
( Calvensis et Theanensis ). The city of Calvi is the ancient Cales or Calenum in the ...Calvin, John
This man, undoubtedly the greatest of Protestant divines, and perhaps, after St. Augustine, ...Calvinism
No better account of this remarkable (though now largely obsolete) system has been drawn out than ...Calvinus, Justus Baronius
A convert and apologist, b. at Kanthen, Germany, c. 1570; d. after 1606. He was born of ...Calynda
A titular see of Asia Minor. It was probably situated at the boundary of Lycia and Caria (on ...Camões, Luis Vaz de
(OR CAMOENS) Born in 1524 or 1525; died 10 June, 1580. The most sublime figure in the history ...Camachus
A titular see in Armenia. This city does not appear in ecclesiastical history before the ...Camaldolese
(C AMALDOLITES, C AMALDULENSIANS ). A joint order of hermits and cenobites, founded by ...Camargo, Diego Muñoz
(According to Beristain de Souza, Muñoz should be the surname). Born of a Spanish ...Cambiaso, Luca
(Also known as Luchetto da Genova, and as Luchino). Genoese painter, b. at Moneglia near ...Cambrai, Archdiocese of
(CAMERACENSIS.) Comprises the entire Département du Nord of France. Prior to 1559 ...Cambridge, University of
I. ORIGIN AND HISTORY The obscurity which surrounds the ancient history of Cambridge makes it ...Cambysopolis
A titular see of Asia Minor. The name is owing to a mistake of some medieval geographer. After ...Camel, George Joseph
(Kamel). Botanist, born at Brünn, in Moravia, 21 April 1661, died in Manila, 2 May, ...Camerino, Diocese of
(Camerinum, Camerinensis). Camerino is a city situated in the Italian province of Macerata in ...Camerlengo
(Latin camerarius ). The title of certain papal officials. The Low Latin word camera ...Cameroon
(Cameroons; Cameroon.) Located in German West Africa, between British Nigeria and French ...Camillus de Lellis, Saint
Born at Bacchianico, Naples, 1550; died at Rome, 14 July, 1614. He was the son of an officer ...Camisards
(Probably from camise , a black blouse worn as a uniform). A sect of French fanatics who ...Campaña, Pedro
Flemish painter, known in France as Pierre de Champagne, and in Brussels as Pieter de ...Campagna, Girolamo
Born in Verona, 1552; died about 1623 or 1625. He was an able, but not strikingly individual ...Campagnola, Domenico
Painter of the Venetian school, b. at Padua in 1482; date of death unascertained. This ...Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette
( Née Genest; known as Madam Campan). A French educator, born 6 November, 1752, at ...Campanella, Tommaso
( Baptized GIOVANNI DOMENICO) Dominican philosopher and writer, b. 5 Sept. 1568 at Stilo in ...Campani, Giuseppe
An Italian optician and astronomer who lived in Rome during the latter half of the ...Campbell, James
Born at Philadelphia, 1 Sept., 1812; died there, 27 Jan., 1893. His father was Anthony Campbell, ...Campeche
Diocese in the State of Campeche, Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of ...Campeggio, Lorenzo
Cardinal, an eminent canonist, ecclesiastical diplomat, and reformer, b. 1472 (1474) at Bologna, ...Campi, Bernardino
An Italian painter of the Lombard School, b. at Cremona, 1522; d. at Reggio, about 1590. His ...Campi, Galeazzo
An Italian painter, b. at Cremona, 1475; d. 1536. He commenced his studies, according to ...Campi, Giulio
An Italian painter and architect, b. at Cremona about 1500; died there, 1572. He was the ...Campion, Saint Edmund
English Jesuit and martyr ; he was the son and namesake of a Catholic bookseller, and was born ...Campo Santo de' Tedeschi
(Holy Field of the Germans) A cemetery, church, and hospice for Germans on the south side of St. ...Camus de Pont-Carré, Jean-Pierre
French bishop, b. 3 November, 1584, at Paris ; d. there 25 April, 1652. A Burgundian of good ...Cana
A city of Galilee, Palestine, famous throughout all ages as the scene of Our Lord's first ...Canaan, Canaanites
(Canaan, Canaanites). The Hebrew Kenaan , denoting a person, occurs: in the Old ...Canada
(See also C ATHOLICITY IN C ANADA ) Canada, or to be more exact, the Dominion of Canada, ...Canada, Catholicity in
The subject will be treated under three headings: I. Period of French domination, from the ...Canal, José de la
Ecclesiastical historian, b. of poor parents, at Ucieda, a village in the province of Santander, ...Canary Islands, The
The Canary Islands form an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean facing the western coast of ...Canatha
A titular see of Arabia. According to inscriptions on coins and geographical documents, its ...Cancer de Barbastro, Luis
One of the first Dominicans who followed Las Casas to Guatemala, born in Aragon, Spain, ...Candace
The name of the Ethiopian queen whose eunuch was baptized by St. Philip ( Acts 8:27 sqq. ). The ...Candia
(D IOCESE OF C ANDIA ) On the north shore of Crete was an ancient city called Heracleion. ...Candidus
The name of two scholars of the Carlovingian revival of letters in the ninth century. (1) The ...Candle, Paschal
The blessing of the "paschal candle ", which is a column of wax of exceptional size, usually ...Candlemas
Also called: Purification of the Blessed Virgin (Greek Hypapante ), Feast of the Presentation of ...Candles
The word candle ( candela , from candeo , to burn) was introduced into the English language ...Candles, Altar
For mystical reasons the Church prescribes that the candles used at Mass and at other ...Candlestick, Seven-Branch
One of the three chief furnishings of the Holy of the Tabernacle and the Temple ( Exodus ...Candlestick, Triple
A name given along with several others (e.g. reed, tricereo, arundo, triangulum, lumen Christi ...Candlesticks
Of the earliest form of candlesticks used in Christian churches we know but little. Such ...Candlesticks, Altar
An altar-candlestick consists of five parts: the foot, the stem, the knob about the middle of the ...Canea
Formerly a titular see of Crete, suppressed by a decree of 1894. Canea is the Italian name ...Canelos and Macas
Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador, South America, separated in 1886 from the Vicariate Apostolic ...Canes, Vincent
(JOHN BAPTIST) Friar Minor and controversialist, born on the borders of Nottingham and ...Canice, Saint
(Or KENNY). Commemorated on 11 October, born in 515 or 516, at Glengiven, in what is now ...Canisius, Henricus
(DE HONDT), canonist and historian, born at Nymwegen in Geldern and belonged to the same ...Canisius, Peter, Blessed
(Kannees, Kanys, probably also De Hondt). Born at Nimwegen in the Netherlands, 8 May, 1521; ...Canisius, Theodorich
Born at Nimwegen, Holland, 1532; died 27 September, 1606, at Ingolstadt. He was a half-brother on ...Cano, Alonso
(Or ALEXIS) A Spanish painter, architect, and sculptor, b. at Granada, 19 March, 1601; d. ...Cano, Melchior
Dominican bishop and theologian, b. 1 Jan., 1509, at Tarancón, Province of Cuenca , ...Canon
An ecclesiastical person ( Latin Canonicus ), a member of a chapter or body of clerics ...Canon
(Greek kanon , rule, law, guide). In music, the strictest of all contrapuntal forms. It ...Canon Law
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. General Notion and DivisionsII. Canon ...Canon of the Mass
This article will be divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of ...Canon of the New Testament
The Catholic New Testament, as defined by the Council of Trent, does not differ, as regards the ...Canon of the Old Testament
Overview The word canon as applied to the Scriptures has long had a special and consecrated ...Canoness
The assistance of women in the work of the Church goes back to the earliest time, and their ...Canonical Hours
I. IDEA By canonical hour is understood all the fixed portion of the Divine Office which the ...Canonization and Beatification
HISTORY According to some writers the origin of beatification and canonization in the Catholic ...Canons and Canonesses Regular
(Also called REGULAR CLERICS, RELIGIOUS CLERICS, CLERIC-CANONS, AUGUSTINIAN CANONS, BLACK CANONS, ...Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception
A congregation founded in the department of Isère, at Saint-Antoine, France, by the ...Canons, Apostolic
A collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the ...Canons, Collections of Ancient
While the essential principles of the constitution and government of the Church were immutably ...Canons, Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical Canons are certain rules or norms of conduct or belief prescribed by the ...Canons, Penitential
Rules laid down by councils or bishops concerning the penances to be done for various sins. ...Canopus
A titular see of Egypt. Its old Egyptian name was Pikuat; the Greeks called it Kanobos, or ...Canopy
The canopy, in general, is an ornamental covering of cloth, stone, wood, or metal, used to crown ...Canopy, Altar
The "Caeremoniale Episcoporum" (I, xii, 13), treating of the ornaments of the altar, says that ...Canossa
A former castle of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, in the foothills of the Apennines, about ...Canova, Antonio
The greatest Italian sculptor of modern times, b. at Possagno, in the province of Treviso, 1 ...Cantù, Cesare
Italian historian and poet, b. at Brivio, 8 December, 1807; d. at Milan, 11 March, 1895. He was ...Cantate Sunday
A name given to the fourth Sunday after Easter, from the first word of the Introit at Mass on ...Canterbury
(CANTUARIA—Roman name, DUROVERNUM, whence, in Anglo-Saxon times, DUROVERNIA; canonical name ...Canticle
Although the word is derived from canticulum , (diminutive of canticum , a song, from the ...Canticle of Canticles
(Greek Aisma asmaton , Latin Canticum canticorum .) One of three books of Solomon, ...Canticle of Simeon
(The Canticle of Simeon). Found in St. Luke's Gospel (2:29-32) , is the last in historical ...Canticle of Zachary
The Benedictus, given in Luke 1:68-79, is one of the three great canticles in the opening ...Cantius, Saint John
Born at Kenty, near Oswiecim, Diocese of Krakow, Poland, 1412 (or 1403); died at Krakow, 1473, ...Cantor
The chief singer (and sometimes instructor) of the ecclesiastical choir, called also precentor. ...Canute
(Or CNUT: THE GREAT, THE MIGHTY) King of the English, Danes, and Norwegians, b. about 994; d. ...Canute IV, Saint
Also spelled C NUT . Martyr and King of Denmark, date of birth uncertain; d. 10 July 1086, ...Cap Haïtien
(CAPITIS HAITIANI) Erected by Pius IX, 3 October, 1861, in the ecclesiastical Province of ...Capaccio and Vallo
(CAPUTAQUENSIS ET VALLENSIS) Suffragan diocese of Salerno. Capaccio is a city in the ...Capecelatro, Alfonso
Cardinal, Archbishop of Capua, and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Marseilles, 5 Feb., 1824; d. ...Capefigue, Baptiste-Honoré-Raymond
Historian, b. at Marseilles, 1802; d. at Paris, 22 December, 1872. In 1821 he was a law student ...Caperolo, Pietro
Friar Minor,date of birth unknown; d. at Velletri in 1480; he was a man of much energy and great ...Capgrave, John
Augustinian friar, historian, and theologian, b. at Lynn in Norfolk, 21 April, 1393; d. there, ...Capharnaum
A titular see of Palestine. Its name (also KAPERNAUM) means village of Nahum or consolation. ...Capital Punishment
The infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. The ...Capitolias
A titular see of Palestine, suffragan to Scythopolis in Palestina Secunda. According to the ...Capitulations, Episcopal and Pontifical
Capitulations were agreements, by which those taking part in the election of a bishop or pope ...Capocci, Gaetano
Musical composer and maestro , b. in Rome, 16 Oct., 1811; d. there, 11 Jan., 1898. As a boy he ...Capponi, Gino, Count
Historian and litterateur; born at Florence, Italy, 13 September, 1792; died 3 February, 1876. ...Capranica, Domenico
Cardinal, theologian, canonist, and statesman, b. at Capranica near Palestrina, Italy, in 1400; ...Caprara, Giovanni Battista
Statesman and cardinal, born at Bologna, 29 May, 1733; died at Paris, 27 July, 1810. His ...Capreolus, John
A theologian, born towards the end of the fourteenth century, (about 1380), in the diocese of ...Capsa
A titular see of North Africa. The city, said to have been founded by the Libyan Hercules, ...Captain (in the Bible)
In the Douay version captain represents several different Hebrew and Latin words, and designates ...Captivities of the Israelites
I. THE ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY (1) The End of the Northern Kingdom The Kingdom of Israel, formed by ...Capua
(C APUANA ). The city of Capua is situated in the province of Caserta, Southern Italy. Of ...Capuchin Friars Minor
An autonomous branch of the first Franciscan Order, the other branches being the Friars Minor ...Capuchinesses
A branch of the Poor Clares of the Primitive Observance, instituted at Naples, in 1538, by the ...Capuciati
(From caputium , hood — So named from the headgear which was one of their distinctive ...Caquetá
Apostolic prefecture situated in South America on the southern border of the Republic of ...Carabantes, José de
( Also Caravantes). Friar Minor Capuchin and theologian, born in Aragon, in 1628; died in ...Caracalla
(M ARCUS A URELIUS S EVERUS A NTONINUS, nicknamed C ARACALLA ) Roman Emperor, son of ...Caracas
(Santiago de Venezuela) ARCHDIOCESE OF CARACAS (SANCTI JACOBI DE BENEZUELA) Located in the ...Caraffa, Vincent
Seventh General of the Society of Jesus , born at Naples, 5 May, 1585; died at Rome, 6 June, ...Caraites
A Jewish sect professing to follow the text of the Bible ( Miqra ) to the exclusion of ...Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Juan
Spanish ecclesiastic and writer; b. at Madrid, 23 May, 1606; d. at Vigevano, 8 September, 1682. ...Caravaggio (Michaelangelo Morigi)
A Milanese painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1569, d. at Porto d' Ercole in 1609. His family name was ...Carayon, Auguste
French author and bibliographer, born in Saumur, France, 31 March, 1813; died at Poitiers, 15 ...Carbery, James Joseph
Third Bishop of Hamilton, Ontario, born in the County Westmeath, Ireland, 1 May, 1823; died at ...Carbonari
(CHARCOAL-BURNERS) The name of a secret political society, which played an important part, ...Carbonnelle, Ignatius
Professor of mathematics and science, writer on mathematical and scientific subjects, and ...Carcassonne
Diocese comprising the entire department of Aude, and suffragan to Toulouse. On the occasion of ...Cardan, Girolamo
(CARDANO, CARDANUS) Italian physician and mathematician, b. at Pavia, 24 September, 1501; d. ...Cardenas, Juan
Moral theologian and author; b. at Seville, 1613; d. 6 June, 1684. He entered the Society of ...Cardica
A titular see of Thessaly. Cardica is a Latinized medieval form for Gardicium, the true Greek ...Cardinal
A dignitary of the Roman Church and counsellor of the pope. By the term cardinal ...Cardinal Protector
Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular ...Cardinal Vicar
The vicar-general of the pope, as Bishop of Rome, for the spiritual administration of the ...Cardinal Virtues
The four principal virtues upon which the rest of the moral virtues turn or are hinged. Those ...Cardinals (1913 List)
Members of the College of Cardinals , 1913: Agliardi, Antonio, Bishop of Albano ; ...Cards, Altar
To assist the memory of the celebrant at Mass in those prayers which he should know by heart, ...Carducci, Bartolommeo and Vincenzo
Both known in Spain as Carducho Florentine painters, brothers, usually grouped under the ...Carem
( Septuagint, karem ; Hebrew, KRM , vine or vineyard) Name of a town in the Tribe of ...Carey, Mathew
Author and publisher, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 28 January, 1760; d. in Philadelphia, U.S.A. 15 ...Carheil, Etienne de
French missionary among the Indians of Canada, born at Carentoir, France, November 1633; died ...Cariati
DIOCESE OF CARIATI (CARIATENSIS) Suffragan of Santa Severina. Cariati is a city of Calabria ...Caribs
Next to the Arawaks, probably the most numerous Indian stock, of more or less nomadic habits, in ...Carissimi, Giacomo
The most influential and prolific Italian composer of his time, b. in 1604 at Marino in the Papal ...Carli, Dionigi da Piacenza
One of a band of Franciscan friars of the Capuchin Reform, sent out to the Congo in 1666. One ...Carlisle
(CARLEOL, KARLIOLUM) — ANCIENT DIOCESE OF CARLISLE (CARLEOLENSIS, KARLIOLENSIS). The ...Carlovingian Schools
Under the Merovingian Kings there was established at the court a school -- scola palatina , ...Carmel
( Hebrew Karmel , "garden" or "garden-land"). Carmel designates in the Old Testament a ...Carmel, Feast of Our Lady of Mount
This feast was instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386 under the title ...Carmel, Mount
A well-known mountain ridge in Palestine, usually called in the Hebrew Bible Hakkarmel (with the ...Carmelite Order, The
One of the mendicant orders. Origin The date of the foundation of the Order of Our Lady of ...Carneiro, Melchior
(Carnero). Missionary bishop ; b. of a noble family at Coimbra, in Portugal ; d. at ...Carnoy, Jean-Baptiste
Belgian biologist, b. at Rumilies, province of Hainaut, near Tournai, 11 Jan., 1836; d. at ...Carochi, Horacio
Born in Florence, c. 1586; died in Mexico in 1666. he entered the Society of Jesus and before ...Caroline Books
A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and ...Caroline Islands
A group of about 500 small coral islands, east of the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean. The ...Carolingian Schools
Under the Merovingian Kings there was established at the court a school -- scola palatina , ...Caron, Raymond
(Or REDMOND) Franciscan friar and author, b. at Athlone, Ireland, in 1605; d. at Dublin, ...Caron, Reneé-Edouard
A French Canadian statesman and magistrate, b. at Sainte Anne de Beaupré , Canada, 13 ...Carpaccio, Vittore
A Venetian painter whose real name was Scarpazza, b. at Venice about 1455; d. in the same ...Carpasia
A titular see of Cyprus. Carpasia, Karpasia, also Karpasion (sometimes mistaken for Karpathos) ...Carpets, Altar
The sanctuary and altar-steps of the high altar are ordinarily to be covered with carpets. If ...Carpi
DIOCESE OF CARPI (CARPENSIS). The city of Carpi is situated in the province of Modena, Central ...Carracci
Agostino Carracci An Italian painter, engraver, and etcher, b. at Bologna, 16 August, 1557; d. ...Carranza, Bartolomé
(Also called DE M IRANDA, from his native town). Archbishop of Toledo; b. at Miranda de ...Carranza, Diego
Born at Mexico, 1559; died at Tehuantepec. He entered the Dominican Order 12 May, 1577, and was ...Carreno de Miranda, Juan
Spanish painter, b. at Avilés in Asturia, 1614; d. at Madrid, 1685. He was a pupil of ...Carrera, Rafael
Born at Guatemala, Central America, 24 October, 1814; died there 14 April, 1865, one of the most ...Carrhae
A titular see of Mesopotamia. Carrhae is the Haran of the Bible . It is frequently mentioned ...Carrière, Joseph
Moral theologian, thirteenth superior of the seminary and Society of Saint-Sulpice, b. 19 ...Carrières, Louis de
Born in the chateau de la Plesse in Avrille, Angers, France, 1 September, 1662; d. at Paris, 11 ...Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton
American statesman, b. at Annapolis, Maryland, 19 September 1737, d. at Doughoregan manor near ...Carroll, Daniel
Brother of Archbishop Carroll , b. at upper Marlboro, Maryland, U. S. A., 1733; d. at ...Carroll, John
First bishop of the hierarchy of the United States of America, first Bishop and Archbishop ...Cartagena
(CARTHAGENA IN INDIIS) The city of the same name, residence of the archbishop, is situated on ...Cartagena
DIOCESE OF CARTAGENA (CARTHAGINIENSIS) Suffragan of Granada in Spain since the concordat ...Carter, Venerable William
English martyr, born in London, 1548; suffered for treason at Tyburn, 11 January, 1584. Son of ...Carthage
A RCHDIOCESE OF CARTHAGE (C ARTHAGINIENSIS ) The city of Carthage, founded by Phoenician ...Carthage, Saint
St. Carthage, whose name is also given as Mochuda, was born of a good family, in what is now ...Carthusian Order, The
The name is derived from the French chartreuse through the Latin cartusia , of which the ...Cartier, Georges-Etienne
A French Canadian statesman, son of Jacques Cartier and Marguerite Paradis, b. at St. ...Cartier, Jacques
The discoverer of Canada, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, in 1491; d. 1 September, 1557. Little is ...Carvajal, Bernardino Lopez de
Cardinal, b. 1455, at Plasencia in Estremadura, Spain ; d. at Rome 16 Dec., 1523. He was a ...Carvajal, Gaspar de
Dominican missionary, b. in Estremadura, Spain, c. 1500; d. at Lima, Peru, 1584. Having entered ...Carvajal, Juan
Cardinal ; b. about 1400 at Truxillo in Estremadura, Spain ; d. at Rome, 6 December, 1469. ...Carvajal, Luis de
Friar Minor andTridentine theologian, b. about 1500; thetime of his death is uncertain. Of the ...Carvajal, Luisa de
Born 2 Jan., 1568, at Jaraizejo, Spain ; died 2 Jan., 1614, at London, a lady of high birth, who ...Carve, Thomas
Historian, b. in Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1590; d. probably in 1672. His correct name was Carew, ...Caryll, John
Poet, dramatist, and diplomatist, b. at West Harting, England, 1625; d. 1711; not to be ...Carystus
A titular see of Greece. According to legend it was named after Carystus, a son of Chiron. The ...Casale Monferatto
DIOCESE OF CASALE MONFERATTO (CASALENSIS). A suffragan of Vercelli. Casale Monferrato, the ...Casali, Giovanni Battista
Musician, b. at Rome in 1715; d. there 1792. From 1759 until his death he held the position of ...Casanare
Vicariate Apostolic in the Republic of Colombia, South America, administered by the Augustinians, ...Casanata, Girolamo
(Or Casanatta) Cardinal, b. at Naples, 13 July, 1620; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1700. His father, ...Casas, Bartolomé de las
(Originally C ASAUS ) Born at Seville, probably in 1474; d. at Madrid, 1566. His family ...Caserta
DIOCESE OF CASERTA (CASERTANA). Caserta is the capital of the province of that name in Southern ...Casey, John
Mathematician, b. at Kilkenny, Ireland, 12 May, 1820; d. at Dublin, 3 Jan, 1891. He received his ...Casgrain, Henri Raymond
Author of some of the best works in French Canadian literature, b. at Rivière Ouelle, 16 ...Cashel
A town in the County Tipperary, Ireland, which is also a Catholic archbishopric and the see of ...Casimir, Saint
Prince of Poland, born in the royal palace at Cracow, 3 October, 1458; died at the court of ...Casium
A titular see of Lower Egypt (Ptolemy, IV, v, 12), not far from Pelusium, and near the ...Casot, Jean-Jacques
The last surviving Jesuit of the old Canada mission, born in Liège, Belgium, 4 ...Cassander, George
Flemish Humanist and theologian, b. 15 August, 1513 at Pitthem in West Flanders; d. 3 February, ...Cassani, Joseph
(Also Casani). Born at Madrid, 26 Nov., 1673, entered the Society of Jesus, 16 Nov., 1686, ...Cassano all' Ionio
DIOCESE OF CASSANO ALL' IONIO (CASSANENSIS). Suffragan of Reggio. Cassano all' Ionio is a city ...Casserly, Patrick S.
Patrick Educator, b. in Ireland ; d. in New York, where for many years he conducted a classical ...Cassian, John
A monk and ascetic writer of Southern Gaul, and the first to introduce the rules of Eastern ...Cassidy, William
Journalist, essayist, critic, b. at Albany, New York, U.S.A. 12 Aug., 1815; d. there 23 Jan., ...Cassini, Giovanni Domenico
Astronomer, b. at Perinaldo (Nice, Italy ), 8 June, 1625; d. at Paris, 14 September, 1712. After ...Cassiodorus
Roman writer, statesman, and monk, b. about 490; d. about 583. His full name was Flavius Magnus ...Casson, François Dollier de
Fourth superior of Saint-Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, b. near Nantes, France, 1636; d. in 1701. ...Cassovia
(Hungarian Kassa ; German Kaschau ; Slavic Kosice ) DIOCESE OF CASSOVIA (CASSOVIENSIS) ...Castabala
A titular see of Asia Minor, Latin title suppressed, 1894. This city was situated somewhere on ...Castagno, Andrea
(Or ANDREINO DEL CASTAGNO) Florentine painter, b. near Florence, 1390; d. at Florence, 9 ...Castellammare di Stabia
(CASTRI MARIS, STABLE; DIOCESE OF CASTELLAMMARE: STABIENSIS). The seat of the diocese is an ...Castellaneta (Castania)
DIOCESE OF CASTELLANETA (CASTELLANETENSIS). Suffragan of Taranto. Castellaneta is a city of ...Castellanos, Juan de
Born in Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century; date of death unknown. He came to ...Castelli, Benedetto
Mathematician and physicist ; b. at Perugia, Italy, 1577; d. at Rome, 1644. He was destined ...Castelli, Pietro
Italian physician and botanist, b. at Rome in 1574; d. at Messina in 1662. He was graduated ...Castello, Giovanni Battista
Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; b. at Gandino, in the Valle Seriana, in the territory ...Castiglione, Baldassare
An Italian prose-writer, b. at Casatico, near Mantua, 6 December, 1478; died at Toledo, ...Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio
Philologist and numismatist, b. of an ancient family at Milan, Italy, 1784; d. at Genoa, 10 ...Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto
Painter and etcher, b. at Genoa, Italy, 1616; d. at Mantua, 1670. In Italy he was known as ...Castile and Aragon
The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of ...Castillejo, Cristóbal de
Spanish poet, b. in Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca), 1491; d. in Vienna, 12 June, 1556. From the age ...Castner, Caspar
(Or Kastner). A missionary, b. at Munich, Bavaria, 7 October, 1655; d. at Peking, China, 9 ...Castoria
A titular see of Macedonia. Livy (XXXI, XL) mentions a town near a lake in Orestis, called ...Castracane degli Antelminelli, Francesco
Naturalist, b. at Fano, Italy, 19 July, 1817; d. at Rome 27 March, 1899. He was educated at ...Castro Palao, Fernando
Spanish theologian, b. at Leon in 1581; d. at Medina, 1 Dec., 1633. From his earliest youth he ...Castro y Bellvis, Guillen de
Spanish dramatic poet, b. of a noble family at Valencia in 1569; d. at Madrid in 1631. He ...Castro, Alphonsus de
Friar Minor andtheologian, b. in 1495 at Zamora, Leon, Spain ; d. 11 February 1558, at Brussels. ...Castro, Guigo de
(Guigo de Castro). Fifth prior of the Grande Chartreuse, legislator of the Carthusian Order ...Casuistry
The application of general principles of morality to definite and concrete cases of human ...Caswall, Edward
Oratorian and poet, b. 15 July 1814, at Yately, Hampshire, of which place his father, the Rev. R. ...Catacombs, Roman
This subject will be treated under seven heads: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. ...Catafalque
Catafalque, derived from the Italian word catafalco , literally means a scaffold or elevation, ...Catalani, Giuseppe
(CATALANO, CATALANUS). A Roman liturgist of the eighteenth century, member of the Oratory of ...Catalonia
A principality within the Spanish Monarchy, occupying an area of 12,414 square miles in the ...Catania
Catania, a seaport and capital of the province of the same name in Sicily, is situated on the ...Catanzaro
DIOCESE OF CATANZARO (CATACIUM) Suffragan of Reggio. Catanzaro is the capital of the province of ...Catechesis
Taken in the sense of "the act of teaching" and "the knowledge imparted by teaching", this term ...Catechism, Roman
This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the ...Catechumen
"Catechumen," in the early Church, was the name applied to one who had not yet been initiated ...Categorical Imperative
A term which originated in Immanuel Kant'sethics. It expresses the moral law as ultimately ...Category
(Greek kategoría, accusation, attribution). The term was transferred by Aristotle ...Catenæ
( Latin catena, a chain) Collections of excerpts from the writings of Biblical commentators, ...Cathari
(From the Greek katharos , pure), literally "puritans", a name specifically applied to, or used ...Cathedra
(1) The chair or throne ( thronos ) of a bishop in his cathedral church, on which he presides ...Cathedral
The chief church of a diocese, in which the bishop has his throne ( cathedra ) and close to ...Cathedraticum
( Latin cathedra, episcopal seat or throne). A certain sum of money to be contributed ...Catherick, Venerable Edmund
Priest and martyr, born probably in Lancashire about 1605; executed at York, 13 April, 1642. ...Catherine de' Medici
Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589. She was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke ...Catherine de' Ricci, Saint
(In baptism, Alessandra Lucrezia Romola), a Dominican nun, of the Third Order, though enclosed, ...Catherine of Alexandria, Saint
A virgin and martyr whose feast is celebrated in the Latin Church and in the various ...Catherine of Bologna, Saint
Poor Clare and mystical writer, born at Bologna, 8 September, 1413; died there, 9 March, 1463. ...Catherine of Genoa, Saint
(CATERINA FIESCHI ADORNO.) Born at Genoa in 1447, died at the same place 15 September, 1510. ...Catherine of Siena, Saint
Dominican Tertiary, born at Siena, 25 March, 1347; died at Rome, 29 April, 1380. She was the ...Catherine of Sweden, Saint
The fourth child of St. Bridget and her husband, Ulf Gudmarsson, born 1331 or 1332; died 24 ...Catherine, Monastery of Saint
Situated on Mount Sinai, at an altitude of 4854 feet, in a picturesque gorge below the ...Catholic
The word Catholic ( katholikos from katholou -- throughout the whole, i.e., universal) ...Catholic Benevolent Legion
A fraternal assessment life-insurance society organized in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A. 5 ...Catholic Club of New York
A social organization described by its constitution as a club which "shall consist of Catholic ...Catholic Epistle
The name given to the Epistle of St. James , to that of St. Jude, to two Epistles of St. Peter ...Catholic Knights of America
A fraternal life-insurance company chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, U.S.A. It ...Catholic Missionary Union
The corporate name of a society whose directors are chosen from among the bishops of the ...Catholic University of America
A pontifical institution located in Washington, D.C. It comprises the Schools of the Sacred ...Catholic University of Ireland
The project of a Catholic University for Ireland was launched at the Synod of Thurles in 1850. ...Catholicos
(Greek Katholikos , universal). The ecclesiastical title of the Nestorian and Armenian ...Catrou, François
French historian, b. at Paris, 28 December, 1659; d. there 12 October, 1737. He was the son of ...Cattaro
DIOCESE OF CATTARO (CATARENSIS). Suffragan of Zara. Cattaro, the principal town in one of the ...Cauchy, Augustin-Louis
French mathematician, b. at Paris, 21 August, 1789; d. at Sceaux, 23 May, 1857. He owed his early ...Caughnawaga
Or SAULT ST. LOUIS. An Iroquois reservation, situated on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, ...Caulet, François-Etienne
(Also called M. DE FOIX from an abbey of which he was commendatory abbot ). A French bishop ...Caunus
(K AUNOS ). A titular see of Asia Minor. Kaunos was said to have been founded by Kaunos, ...Cause
CAUSE IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY The Pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle scholastic ">THE SCHOLASTIC ...Caussin, Nicolas
A famous Jesuit preacher and moralist; b. at Troyes in France, in 1583; d. at Paris, 2 July, ...Cavagnis, Felice
Canonist, b. in Bordogna, Diocese of Bergamo , Italy, 13 January, 1841; d. at Rome, 29 ...Cavalieri, Bonaventura
Italian mathematician, b. at Milan in 1598; d. at Bologna, 3 December, 1647. At the age of ...Cavanagh, James
Soldier, b. in County Tipperary, Ireland, 1831; d. in New York, 7 January, 1901. He emigrated ...Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio
Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi of Montecucolo; a Capuchin friar of the province of Bologna, date of ...Cavedoni, Celestino
An Italian ecclesiastic, archeologist, and numismatist ; b. 18 May, 1795, at ...Cavity, Altar
This is a small square or oblong chamber in the body of the altar, in which are placed, according ...Cavo, Andres
A writer frequently quoted on Spanish-Mexican history; b. at Guadalajara in Mexico, 21 January, ...Caxton, William
Born in the Weald of Kent, c. 1422; died at Westminster, 1491; the first English printer and the ...Cayes
(CAJESENSIS) Diocese in the republic of Haiti, suffragan to Port-au-Prince. The actual ...Cayetano, Saint
(GAETANO.) Founder of the Theatines, born October, 1480 at Vicenza in Venetian territory; ...Caylus, Comte de
ANNE-CLAUDE-PHILIPPE DE TUBIÈRES-GRIMOARD DE PESTELS DE LÉVIS, COMTE DE CAYLUS ...Cazeau, Charles-Félix
A French-Canadian priest, born at Quebec, 24 December, 1807, of Jean-Baptiste Cazeau and ...Ce 61
Ce 61
Ceadda, Saint
(Commonly known as ST. CHAD.) Abbot of Lastingham, Bishop successively of York and ...Cebú
DIOCESE OF CEBÚ (CEBUANENSIS); DIOECESIS NOMINIS JESU Located in the Philippine Islands ...Cecilia, Saint
Virgin and martyr, patroness of church music, died at Rome. This saint, so often glorified ...Cedar
[ éréz, kedros, cedrus ]. A coniferous tree frequently mentioned in the ...Cedar
[Hebrew Qedar ; Greek Kedar ]. The name of the second son of Ismael ( Genesis 25:13 ; ...Cedd, Saint
(Or Cedda). Bishop of the East Saxons, the brother of St. Ceadda ; died 26 Oct. 664. There ...Cedes
(Or C ADES ; Hebrew, Qédésh , sanctuary; Greek, Kades or Kedes ), two cities ...Cedron, Brook of
[ Hebrew Náhál Qidhrôn , "Wâdi Qidron"; only once "fields of Qidron"; ...Cefalù
DIOCESE OF CEFALÙ (CEPHALUDENSIS); CEPHALOEDIUM. The city of the same name in the ...Ceillier, Rémi
Patrologist, b. at Bar-le-Duc, 14 May, 1688; d. at Flavigny, 26 May, 1763. He received his early ...Celebret
A letter which a bishop gives to a priest, that he may obtain permission in another diocese ...Celenderis
A titular see of Asia Minor. Celenderis was a port and fortress in Isauria, founded by the ...Celestine I, Pope Saint
Nothing is known of his early history except that he was a Roman and that his father's name was ...Celestine II, Pope
(GUIDO DEL CASTELLO, DE CASTELLIS) A native of Roman Tuscany, date of birth unknown; d. 8 ...Celestine III, Pope
(GIACINTO BOBONE) The first of the Roman Orsini to ascend the Chair of Peter, b. about 1106; ...Celestine IV, Pope
(GOFREDO CASTIGLIONI.) A native of Milan, nephew of Urban III, and probably a Cistercian ; ...Celestine Order
(Also called the HERMITS OF ST. DAMIAN or HERMITS OF MURRONE). This Benedictine congregation ...Celestine V, Pope Saint
(PIETRO DI MURRONE.) Born 1215, in the Neapolitan province of Moline; elected at Perugia 5 ...Celestines
The name given to certain extreme "Spiritual" Franciscans of the Marches, because they were ...Celibacy of the Clergy
Celibacy is the renunciation of marriage implicitly or explicitly made, for the more perfect ...Cella
One of the names by which the small memorial chapels sometimes erected in the Christian ...Cellier, Elizabeth
A noted London midwife, who came into prominence through the pretended "Meal-Tub Plot" of 1680. ...Cellites
Or CELLITES. A religious institute or congregation, which had its origin at Mechlin, in ...Celsus and Nazarius, Saints
In the Roman Martyrology and that of Bede for 12 June mention is made of four Roman martyrs, ...Celsus the Platonist
An eclectic Platonist and polemical writer against Christianity, who flourished towards the end ...Celtes, Conrad
(Properly C ONRAD P ICKEL, or M EISEL ; called also in Latin P ROTUSIUS ). A German ...Celtic Rite, The
This subject will be treated under the following seven heads: I. History and Origin; II. ...Cemeteries
Name The word coemeterium or cimiterium (in Gr. koimeterion ) may be said in early ...Cemeteries in Law
Cemeteries in Civil Law It would be impossible here to deal in detail with the various ...Cemeteries, Early Roman Christian
This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome. For ...Cenacle, Religious of the
The Society of Our Lady of the Cenacle was founded in 1826, at La Louvesc in France, near the ...Cenalis, Robert
(Sometimes written CÉNEAU and COENALIS, whence the nickname, le Soupier ) Bishop, ...Ceneda
DIOCESE OF CENEDA (CENETENSIS). The city of Ceneda is situated in the province of Treviso, in ...Censer
A vessel suspended by chains, and used for burning incense at solemn Mass, Vespers, ...Censorship of Books
( Censura Librorum .) DEFINITION AND DIVISION In general, censorship of books is a supervision ...Censures, Ecclesiastical
Medicinal and spiritual punishments imposed by the Church on a baptized, delinquent, and ...Censures, Theological
Doctrinal judgments by which the Church stigmatizes certain teachings detrimental to faith ...Census
A canonical term variously defined by different writers. Zitelli (Appar. Jur. Eccl.) calls it a ...Central Verein of North America, German Roman Catholic
(Deutscher römisch-katholischer Centralverein von Nordamerika) The origin of the Central ...Centre (Party), The
(THE CENTRE PARTY). This name is given to a political party in the German Reichstag and to a ...Centuriators of Magdeburg
In 1559 there appeared at Basle the first three folio volumes of a work entitled "Ecclesiastica ...Centurion
(Latin Centurio , Greek kentyrion, ekatontarkos, ekatontarkys ). A Roman officer ...Ceolfrid, Saint
Benedictine monk, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, b. 642, place of birth not known; d. 29 ...Ceolwulf
(CEOLWULPH or CEOLULPH) King of Northumbria and monk of Lindisfarne, date and place of ...Cepeda, Francisco
(Also called ZEPEDA and ZEPEDAS) Born in the province of La Mancha, 1532; died at Guatemala, ...Ceramus
A titular see of Asia Minor. Ceramus (or Keramos) was a city of Caria, subject at first to ...Cerasus
A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus in Asia Minor. Cerasus is remembered for the sojourn of ...Ceremonial
The book which contains in detail the order of religious ceremony and solemn worship prescribed ...Ceremony
(Sanskrit, karman , action, work; from kar or ker , to make or create; Latin ...Cerinthus
(Greek Kerinthos ). A Gnostic-Ebionite heretic, contemporary with St. John ; against whose ...Certitude
The word certitude indicates both a state of mind and a quality of a proposition, according ...Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de
A Spanish author, born at Alcála de Henares, Spain, in 1547; died at Madrid, 23 April, ...Cervantes, Salazar Francisco
Born at Toledo, Spain, probably in 1513 or 1514; went to Mexico in 1550; died there in 1575. He ...Cervia
DIOCESE OF CERVIA (CERVIENSIS) Suffragan of Ravenna. Cervia is a city in the province of ...Cesalpino, Andrea
(Caesalpinus). A physician, philosopher, and naturalist, distinguished above all as a ...Cesarini, Giuliano
(Also known as CARDINAL JULIAN) Born at Rome, 1398; died at Varna, in Bulgaria 10 November, ...Cesena
DIOCESE OF CESENA (CAESENATENSIS). The ancient Cæsena is a city of Emilia, in the ...Ceslaus, Saint
Born at Kamien in Silesia, Poland (now Prussia ), about 1184; died at Breslau about 1242. He ...Cestra
A titular see of Asia Minor, Hierocles (709), Georgius Cyprius (ed. Gelzer, p. 836), and ...Ceva, Thomas
Mathematician, born at Milan, 21 December, 1648; died there, 23 February, 1737. In 1663 he ...Ceylon
An island (266 1/2 miles long and 140 1/2 miles broad), to the south-east of India and separated ...Ch 189
Ch 189
Châlons-sur-Marne
DIOCESE OF CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE (CATALAUNENSIS) The Diocese comprises the department of ...Chézy, Antoine-Léonard
A French Orientalist, born at Neuilly, 15 January, 1773; died at Paris, 31 August, 1832. His ...Chabanel, Noel
A Jesuit missionary among the Huron Indians, born in Southern France, 2 February, 1613; slain by ...Chachapoyas
Diocese of Peru created by Pius VII in 1803, under the name of Chachapoyas and Maynas; made a ...Chad, Saint
(Commonly known as ST. CHAD.) Abbot of Lastingham, Bishop successively of York and ...Chadwick, James
Second Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, born at Drogheda, Ireland, 24 April, 1813; died at ...Chaignon, Pierre
Born at Saint-Pierre-la-Cour, Mayenne, France, 8 October, 1791, entered the Society of Jesus 14 ...Chair of Peter
Under this head will be treated: I. The annual Feast of the Chair of Peter ( Cathedra Petri ) at ...Chalcedon
A titular see of Asia Minor. The city was founded 676 B. C. by the Megarians on the ...Chalcedon, Council of
The Fourth Ecumenical Council, held in 451, from 8 October until 1 November inclusive, at ...Chaldean Christians
The name of former Nestorians now reunited with the Roman Church. Ethnologically they are ...Chalice
HISTORY The chalice occupies the first place among sacred vessels, and by a figure of speech ...Challoner, Richard
Bishop of Debra, Vicar Apostolic of the London District, author of spiritual and controversial ...Cham, Chamites
I. CHAM ( A.V. Ham). Son of Noah and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ...Chambéry
ARCHDIOCESE OF CHAMBÉRY (CAMBERIENSIS). The Archdiocese of Chambéry comprises the ...Chamberlain
(Latin camerarius ). The title of certain papal officials. The Low Latin word camera ...Champlain, Samuel de
Founder of Quebec and Father of New France , born at Brouage, a village in the province of ...Champney, Anthony
A controversialist, born in England c. 1569; died there c. 1643. He studied at Reims (1590) ...Champollion, Jean-François
(Called THE YOUNGER to distinguish him from his elder brother, Champollion-Figeac). A French ...Champs, Etienne Agard de
A distinguished theologian and author, born at Bourges, 2 September, 1613; died at Paris ...Chanaan, Chanaanites
(Canaan, Canaanites). The Hebrew Kenaan , denoting a person, occurs: in the Old ...Chanca, Diego Alvarez
A physician-in-ordinary to Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon ; dates of birth and ...Chancel
The chancel is part of the choir near the altar of a church, where the deacons or sub-deacons ...Chancery, Diocesan
That branch of administration which handles all written documents used in the official government ...Chanel, Peter-Louis-Marie, Saint
The print version of the C ATHOLIC E NCYCLOPEDIA contains two articles on this saint. We ...Changanacherry
VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF CHANGANACHERRY (CHANGANACHERENSIS) Located in Travancore, British India ...Chant, Gregorian
The name is often taken as synonymous with plain chant, comprising not only the Church music of ...Chant, Plain
By plain chant we understand the church music of the early Middle Ages, before the advent of ...Chantal, Saint Jane Frances de
Born at Dijon, France, 28 January, 1572; died at the Visitation Convent Moulins, 13 December, ...Chantelou, Claude
Patristic scholar, born in 1617, at Vion, in the present Diocese of Le Mans, France ; died 28 ...Chantry
(Middle English chaunterie ; Old French chanterie , French chanter , to sing; Middle Latin ...Chapeauville, Jean
A Belgian theologian and historian, b. at Liège, 5 January, 1551; d. there 11 May 1617. ...Chapel
( Latin capella; French chapelle ). When St. Martin divided his military cloak ( cappa ) ...Chapelle, Placide-Louis
Archbishop of New Orleans, U.S.A. b. at Runes Lozère, France, 28 August, 1842; d. at ...Chaplain
(Latin capellanus , from capella , chapel ). The origin of capella has been a ...Chaplets (Prayer Beads)
Beads variously strung together, according to the kind, order, and number of prayers in certain ...Chaptal, Jean-Antoine
Comte de Chanteloup, technical chemist and statesman; b. Nogaret, Lozère, France, 4 June, ...Chapter
The name Chapter ( Latin capitulum ), designating certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies, ...Chapter and Conventual Mass
As a general rule, churches in which the Divine office is to be said publicly every day must also ...Chapter House
A building attached to a monastery or cathedral in which the meetings of the chapter are held. ...Character
Quite distinct from the technical meaning which the term character possesses in theological ...Character, Sacramental
Character indicates a special effect produced by three of the sacraments, viz. Baptism, ...Charadrus
A titular see of Asia Minor. According to Strabo (XIV, 669) and Skylax, 102, it was a harbour ...Chardon, Jean-Baptiste
Indian missionary in Canada, and in the Louisian territory, born at Bordeaux, France, 27 April, ...Chardon, Mathias
(His name in religion was Charles.) A learned French Benedictine of the Congregation of the ...Charette de la Contrie, Baron Athanase-Charles-Marie
Born at Nantes, 3 Sept., 1832; died at Basse-Motte (Ille-et-Vilaine), 9 Oct., 1911. His father ...Chariopolis
A titular see of Thrace. Nothing is known about this city during antiquity. In 1087 it was ...Charismata
The Greek term charisma denotes any good gift that flows from God's benevolent love ( ...Charitable Bequests, Civil Law Concerning
The word charity , as employed by the courts and used as descriptive of uses and trusts which ...Charity and Charities
In its widest and highest sense, charity includes love of God as well as love of man. The ...Charity, Congregation of the Brothers of
Founded in Belgium early in the present century: the rule and constitutions were approved and ...Charity, Sisters of, (St. John, New Brunswick)
Founded in 1854 by Bishop, subsequently Archbishop, Connolly. Two years before this the bishop ...Charity, Sisters of, of Jesus and Mary
A congregation founded in 1803 by Canon Triest, who was known as "the St. Vincent de Paul of ...Charity, Sisters of, of Our Lady Mother of Mercy
A congregation founded in Holland in 1832 by the Rev. John Zwijsen, pastor of Tilburg, aided by ...Charity, Sisters of, of Providence
The community of Sisters of xxyyyk.htm">Providence, or, more accurately, Daughters of Charity, ...Charity, Sisters of, of St. Elizabeth
(Mother-house at Convent Station, near Morristown, New Jersey). A community founded at Newark, ...Charity, Sisters of, of St. Louis
This congregation was founded at Vannes in Brittany, in 1803, by Madame Molé, ...Charity, Sisters of, of St. Paul
These sisters who now add " OF C HARTRES " to their title to distinguish them from another ...Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul
A congregation of women with simple vows, founded in 1633 and devoted to corporal and ...Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul (New York)
(Motherhouse at Mt. St. Vincent-on Hudson, New York; not to be confused with the Sisters of ...Charity, Sisters of, of the Blessed Virgin Mary
A congregation begun by five young women in Dublin, Ireland, 8 December, 1831, with the purpose ...Charity, Theological Virtue of
The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul ( 1 Corinthians 13:13 ), ...Charity, Theological Virtue of
The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul ( 1 Corinthians 13:13 ), ...Charlemagne
(French for Carolus Magnus , or Carlus Magnus ("Charles the Great"); German Karl der Grosse ...Charlemagne and Church Music
Charlemagne's interest in church music and solicitude for its propagation and adequate ...Charles Borromeo, Saint
St. Charles Borromeo -- Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal-Priest of the Title of St. Prassede, ...Charles Martel
Born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741. He was the natural son of Pepin of ...Charles V, Emperor
(CHARLES I, KING OF SPAIN). Born at Ghent, 1500; died at Yuste, in Spain, 1558; was a ...Charleston
The Diocese of Charleston (Carolopolitana) now comprises the entire State of South Carolina, ...Charlevoix, François-Xavier
Historian, b. at St-Quentin, France, 24 October, 1682, d. at La Flèche, 1 February, 1761. ...Charlottetown
DIOCESE OF CHARLOTTETOWN (CAROLINAPOLITANA) Includes all Prince Edward Island (formerly called ...Charpentier, François-Philippe
French engraver, inventor, and mechanician, b. at Blois, 1734; d. there 22 July, 1817. His ...Charron, Pierre
Moralist, b. in Paris, 1541; d. there 6 Nov., 1603. He studied law at Bourges, but after ...Charterhouse
From the fact that St. Bruno founded the first house of his austere order at Chartreux, near ...Chartier, Alain
A French poet, born about 1390, at Bayeux, died between 1430 and 1440. It is believed he studied ...Chartres
Comprises the department of Eure-et-Loir. Dismembered by the formation of the new Diocese of ...Chartreuse, La Grande
The mother-house of the Carthusian Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine, at an ...Chartulary
( Cartularium , Chartularium , also called Pancarta and Codex Diplomaticus ), a medieval ...Chastel, Guigues du
(Guigo de Castro). Fifth prior of the Grande Chartreuse, legislator of the Carthusian Order ...Chastellain, Georges
(Or Chastelain), a Burgundian chronicler, born in the County of Alost, Flanders, in 1403; died ...Chastellain, Pierre
Missionary among the Huron Indians, born at Senlis, France, in 1606; died at Quebec, 14 August, ...Chastity
In this article chastity is considered as a virtue ; its consideration as an evangelical counsel ...Chasuble
Called in Latin casula planeta or pænula , and in early Gallic sources amphibalus , ...Chateaubriand, François-René
French writer, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, 4 September, 1768; d. at Paris, 4 July, 1848. He ...Chatham
DIOCESE OF CHATHAM (CHATHAMENSIS) The Diocese of Chatham comprises the northern half of the ...Chaucer, Geoffrey
English poet, born in London between 1340 and 1345; died there, 25 October, 1400. John ...Chaumonot, Pierre-Joseph
Jesuit missionary in New York and Canada, Born near Châtillon-sur-Seine in France, 1611; ...Chauncy, Maurice
Prior of the English Carthusians at Bruges, date of birth unknown; died at Bruges, 2 July, ...Chauveau, Pierre-Joseph-Octave
Canadian statesman, born at Quebec, 30 May, 1820; died at Montreal, 4 April, 1890. After a ...Chelm and Belz
(CHELMENSIS ET BELTHIENSIS RUTENORUM). A diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite in Russian ...Cheminais de Montaigu, Timoléon
A pulpit orator, born at Paris, 3 January, 1652; entered the Society of Jesus at fifteen, died ...Cherokee Indians
The largest and most important tribe of Iroquoian stock of the southern section of the United ...Chersonesus
(1) A titular see of Crete. The city stood on a little peninsula of the north-east coast, ...Cherubim
Angelic beings or symbolic representations thereof, mentioned frequently in the Old Testament ...Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore
Composer, born in Florence, 14 September, 1760; died at Paris, 15 March, 1842. His instruction ...Chester
ANCIENT DIOCESE OF CHESTER (CESRENSIS). Located in England. Though the See of Chester, ...Cheverus, Jean-Louis Lefebvre de
First Bishop of Boston, U.S.A., Bishop of Montauban ; Archbishop of Bordeaux, France, and ...Chevreul, Michel-Eugène
Chemist, physicist, and philosopher, b. at Angers, France, 31 August, 1786; d. at Paris, 9 ...Cheyenne
DIOCESE OF CHEYENNE (CHEYENNENSIS) The Diocese of Cheyenne, established 9 August, 1887, is ...Chi-Rho (Labarum)
Labarum is the name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his ...Chiabrera, Gabriello
A poet, born at Savona, Italy, 8 June, 1552, died there 1638. When nine years of age he went to ...Chiapas
The Diocese of Chiapas comprises almost the entire state of that name in the Republic of Mexico. ...Chiavari
(CLAVARIUM); DIOCESE OF CHIAVARI (CLAVARENSIS) Suffragan of Genoa. Chiavari is a city of the ...Chibchas
(Or MUYSCAS). Next to the Quichuas of Peru and the Aymaras in Bolivia, the Chibchas of ...Chicago, Archdiocese of
(Chicagiensis). Diocese created 28 November, 1842; raised to the rank of an archdiocese, 10 ...Chichele, Henry
(Or Chicheley) Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, England, ...Chichester
Ancient Catholic Diocese of Chichester (Cicestrensis), in England. This see took its rise in ...Chicoutimi
Diocese created, 28 May, 1878, a part of the civil and ecclesiastical Province of Quebec, which ...Chieregati, Francesco
(C HIEREGATO ) Papal nuncio, b. at Vicenza, 1479; d. at Bologna, 6 December, 1539. Little ...Chieti
ARCHDIOCESE OF CHIETI (THEATENSIS) Archdiocese with the perpetual administration of Vasto. ...Chihuahua
The Diocese of Chihuahua, in the north of Mexico, comprises the State of Chihuahua, with a ...Chilapa
Diocese in Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico, comprises the State of Guerrero, in ...Children of Mary
The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin ...Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart, The
A Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, founded by the Venerable Mother Barat of the Society of the ...Chile
(Also written C HILI ). A comparatively narrow strip of coast-land in South America between ...Chimalpain, Domingo (San Anton y Muñon)
A Mexican Indian of the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth ...China
The Chinese Empire, the largest political division of Eastern Asia, extends from 18°10' to ...China, History of
The question of the origin of the Chinese has been discussed by several foreign savants: J. Edkins ...China, Martyrs in
The first Christian martyrs in China appear to have been the missionaries of Ili Bâliq ...China, The Church in
Ancient Christians The introduction of Christianity into China has been ascribed not only to ...Chinooks
An aboriginal tribe of the extreme northwest of the United States, which might be adduced as an ...Chioggia (Chiozza)
DIOCESE OF CHIOGGIA (CLODIENSIS). Chioggia is a sea-coast city in the province of Venice. It ...Chios
(Greek Chios , Italian Scio , Turkish, Sakiz Adassi ). One of the Sporades in the ...Chippewa Indians
The largest and most important tribe north of Mexico, numbering some 30,000 souls, about equally ...Chiusi-Pienza
DIOCESE OF CHIUSI-PIENZA (CLUSINENSIS ET PIENTINENSIS) Suffragan of Siena. Chiusi is an ...Chivalry
Chivalry (derived through the French cheval from the Latin caballus ) as an institution is ...Choctaw Indians
An important tribe or confederacy of Muskogean stock formerly holding most of Southern Alabama ...Choir
There is much ambiguity about the terms choir and presbytery. Strictly speaking, the choir is ...Choir
A body of singers entrusted with the musical parts of the Church service, and organized and ...Choiseul du Plessis-Praslin, Gilbert
French bishop, b. 1613; d. at Paris, 31 December, 1689. He was a descendant of the noble family ...Choiseul, Etienne-François, Duc de
French statesman, b. 28 June, 1719; d. in Paris 8 May, 1785. Until his thirty-seventh year he ...Cholonec, Pierre
A biographer and French missionary among the Canadian Indians, born in the Diocese of ...Chorepiscopi
(Greek Chorepiskopoi = rural bishops.) A name originally given in the Eastern Church to ...Choron, Alexandre-Etienne
A French musician and teacher of music, b. at Caen, 21 October, 1772; d. 29 June, 1834. Being ...Chrism
A mixture of oil of olives and balsam, blessed by a bishop in a special manner and used in the ...Chrismal, Chrismatory
Formerly used to designate the sheath, or cloth-covering ( theca ) in which relics were ...Chrismarium
(1) A place in a church set apart for the administration of confirmation. (2) An ampulla or jar, ...Christ, Agony of
(From agonia , a struggle; particularly, in profane literature, the physical struggle of ...Christ, Character of
The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most ...Christ, Chronology of the Life of
In the following paragraphs we shall endeavour to establish the absolute and relative chronology ...Christ, Early Historical Documents on
The historical documents referring to Christ's life and work may be divided into three classes: ...Christ, Genealogy of
It is granted on all sides that the Biblical genealogy of Christ implies a number of exegetical ...Christ, Holy Name of
In this article, we shall consider the two words which compose the Sacred Name. JESUS The word ...Christ, Jesus
Origin of the Name of Jesus In this article, we shall consider the two words -- "Jesus" and ...Christ, Knowledge of
" Knowledge of Jesus Christ," as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know ...Christ, Order of the Knights of
A military order which sprang out of the famous Order of the Temple (see Knights Templars ). ...Christ, Temptation of
In the Catholic translation of the Bible , the word "temptation" is used in various senses, ...Christ, Virgin Birth of
The dogma which teaches that the Blessed Mother of Jesus Christ was a virgin before, during, ...Christchurch
DIOCESE OF CHRISTCHURCH (CHRISTOPOLITANA) (Its centre being Christchurch, the Capital of ...Christendom
In its wider sense this term is used to describe the part of the world which is inhabited by ...Christendom, Union of
The Catholic Church is by far the largest, the most widespread, and the most ancient of ...Christian
First Bishop of Prussia, d. 1245. Before becoming a missionary he was a Cistercian monk at ...Christian Archæology
Christian archaeology is that branch of the science of archaeology the object of which is the ...Christian Art
" Christian art" is a term which, while it always applies to the fine arts and their creations ...Christian Brothers
NATURE AND OBJECT The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools is a society of male ...Christian Brothers of Ireland
An institute founded at Waterford, Ireland, in 1802, by Edmund Ignatius Rice, a merchant of that ...Christian Charity, Sisters of
Also called DAUGHTERS OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, an institute for teaching poor schools and ...Christian Doctrine, Confraternity of
An association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction. Till ...Christian Instruction, Brothers of
A congregation founded in 1817 at Saint-Brieuc, Côtes-du-Nord, France, by Jean-Marie-Robert ...Christian Knowledge, Society for Promoting
The greatest and most important society within the Church of England. It was founded 8 March, ...Christian Retreat, Congregation of
There are two branches of this congregation, the Fathers of Christian Retreat and the Sisters. ...Christianity
In the following article an account is given of Christianity as a religion, describing its origin, ...Christina Alexandra
Queen of Sweden, child of Gustavus Adolphhus II of Sweden, born at Stockholm, 8 December, 1626; ...Christine de Pisan
A French poetess and historiographer, born at Venice, 1363; died in France, 1430. Although an ...Christine of Stommeln, Blessed
Born at Stommeln near Cologne, in 1242; died 6 November, 1312. Stommeln, called in the ...Christmas
ORIGIN OF THE WORD The word for Christmas in late Old English is Cristes Maesse , the Mass of ...Christology
Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent ...Christopher Numar of Forli
Minister general of the Friars Minor and cardinal, date of birth uncertain; d. at Ancona, 23 ...Christopher, Pope
(Reigned 903-904). Some hold that Christopher, once Cardinal-Priest of the Title of St. Damasus, ...Christopher, Saint
(Greek christos , Christ, pherein , to bear. Latin Christophorus , i.e. Christbearer). ...Chrodegang, Saint
(Called also CHRODEGAND, GODEGRAND, GUNDIGRAN, RATGANG, RODIGANG and SIRIGANG). Bishop of ...Chromatius, Saint
Bishop of Aquileia, died about 406-407. He was probably born at Aquileia, and in any case grew ...Chronicle of Eusebius
Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the "Chronograph" or ...Chronicles (Paralipomenon), Books of
( Paraleipomenon ; Libri Paralipomenon ). Two books of the Bible containing a summary of ...Chronicon Paschale
(P ASCHAL C HRONICLE ). The name ordinarily given to a valuable Byzantine chronicle of the ...Chronology, Biblical
Biblical chronology deals with the dates of the various events recorded in the Bible . It ...Chronology, General
CHRISTIAN ERA PRE-CHRISTIAN CHRONOLOGY REGNAL YEARS INDICTIONS BEGINNING OF THE YEAR THE ...Chrysanthus and Daria, Saints
Roman martyrs, buried on the Via Salaria Nova, and whose tombs, according to the testimony of ...Chrysogonus, Saint
Martyr, suffered at Aquileia, probably during the persecution of Diocletian, was buried ...Chrysopolis
A titular see of Roman Arabia, not to be confounded with Chrysopolis (today Scutari), opposite ...Chrysostom, Saint John
( Chrysostomos , "golden-mouthed" so called on account of his eloquence). Doctor of the ...Chur
(Anciently C URIA R HÆTORUM, in Italian C OIRA, French C OÏRE, in the local ...Church and State
The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essentially aiming ...Church Maintenance
The proper support of church edifices and church institutions, as well as of the clergy who ...Church, The
The term church (Anglo-Saxon, cirice, circe ; Modern German, Kirche; Sw., Kyrka ) is ...Churching of Women
A blessing given by the Church to mothers after recovery from childbirth. Only a Catholic ...Chusai
The Arachite, i.e. the native of Archi, a place south of the portion of Ephraim, near Bethel ( ...Chysoloras, Manuel
First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth ...Chytri
A titular see of Cyprus. The Greek see of similar title was suppressed in 1222 by Cardinal ...Ci 39
Ci 39
Ciampini, Giovanni Giustino
An ecclesiastical archaeologist, born at Rome, 1633; died there 1698. He graduated from the ...Ciasca, Agostino
(In the world, PASQUALE). An Italian Augustinian and cardinal, born at Polignano a Mare, in ...Ciborium
A chalice-like vessel used to contain the Blessed Sacrament. The word is of rather doubtful ...Cibot, Pierre-Martial
Missionary, born at Limoges, France, 14 August, 1727; died at Peking, China, 8 August, 1780. He ...Ciboule, Robert
Theologian and moralist, born in the Department of Eure, France, at the close of the fourteenth ...Cibyra
A titular see of Caria, in Asia Minor. Kibyra, later Kibyrrha, had been founded by the Lycian ...Ciccione, Andrea
An Italian sculptor and architect, born in Naples in the first part of the fifteenth century. ...Cicognara, Leopoldo, Count
Politician, writer on art, and collector of Italian antiquities, born at Ferara 26 November, 1767; ...Cid, El
(Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz, Count of Bivar). The great popular hero of the chivalrous age of ...Cidyessus
A titular see of Asia Minor. It was a city of some importance, west of Ammonia in West-Central ...Cienfuegos
The Diocese of Cienfuegos (Centumfocensis), which includes all the Province of Santa Clara in the ...Cignani Family
(1)CARLO, born 1628, the most distinguished of three Bolognese painters of the same name, was a ...Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista
A Venetian painter, born at Conegliano in the province of Treviso in 1459 or 1460; died in ...Cimabue, Cenni di Pepo
Florentine painter, born 1240; died after 1301; the legendary founder of Italian painting and ...Cimbebasia
PREFECTURE APOSTOLIC OF UPPER CIMBEBASIA Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the ...Cincinnati
The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Cincinnatiensis) comprises that part of the State of Ohio lying ...Cincture
( Latin Cingulum .) The cincture (or, as it is more commonly called in England, the ...Cinites
(A.V. Kenites). A tribe or family often mentioned in the Old Testament, personified as ...Cinna
A titular see of Asia Minor. According to the order of the "Synecdemus" of Hirerocles (p. 696) ...Circesium
(KERKESION, KERKISION, KIRKISIA, CERCUSIUM, CIRCESSUS). A titular see of Osrhoene. Founded ...Circumcision
The Hebrew, like the Greek ( peritome ), and the Latin ( circumcisio ), signifies a cutting ...Circumcision, Feast of the
As Christ wished to fulfil the law and to show His descent according to the flesh from Abraham. ...Cisalpine Club
An association of Catholic laymen formed in England to perpetuate the movement which had found ...Cisamus
Cisamus, a titular see of Crete. Kisamos, or Kissamos, was a harbour on the north-west coast of ...Cistercian Sisters
The first Cistercian monastery for women was established at Tart in the Diocese of Langres ...Cistercians
( See also CISTERCIAN SISTERS ; CISTERCIANS IN THE BRITISH ISLES .) Religious of the Order ...Cistercians in the British Isles
St. Stephen Harding, third Abbot of Cîteaux (1109-33), was an Englishman and his ...Citation
( Latin citare ). A legal act through which a person, by mandate of the judge, is called ...Citharizum
A titular see of Armenia. The city was situated in Asthianene or Balabitene, a region between ...Città della Pieve, Diocese of
(CIVITATIS PLEBIS) A city of obscure origin in the province of Perugia in Umbria, Central ...Città di Castello, Diocese of
Città di Castello, DIOCESE OF (CIVITATIS CASTELLI), is a town in the province of Perugia, ...Ciudad Real
(ECCLESIA CLUNIENSIS Bishopric-Priorate of the Military Orders of Spain, directly subject ...Ciudad Rodrigo
Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo (Civitatensis) Suffragan of the Diocese of Santiago; comprises the ...Cius
(Kios.) A titular see of Asia Minor. Kios was a Milesian colony on the Bithynian coast in ...Civil Allegiance
By civil allegiance is meant the duty of loyalty and obedience which a person owes to the State ...Civil Authority
Civil Authority is the moral power of command, supported (when need be) by physical coercion, ...Civil Marriage
"Marriage", says Bishop, "as distinguished from the agreement to marry and from the act of ...Cività Castellana, Orte, and Gallese
Cività Castellana, DIOCESE OF (CIVITATIS CASTELLANÆ, HORTANENSIS ET GALLESINENSIS) is ...Civitavecchia and Corneto, Diocese of
Civitavecchia and Corneto, DIOCESE OF (CENTUMCELLARUM ET CORNETANA) is an important and fortified ...Cl 83
Cl 83
Clémanges, Mathieu-Nicolas Poillevillain de
(Or CLAMANGES) A French Humanist and theologian, b. in Champagne about 1360; d. at Paris ...Clémencet, Charles
Benedictine historian, b. at Painblanc, in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, 1703; d. ...Clément, François
A member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur and historian; born at Bèze in the ...Clairvaux, Abbey of
The third daughter of Cîteaux and mother in the fourth line of numerous and celebrated ...Clandestinity (in Canon Law)
Strictly speaking, clandestinity signifies a matrimonial impediment introduced by the Council of ...Clare of Assisi, Saint
Cofoundress of the Order of Poor Ladies , or Clares, and first Abbess of San Damiano; born at ...Clare of Montefalco, Saint
Born at Montefalco about 1268; died there, 18 August, 1308. Much dispute has existed as to whether ...Clare of Rimini, Blessed
(Chiara Agolanti), of the order of Poor Clares, born at Rimini in 1282; died there 10 February, ...Claret y Clará, Saint Antonio María
Spanish prelate and missionary, born at Sallent, near Barcelona, 23 Dec., 1807; d. at ...Clark, William
English priest, date of birth unknown, executed at Winchester, 29 Nov., 1603. He was educated ...Classical Latin Literature in the Church
I. Early Period This article deals only with the relations of the classical literature, chiefly ...Claude de la Colombière, Saint
Missionary and ascetical writer, born of noble parentage at Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, between ...Claudia
( Klaudia ), a Christian woman of Rome, whose greeting to Timothy St. Paul conveys with ...Claudianus Mamertus
(The name Ecdicius is unauthorized). A Gallo-Roman theologian and the brother of St. ...Claudiopolis
A titular see of Asia Minor. It was a city in Cilicia Tracheia or Byzantine Isauria. The old ...Claudiopolis
A titular see of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. Strabo (XII, 4, 7) mentions a town, Bithynium ...Claver, Saint Peter
The son of a Catalonian farmer, was born at Verdu, in 1581; he died 8 September, 1654. He ...Clavigero, Francisco Saverio
Born at Vera Cruz, Mexico, 9 September, 1731; d. at Bologna, Italy, 2 April, 1787. At the age of ...Clavius, Christopher
Christoph Clau, mathematician and astronomer, whose most important achievement related to the ...Clavius, Claudius
(Or NICHOLAS NIGER.) The latinized form of the name of the old Danish cartographer Claudius ...Clayton, James
Priest, confessor of the faith, b. at Sheffield, England, date of birth not know ; d. a ...Clazomenae
A titular see of Asia Minor. The city had been first founded on the southern shore of the ...Clean and Unclean
The distinction between legal and ceremonial, as opposed to moral, cleanness and uncleanness ...Cleef, Jan van
A Flemish painter, b. in Guelderland in 1646, d. at Ghent, 18 December, 1716. He was a pupil of ...Cleef, Joost van
(JOSSE VAN CLEVE). The "Madman", a Flemish painter born in Antwerp c. 1520, died c. 1556. ...Cleef, Martin van
A Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 1520; died in 1570; was the son of the painter William ...Clemens non Papa
(Jacques Clement). Representative of the Flemish or Netherland School of music of the ...Clemens, Franz Jacob
A German Catholic philosopher, b. 4 October, 1815, at Coblenz; d. 24 February, 1862, at Rome. ...Clement I, Pope Saint
Pope Clement I (called CLEMENS ROMANUS to distinguish him from the Alexandrian ), is the first ...Clement II, Pope
(S UIDGER .) Date of birth unknown; enthroned 25 December, 1046; d. 9 October, 1047. In the ...Clement III, Pope
(Paolo Scolari). Date of birth unknown; elected 19 December, 1187; d. 27 March, 1191. During ...Clement IV, Pope
(G UIDO L E G ROS ). Born at Saint-Gilles on the Rhone, 23 November, year unknown; ...Clement IX, Pope
(GIULIO ROSPIGLIOSI) Born 28 January, 1600, at Pistoja, of an ancient family originally from ...Clement Mary Hofbauer, Blessed
(JOHN DVORÁK) The second founder of the Redemptorist Congregation, called "the Apostle ...Clement of Alexandria
(Properly TITUS FLAVIUS CLEMENS, but known in church history by the former designation to ...Clement of Ireland, Saint
Also known as CLEMENS SCOTUS (not to be confounded with Claudius Clemens). Born in Ireland, ...Clement V, Pope
(B ERTRAND DE G OT .) Born at Villandraut in Gascony, France, 1264; died at Roquemaure, 20 ...Clement VI, Pope
(P IERRE R OGER ) Born 1291 in the castle of Maumont, departmentof Corrèze, France, ...Clement VII, Pope
(G IULIO DE’ M EDICI ). Born 1478; died 25 September, 1534. Giulio de' Medici was ...Clement VIII, Pope
(IPPOLITO ALDOBRANDINI). Born at Fano, March, 1536, of a distinguished Florentine family ; ...Clement X, Pope
(EMILIO ALTIERI). Born at Rome, 13 July, 1590; elected 29 April, 1670, and died at Rome, 22 ...Clement XI, Pope
(GIOVANNI FRANCESCO ALBANI). Born at Urbino, 23 July, 1649; elected 23 November, 1700; died ...Clement XII, Pope
(LORENZO CORSINI). Born at Florence, 7 April, 1652; elected 12 July, 1730; died at Rome 6 ...Clement XIII, Pope
(C ARLO DELLA T ORRE R EZZONICO ). Born at Venice, 7 March, 1693; died at Rome, 2 ...Clement XIV, Pope
(L ORENZO –or G IOVANNI V INCENZO A NTONIO –G ANGANELLI ). Born at ...Clement, Cæsar
Date of birth uncertain; died at Brussels 28 Aug., 1626, great-nephew of Sir Thomas More's ...Clement, John
President of the College of Physicians and tutor to St. Thomas More's children, born in ...Clementines
(K LEMENTIA ; C LEMENTINE P SEUDO -W RITINGS ) Clementines is the name given to the ...Clenock, Maurice
(Or Clynog.) Date of birth unknown; died about 1580. He was b. in Wales and educated at ...Cleophas
According to the Catholic English versions the name of two persons mentioned in the New ...Clerestory
A term formerly applied to any window or traceried opening in a church, e.g. in an aisle, ...Cleric
A person who has been legitimately received into the ranks of the clergy. By clergy in the ...Clericato, Giovanni
Canonist, born 1633, at Padua ; died 1717. He was of English descent, and the name is variously ...Clericis Laicos
The initial words of a Bull issued 25 Feb., 1296, by Boniface VIII in response to an earnest ...Clerk, John
Bishop of Bath and Wells ; date of birth unknown; died 3 January, 1541. He was educated at ...Clerke, Agnes Mary
See also ELLEN MARY CLERKE . Astronomer, born at Skibbereen, County Cork, Ireland, 10 ...Clerke, Ellen Mary
Sister of Agnes Mary Clerke, journalist and novelist, b. at Skibbereen, County Cork, Ireland, ...Clerks Regular
Canonical Status By clerks regular are meant those bodies of men in the Church who by the very ...Clerks Regular of Our Saviour
A religious congregation instituted in its present form in 1851, at Benoite-Vaux in the Diocese ...Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca
Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca, a congregation founded by the Blessed Giovanni ...Clermont
(CLERMONT-FERRAND; CLAROMONTENSIS) Comprises the entire department of Puy-de-Dôme and is ...Cletus, Pope Saint
The second successor of St. Peter . Whether he was the same as Cletus, who is also called ...Cletus, Pope Saint
This name is only another form for Anacletus, the second successor of St. Peter. It is true ...Cleveland
The Diocese of Cleveland (Clevelandensis), established 23 April, 1847, comprises all that part of ...Clichtove, Josse
(Jodocus Clichtovaeus). A theologian, b. 1472 at Nieuport (Flanders); d. 1543 at Chartres ( ...Clifford, William
( Alias Mansell), divine, d. 30 April, 1670; he was the son of Henry Clifford, by his wife ...Clifton
(Cliftoniensis). Diocese of England, consisting of Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and ...Climent, José
Spanish bishop, b. at Castellon de la Plana (Valencia), 1706; d. there 25 Nov., 1781. ...Clitherow, Saint Margaret
Martyr, called the "Pearl of York", born about 1556; died 25 March 1586. She was a daughter of ...Clogher
DIOCESE OF CLOGHER (CLOGHERENSIS) A suffragan of Armagh, Ireland, which comprises the County ...Cloister
The English equivalent of the Latin word clausura (from claudere , "to shut up"). This word ...Clonard, School of
Clonard (Irish, Cluain Eraird , or Cluain Iraird , Erard's Meadow) was situated on the ...Clonfert
(Clonfertensis, in Irish Cluain-fearta Brenainn ). The Diocese of Clonfert, a suffragan see ...Clonmacnoise, Abbey and School of
Situated on the Shannon, about half way between Athlone and Banagher, King's County, Ireland, ...Cloths, Altar
The use of altar-cloths goes back to the early centuries of the Church. St. Optatus of Mileve ...Clotilda, Saint
( French CLOTILDE; German CHLOTHILDE). Queen of the Franks, born probably at Lyons, c. ...Clouet
The family name of several generations of painters. Jean (Jean the Younger) Born at Tours, ...Clovesho, Councils of
Clovesho, or Clofeshoch, is notable as the place at which were held several councils of the ...Clovio, Giorgio
(Also known as Giulio Clovio ) A famous Italian miniaturist, called by Vasari "the unique" ...Clovis
(CHLODWIG, or CHLODOWECH) Son of Childeric, King of the Salic Franks ; born in the year 466; ...Cloyne, Diocese of
(Gaelic Cluain-uania , Cave-meadow. Latin Clonensis or Cloynensis .) Comprises the ...Cluny, Congregation of
(CLUNI, CLUGNI, or CLUGNY) The earliest reform, which became practically a distinct order, ...Clynn, John
(Or CLYN). Irish Franciscan and annalist, b. about 1300; d., probably, in 1349. His place of ...Co 387
Co 387
Co-Consecrators
Co-consecrators are the bishops who assist the presiding bishop in the act of consecrating a ...Co-education
The term is now generally reserved to the practice of educating the sexes together; but even in ...Cobo, Bernabé
Born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October, 1657. He went to America in ...Coccaleo, Viatora
A Capuchin friar, so called from his birthplace, Coccaglio in Lombardy, date of birth unknown; ...Cochabamba
(COCABAMBENSIS). The city from which this diocese takes its name is the capital of the ...Cochem, Martin of
A celebrated German theologian, preacher and ascetic writer, born at Cochem, a small town on ...Cochin, Diocese of
(COCHINENSIS) on the Malabar coast, India. The diocese was erected and constituted a ...Cochin, Jacques-Denis
A preacher and philanthropist, born in Paris, 1 January, 1726; died there 3 June, 1783. His ...Cochin, Pierre-Suzanne-Augustin
Born in Paris, 12 Dec., 1823; died at Versailles, 13 March, 1872. He took an early interest in ...Cochlæus, Johann
(Properly Dobeneck), surnamed Cochlæus (from cochlea , a snail shell) after his birthplace ...Cocussus
(Cocusus, Cocussus, Cocusus). A titular see of Armenia. It was a Roman station on the road ...Codex
The name given to a manuscript in leaf form, distinguishing it from a roll. The codex seems to ...Codex Alexandrinus
A most valuable Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, so named because it was ...Codex Amiatinus
The most celebrated manuscript of the Latin Vulgate Bible, remarkable as the best witness to ...Codex Bezae
(CODEX CANTABRIGIENSIS), one of the five most important Greek New Testament manuscripts, and the ...Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
(Symbol C). The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, ...Codex Sinaiticus
(The symbol is the Hebrew character Aleph , though Swete and a few other scholars use the ...Codex Vaticanus
(CODEX B), a Greek manuscript, the most important of all the manuscripts of Holy Scripture . ...Codrington, Thomas
(Died 1691?), Catholic divine, chiefly known for his attempt to introduce into England the ...Coeffeteau, Nicolas
Preacher and controversialist, born 1574, at Château-du-Loir, province of Maine, France ; ...Coelchu
Also COLGA, COLCU (Latin Colcus ) A distinguished Abbot of the School of Clonmacnoise in ...Coelde, Theodore
(THEODORE OF MÜNSTER; THEODORE OF OSNABRÜCK; DERICK, DEDERICK, or DIETERICH, CÖLDE) ...Coemgen, Saint
Abbot of Glendalough, Ireland, b. about 498, the date being very obscure; d. 3 June, 618; son ...Coenred
( Or CENRED, also COENRÆD, COINRED, KENRED, and CHRENRED) King of Mercia (reigned ...Coeur d'Alêne Indians
A small tribe of Salishan stock formerly ranging along the lake and river of the same name in ...Coffin, Edward
( Alias HATTON.) An English Jesuit and missionary, born at Exeter, 1570; died 17 April, ...Coffin, Robert Aston
An ecclesiastical writer and bishop, b. at Brighton, England, 19 July, 1819; d. at Teignmouth, ...Cogitosus
An Irishman, an author, and a monk of Kildare ; the date and place of his birth and of his ...Cogolludo, Diego López de
One of the chief historians of Yucatán. His work, the "Historia de Yucatán", which ...Cohen, Hermann
A Discalced Carmelite (Augustin-Marie of the Blessed Sacrament, generally known as Father ...Coimbatore, Diocese of
(KOIMBATUR; COIMBATURENSIS). The City of Coimbatore is the capital of the district of ...Coimbra, Diocese of
(Conimbricensis). In Portugal, suffragan of Braga, in the province of Beira. The cathedral ...Coimbra, University of
The earliest certain information concerning a university in Portugal dates from 1288, when the ...Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
I. JEAN-BAPTISTE COLBERT (1619-1683) Marquis de Seignelay, statesman, b. at Rheims, France, 1619; ...Cole, Henry
A confessor of the Faith, b. at Godshill, Isle of Wight, about 1500; d. in the Fleet Prison, ...Coleman, Edward
A controversialist, politician, and secretary of the Duchess of York, date of birth unknown; ...Coleridge, Henry James
A writer and preacher, b. 20 September 1822, in Devonshire, England ; d. at Roehampton, 13 April ...Colet, John
Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral and founder of St. Paul's School, London ; b. in London, 1467; d. ...Coleti, Nicola
(COLETTI) Priest and historian, b. at Venice, 1680; d. in the same city, 1765. He studied at ...Colette, Saint
(Diminutive of NICOLETTA, COLETTA). Founder of Colettine Poor Clares (Clarisses), born 13 ...Colgan, John
Hagiographer and historian, b. in County Donegal, Ireland, about the beginning of the seventeenth ...Colima
(COLIMENSIS). The city of Colima, the capital of the State of the same name in Mexico, is ...Colin, Frédéric-Louis
Superior of the Sulpicians in Canada, b. at Bourges, France, in 1835; d. at Montreal, 27 ...Colin, Jean-Claude-Marie
A French priest, founder of the Marists, b. at Saint-Bonnet-le-Troncy, now in the Diocese of ...Coliseum, The
The Coliseum, known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, commenced A.D. 72 by Vespasian, the first of the ...Collège de France, The
The Collège de France was founded in the interest of higher education by Francis I. He ...Collado, Diego
A missionary, born in the latter part of the sixteenth century at Miajadas, in the province of ...Colle de Val d'Elsa
(Collis Hetruscus) Diocese (Collensis), suffragan to Florence. Colle is situated in the ...Collect
The name now used only for short prayers before the Epistle in the Mass, which occur again at ...Collectarium
(Sometimes COLLECTARIUS, COLLECTANEUM, ORATIONALE, CAPITULARE), the book which contains the ...Collections
The offerings of the faithful in their special relation to the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass will ...Collectivism
The term Collectivism is sometimes employed as a substitute for socialism . It is of later ...College
( French collège , Italian collegio , Spanish colegio ) The word college , ...College (in Canon Law)
A collection ( Latin collegium ) of persons united together for a common object so as to ...College, Apostolic
This term designates The Twelve Apostles as the body of men commissioned by Christ to spread the ...Colleges, Roman
This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ...Collegiate
( Latin collegiatus , from collegium ) An adjective applied to those churches and ...Colman Mac Lenine, Saint
Saint Colman Mac Lenine, founder and patron of the See of Cloyne, born in Munster, c. 510; died ...Colman, Saint
Saint Colman, one of the patrons of Austria, was also an Irish saint, who, journeying to ...Colman, Saint Elo
Famed in Irish hagiology. He was founder and first Abbot of Muckamore, and from the fact of ...Colman, Saint MacCathbad
Famed in Irish hagiology. He was distinguished as MacCathbad, whence Kilmackevat, County Antrim, ...Colman, Saint, of Dalaradia
Born in Dalaradia, c. 450; date of death uncertain. His feast is celebrated 7 June. He founded ...Colman, Saint, of Kilmacduagh
Bishop and patron of Kilmacduagh, born at Kiltartan c. 560; died 29 October, 632. He lived for ...Colman, Saint, of Mayo
Founder of the Abbey and Diocese of Mayo, born in Connacht, c. 605; died 8 August, 676. He ...Colman, Saint, of Templeshambo
Saint Colman of Templeshambo was a Connacht saint, and has been confounded with the patron of ...Colman, Walter
Friar Minor andEnglish martyr : date of birth uncertain; died in London, 1645. He came of noble ...Colmar, Joseph Ludwig
Bishop of Mainz ; born at Strasburg, 22 June, 1760; died at Mainz, 15 Dec., 1818. After his ...Cologne
(German KÖLN or CÖLN), German city and archbishopric. THE CITY Cologne, in size the ...Cologne, University of
Though famous all through the Middle Ages for its cathedral and cloister schools and for ...Colomba of Rieti, Blessed
Born at Rieti in Umbria, Italy, 1467; died at Perugia, 1501. Blessed Colomba of Rieti is always ...Colombière, Saint Claude de la
Missionary and ascetical writer, born of noble parentage at Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, between ...Colombia
( Republic of Colombia ; formerly United States of Colombia ) Colombia forms the ...Colombo
The Archdiocese of Colombo, situated on the western seaboard of the Island of Ceylon, includes ...Colombo, Mateo Realdo
Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary circulation, b. at Cremona in 1516; d. at ...Colona, Blessed Margaret
Poor Clare, born in Rome, date uncertain; died there, 20 September, 1284. Her parents died in ...Colonia
A titular see of Armenia. Procopius (De Ædif., III, iv) informs us that Justinian ...Colonia
A titular see in Armenia Prima. Colonia should be identified with Kara Hissar, chief town of a ...Colonna
A celebrated family which played an important rôle in Italy during medieval and ...Colonna, Egidio
(Ægidius a Colonna) A Scholastic philosopher and theologian, b. about the middle of the ...Colonna, Giovanni Paolo
Born at Bologna, 1637; died in the same city, 28 November, 1695. After studying under Agostino ...Colonna, Vittoria
Italian poet, born at Marino, 1490; died at Rome, February 25, 1547. She was the daughter of ...Colonnade
A number of columns symmetrically arranged in one or more rows. It is termed monostyle when of one ...Colophon
A titular see of Asia Minor. It was one of the twelve Ionian cities, between Lebedos (ruins ...Colorado
The thirty-fifth, in point of admission, of the United States of America. It lies between the ...Colossæ
A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor, suppressed in 1894. Little is known about its history. ...Colossians, Epistle to the
One of the four Captivity Epistles written by St. Paul during his first imprisonment in Rome ...Colours, Liturgical
By a law of her liturgy the Church directs that the vestments worn by her sacred ministers, ...Columba of Sens, Saint
Suffered towards the end of the third century, probably under the Emperor Aurelian. She is said ...Columba of Terryglass, Saint
A son of Crinthainn and a disciple of St. Finnian of Clonard. When the latter was in extremis , ...Columba, Saint
Abbot of Iona, b. at Garten, County Donegal, Ireland, 7 December, 521; d. 9 June, 597. He ...Columba, Saint
A Spanish nun, of whom it is related that she was beheaded by the Moors at the monastery of ...Columbanus, Saint
Abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, born in West Leinster, Ireland, in 543; died at Bobbio, Italy, ...Columbia University (Oregon)
Portland, Oregon Columbia University, formerly known as Portland University, is located on the ...Columbus, Christopher
(Italian C RISTOFORO C OLOMBO ; Spanish C RISTOVAL C OLON .) Born at Genoa, or on ...Columbus, Diocese of
The Diocese of Columbus comprises that part of the State of Ohio, south of 40§41', lying ...Columbus, Knights of
A fraternal and beneficent society of Catholic men, founded in New Haven, Connecticut, 2 ...Column
In architecture a round pillar, a cylindrical solid body, or a many-sided prism, the body of which ...Comacchio
(COMACLENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of Ravenna. Comacchio is a town in the province of Ferrara ...Comana
A titular see of Asia Minor. According to ancient geographers, Comana was situated in ...Comayagua
The Diocese of Comayagua, suffragan to Guatemala, includes the entire Republic of Honduras in ...Combefis, François
Patrologist, b. November, 1605, at Marmande in Guyenne; d. at Paris, 23 March, 1679. He made his ...Comboni, Daniel
Missionary, b. 15 March, 1831 in Limone San Giovanni near Brescia, Italy ; d. 10 Oct., 1881, at ...Comellas y Cluet, Antonio
A philosopher, born at Berga, in the Province of Barcelona, 16 Jan., 1832; died there, 3 June, ...Comgall, Saint
Founder and abbot of the great Irish monastery at Bangor, flourished in the sixth century. The ...Commandments of God (The Ten Commandments)
Called also simply THE COMMANDMENTS, COMMANDMENTS OF GOD, or THE DECALOGUE (Gr. deka , ten, ...Commandments of the Church
We shall consider: I. The nature of the Commandments of the Church in general; II. The history of ...Commemoration (in Liturgy)
The recital of a part of the Office or Mass assigned to a certain feast or day when the whole ...Commendatory Abbot
An ecclesiastic, or sometimes a layman, who holds an abbey in commendam, that is, who draws its ...Commendone, Giovanni Francesco
Cardinal and Papal Nuncio, born at Venice, 17 March, 1523; died at Padua, 26 Dec., 1584 After ...Commentaries on the Bible
"To write a full history of exegesis ", says Farrar, "would require the space of many volumes." ...Commines, Philippe de
(Also C OMINES or C OMYNES ). French historian and statesman, b. in Flanders probably ...Commissariat of the Holy Land
In the Order of Friars Minor the territory or district assigned to a commissary, whose duty it ...Commissary Apostolic
( Latin Commissarius Apostolicus ) A commissary is one who has received power from a ...Commissions, Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical Commissions are bodies of ecclesiastics juridically established and to whom are ...Commodianus
A Christian poet, the date of whose birth is uncertain, but generally placed at about the ...Commodus
(M ARCUS A URELIUS C OMMODUS A NTONINUS ). Roman Emperor, born 161; died at Rome, 31 ...Common Life, Brethren of the
A community founded by Geert De Groote , of rich burgher stock, born at Deventer in Gelderland ...Common Prayer, Book of
I. HISTORY On 21 January, 1549, the first Act of Uniformity was passed imposing upon the whole ...Common Sense, Philosophy of
The term common sense designates (1) a special faculty, the sensus communis of the ...Commune, Martyrs of the Paris
The secular priests and the religious who were murdered in Paris, in May 1871, on account of ...Communicatio Idiomatum
("Communication of Idioms"). A technical expression in the theology of the Incarnation. It ...Communion Antiphon
The term Communion ( Communio ) is used, not only for the reception of the Holy Eucharist, but ...Communion Bench
An adaptation of the sanctuary guard or altar-rail. Standing in front of this barrier, in a ...Communion of Children
In order to get some insight into the historical aspect of this subject it will be useful to dwell ...Communion of Saints
( communo sanctorum , a fellowship of, or with, the saints). The doctrine expressed in the ...Communion of the Sick
This differs from ordinary Communion as to the class of persons to whom it is administered, as to ...Communion Rail
The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. It ...Communion under Both Kinds
Communion under one kind is the reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist under the species ...Communion, Frequent
Without specifying how often the faithful should communicate, Christ simply bids us eat His Flesh ...Communion, Holy
By Communion is meant the actual reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist. Ascetic writers ...Communism
( Latin communis .) In its more general signification communism refers to any social system ...Comnena, Anna
Byzantine historian, eldest daughter of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople (1081-1118). ...Como
DIOCESE OF COMO (COMENSIS). Como is an important town in the province of Lombardy (Northern ...Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement
A Catholic secret society which included among its members many Catholic celebrities of the ...Compensation
Compensation, as considered in the present article denotes the price paid for human exertion or ...Compensation, Occult
An extra-legal manner of recovering from loss or damage; the taking, by stealth and on one's ...Competency, Privilege of
( Latin Privilegium Competentiœ ) (1) The competency of a cleric means his right ...Compiégne, Teresian Martyrs of
Guillotined at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 ...Compline
The term Complin (Compline) is derived from the Latin completorium , complement, and has been ...Compostela
A famous city of Spain, situated on an eminence between the Sar (the Sars of Pomponius Mela) ...Compromise (in Canon Law)
Compromise, in a general sense, is a mutual promise or contract of two parties in controversy to ...Conal, Saint
(Or Conall). An Irish bishop who flourished in the second half of the fifth century and ...Conan, Saint
Bishop of the Isle of Man, died January, 684; an Irish missionary, also known as Mochonna. He ...Concelebration
Concelebration is the rite by which several priests say Mass together, all consecrating the ...Concepción
(SANCTISSIMÆ CONCEPTIONIS DE CHILE) Located in the Republic of Chile, suffragan to ...Conceptionists
A branch of the Order of Saint Clare, founded by Beatriz de Silva. Isabel, the daughter of Edward, ...Conceptualism, Nominalism, Realism
These terms are used to designate the theories that have been proposed as solutions of one of the ...Conciliation, Industrial
Industrial Conciliation is the discussion and adjustment of mutual differences by employers and ...Concina, Daniello
Dominican preacher, controversialist and theologian, b. at Clauzetto or San Daniele, small ...Conclave
[ NOTE: For current procedures regarding the conclave, see Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic ...Concordances of the Bible
Concordances of the Bible are verbal indexes to the Bible , or lists of Biblical words arranged ...Concordat
Definition Canonists and publicists do not agree about the nature of a concordat and, ...Concordat of 1801, The French
This name is given to the convention of the 26th Messidor, year IX (July 16, 1802), whereby Pope ...Concordia, Diocese of
(CONCORDIA VENETA, or JULIA; CONCORDIENSIS). Suffragan of Venice. Concordia is an ancient ...Concordia, Diocese of
(CONCORDIENSIS IN AMERICA.) The Diocese of Concordia was erected 2 August, 1887, and is ...Concubinage
At the present day, the state -- more or less permanent -- of a man and woman living together in ...Concupiscence
In its widest acceptation, concupiscence is any yearning of the soul for good; in its strict ...Concursus
Concursus is a special competitive examination prescribed in canon law for all aspirants to ...Condamine, Charles-Marie de la
Explorer and physicist, b. at Paris, 28 January, 1701; d. there 4 February, 1774. After a brief ...Condillac, Ettiene Bonnot de
A French philosopher, born at Grenoble, 30 September, 1715; died near Beaugency (Loiret), 3 ...Condition
( Latin conditio , from condo , to bring, or put, together; sometimes, on account of a ...Conecte, Thomas
Carmelite reformer, b. at Rennes towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. at Rome, 1433. ...Conferences, Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical Conferences are meetings of clerics for the purpose of discussing, in general, ...Confession
( Latin confessio ). Originally used to designate the burial-place of a confessor or martyr ...Confession, Lay
This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the ...Confession, Sacrament of
Penance is a sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins ...Confession, Seal of
In the "Decretum" of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles ...Confessor
(1) Etymology and primitive meaning The word confessor is derived from the Latin confiteri , ...Confirmation
A sacrament in which the Holy Ghost is given to those already baptized in order to make them ...Confiteor
The Confiteor.(so called from the first word, confiteor , I confess) is a general confession of ...Confraternity (Sodality)
( Latin confraternitas , confratria ) A confraternity or sodality is a voluntary ...Confraternity of Christian Doctrine
An association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction. Till ...Confucianism
By Confucianism is meant the complex system of moral, social, political, and religious teaching ...Congo
(CONGO INDEPENDENT STATE AND CONGO MISSIONS) [EDITOR'S NOTE: The following account of the Congo ...Congregatio de Auxiliis
A commission established by Pope Clement VIII to settle the theological controversy regarding ...Congregational Singing
In his Instruction on sacred music , commonly referred to as the Motu Proprio (22 Nov., 1903), ...Congregationalism
The retention by the Anglican State Church of the prelatical form of government and of many ...Congregations, Roman
Certain departments have been organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the ...Congresses, Catholic
One of the remarkable and important manifestations of the social and religious life of the ...Congrua
Congrua (i.e. CONGRUA PORTIO), a canonical term to designate the lowest sum proper for the yearly ...Congruism
( congrua , suitable, adapted) Congruism is the term by which theologians denote a theory ...Conimbricenses
(Or Collegium Conimbricenses). The name by which Jesuits of the University of Coimbra in ...Coninck, Giles de
(Also called Regius). Jesuit theologian, b. 20 Dec., 1571, at Bailleul in French Flanders ; ...Connecticut
This State, comprising an area of substantially 5000 square miles, was one of the thirteen ...Connolly, John
Second Bishop of New York, U.S.A. b. at Slane, Co. Meath, Ireland, 1750; d. New York, 6 ...Conon, Pope
Date of birth unknown; d., after a long illness, 21 September, 687. The son, seemingly, of an ...Conrad of Ascoli, Blessed
Friar Minor and missionary, b. at Ascoli in the family of Milliano and from his earliest years ...Conrad of Hochstadt
(CONRAD OF HOSTADEN) Archbishop of Cologne and Imperial Elector (1238-1261), and son of ...Conrad of Leonberg
(Leontorius) A Cistercian monk and Humanist, b. at Leonberg in Swabia in 1460; d. at ...Conrad of Marburg
Confessor of Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia and papal inquisitor, b. at or near Marburg, ...Conrad of Offida, Blessed
Friar Minor, b. at Offida, a little town in the Order of Friars Minor at Ascoli, and was making ...Conrad of Piacenza, Saint
Hermit of the Third Order of St. Francis, date of birth uncertain; died at Noto in Sicily, ...Conrad of Saxony
(Also called CONRADUS SAXO, CONRAD OF BRUNSWICK, or CONRADUS HOLYINGER). Friar Minor and ...Conrad of Urach
Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina ; born about 1180; d. 1227. At an early age he became ...Conrad of Utrecht
Bishop; born in Swabia at an unknown date ; killed at Utrecht, 14 April, 1099. Before becoming ...Conradin of Bornada
(Or CONRADIN OF BRESCIA) Dominican preacher, b. in the latter part of the fourteenth century; ...Conry, Florence
Or Florence Conroy; in Irish Flaithri O'Maolconaire (O'Mulconry). Archbishop of Tuam, ...Consalvi, Ercole
Cardinal and statesman, b. in Rome, 8 June, 1757; d. there, 24 January, 1824. Family His ...Consanguinity (in Canon Law)
Consanguinity is a diriment impediment of marriage as far as the fourth degree of kinship ...Conscience
I. THE NAME In English we have done with a Latin word what neither the Latins nor the French have ...Conscience, Examination of
By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ...Conscience, Hendrik
A Flemish novelist, b. at Antwerp, 3 December, 1812; d. at Brussels, 10 September, 1883. His ...Consciousness
( Latin conscientia ; Ger. Bewusstsein ) cannot, strictly speaking, be defined. In its widest ...Consecration
Consecration, in general, is an act by which a thing is separated from a common and profane to a ...Consent (in Canon Law)
Consent is the deliberate agreement required of those concerned in legal transactions in order to ...Consentius
The name of a fifth-century Gallo-Roman family, three of whose representatives are known in ...Conservator
(From Latin conservare ) A Conservator is a judge delegated by the pope to defend certain ...Consistory, Papal
I. DEFINITION During the Roman imperial epoch the term consistorium ( Latin con-sistere , to ...Constable, Cuthbert
(Formerly TUNSTALL) Date of birth uncertain; d. 27 March, 1746. He was the son of Francis ...Constable, John
( Alias Lacey). Controversialist (pen-name Clerophilus Alethes), b. in Lincolnshire, 10 ...Constance
(Latin Constantia , German Konstanz or Constanz , Czechic name Kostnitz ). ...Constance, Council of
A (partly) ecumenical council held at Constance, now in the Grand Duchy of Baden, from 5 ...Constantia
A titular see of Arabia and suffragan of Bostra. It figures in Hierocles' "Synecdemus" about ...Constantine (Cirta)
DIOCESE OF CONSTANTINE (CONSTANTINIANA). Comprises the present arrondissement of Constantine in ...Constantine Africanus
A medieval medical writer and teacher; born c. 1015; died c. 1087. His name, Africanus, comes ...Constantine the Great
Life His coins give his name as M., or more frequently as C., Flavius Valerius Constantinus. ...Constantine, Donation of
( Latin, Donatio Constantini ). By this name is understood, since the end of the Middle ...Constantine, Pope
Consecrated 25 March, 708; d. 9 April, 715; a Syrian, the son of John, and "a remarkably affable ...Constantinople
(Greek Konstantinoupolis ; city of Constantine) Capital, formerly of the Byzantine, now of ...Constantinople, Council of
In the summer of 382 a council of the oriental bishops, convoked by Theodosius, met in the ...Constantinople, Council of
In 754 the Iconoclast Emperor Constantine V called in the imperial city a council of 338 ...Constantinople, Council of, in Trullo
This particular council of Constantinople, held in 692 under Justinian II, is generally known as ...Constantinople, Councils of
For the three Photian synods of 861 (deposition of Ignatius), 867 (attempted deposition of ...Constantinople, Councils of
In 1639 and 1672 councils were held by the Orthodox Greeks at Constantinople condemnatory of the ...Constantinople, First Ecumenical Council of
(SECOND GENERAL COUNCIL.) This council was called in May, 381, by Emperor Theodosius, to ...Constantinople, Fourth Ecumenical Council of
(EIGHTH GENERAL COUNCIL.) The Eighth General Council was opened, 5 October, 869, in the ...Constantinople, Second Ecumenical Council of
(FIFTH GENERAL COUNCIL). This council was held at Constantinople (5 May-2 June, 553), having ...Constantinople, The Rite of
( Also BYZANTINE RITE.) The Liturgies, Divine Office, forms for the administration of ...Constantinople, Third Ecumenical Council of
(SIXTH GENERAL COUNCIL.) The Sixth General Council was summoned in 678 by Emperor Constantine ...Constantius, Flavius Julius
Roman emperor (337-361), born in Illyria, 7 Aug., 317; died at the Springs of Mopsus (Mopsokrene ...Constitutions, Ecclesiastical
The term constitution denotes, in general, the make-up of a body, either physical or moral. ...Constitutions, Papal
(Latin constituere , to establish, to decree.) Papal Constitutions are ordinations issued ...Consubstantiation
This heretical doctrine is an attempt to hold the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy ...Consultors, Diocesan
Diocesan consultors are a certain number of priests in each diocese of the United States who ...Contant de la Molette, Philippe du
Theologian and Biblical scholar, born at Côte-Saint-André, in Dauphiné, ...Contarini, Gasparo
Venetian statesman and cardinal, born 16 October, 1483, of an ancient and noble family in ...Contarini, Giovanni
Italian painter of the Venetian School, born at Venice about 1549; died in 1605. Contarini ...Contemplation
The idea of contemplation is so intimately connected with that of mystical theology that one ...Contemplative Life
A life ordered in view of contemplation ; a way of living especially adapted to lead to and ...Contenson, Vincent
Dominican theologian and preacher, born at Altivillare (Gers), Diocese of Condon, France, 1641; ...Continence
Continence may be defined as abstinence from even the licit gratifications of marriage. It is a ...Contingent
( Latin contingere , to happen) Aside from its secondary and more obvious meaning (as, for ...Contract
(Latin contractus ; Old French contract ; Modern French contrat ; Italian contratto ). ...Contract, The Social
Du Contrat Social, ou Principes du droit politique , is the title of a work written by J.J. ...Contractus, Hermann
(Herimanus Augiensis, Hermann von Reichenau ). Chronicler, mathematician, and poet; b. 18 ...Contrition
( Latin contritio --a breaking of something hardened). In Holy Writ nothing is more common ...Contrition, Imperfect
Attrition or Imperfect Contrition (Latin attero , "to wear away by rubbing"; p. part. ...Contumacy (in Canon Law)
Contumacy, or contempt of court, is an obstinate disobedience of the lawful orders of a court. ...Contzen, Adam
Economist and exegete, b. in 1573 (according to Sommervogel in 1575), at Montjoie in the Dutchy ...Convent
( Latin conventus ). Originally signified an assembly of Roman citizens in the provinces for ...Convent Schools (Great Britain)
Convent education is treated here not historically but as it is at the present day, and, by the ...Conventual and Chapter Mass
As a general rule, churches in which the Divine office is to be said publicly every day must also ...Conventuals, Order of Friars Minor
This is one of the three separate bodies, forming with the Friars Minor and the Capuchins what ...Conversano
DIOCESE OF CONVERSANO (CUPERSANENSIS) Suffragan to Bari. Conversano, situated in the province ...Conversi
Lay brothers in a religious order. The term was originally applied to those who, in adult life, ...Conversion
(From the classical Latin converto, depon. convertor , whence conversio , change, etc.). ...Convocation of the English Clergy
The technical name given in the Church of England to what corresponds in some respects to a ...Conwell, Henry
Second Bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A. b. at Moneymore, County Derry, Ireland, in 1745; d. at ...Conza
(C OMPSANA ) Archdiocese with the perpetual administration of Campagna ( Campaniensis ). ...Cooktown
The Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown comprises North Queensland, Australia, from 16°30' ...Coombes, William Henry
Born 8 May, 1767; died 15 November, 1850. He passed his early years at Meadgate, Somersetshire, ...Copacavana
(Also called COPACABANA) A village of about four hundred people, Indians chiefly, on the shore ...Cope
(Known in Latin as pluviale or cappa ), a vestment which may most conveniently be described ...Copenhagen, University of
It was founded by a Bull which Sixtus IV issued 19 June, 1475, at the request of King Christian ...Copernicus, Nicolaus
Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; ...Coppée, François Edouard Joachim
Poet, dramatist and novelist, b. at Paris, 26 January, 1842; d. 23 May, 1908. His father, a clerk ...Coptic Literature
Since the publication of the article EGYPT, under which Coptic literature was treated, important ...Coptic Persecutions
(ACCORDING TO GREEK AND LATIN SOURCES) During the first two centuries the Church of Alexandria ...Coptic Versions of the Bible
DIALECTS The Coptic language is now recognized in four principal dialects, Bohairic (formerly ...Coptos
A titular see of Upper Egypt. It was the chief town of the Nomos of Harawî (Two Hawks), ...Coquart, Claude-Godefroi
Missionary and army chaplain, b. in Pays de Caux, France, 20 February, 1706; d. at Chicoutini, ...Coracesium
A titular see of Asia Minor. According to Ptolemy (V, 5, 3), this town was not in Cilicia ...Corbie, Ambrose
(Corby or Corbington). Born near Durham, 7 Dec., 1604; d. at Rome, 11 April, 1649. He was ...Corbie, Monastery of
(Also CORBEY) A Benedictine abbey in Picardy, in the Diocese of Amiens, dedicated to Sts. ...Corbie, Venerable Ralph
(Called at times Corrington). Brother of Ambrose Corbie ; martyr - priest, b. 25 March, ...Corbinian
Bishop of Freising, in Bavaria, born about 680 at Chatres near Melun, France ; died 8 ...Corcoran, James Andrew
Theologian, editor, and Orientalist, b. at Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. 30 March, 1820; ...Corcoran, Michael
Soldier, b. at Carrowkeel, County Sligo, Ireland, 21 September, 1827; d. at Fairfax Court House, ...Cord, Confraternities of the
Pious associations of the faithful, the members of which wear a cord or cincture in honour of ...Cordara, Guilo Cesare
Historian and littérateur , b. at Alessandra in Piedmont, Italy, 14 Dec., 1704; died ...Cordell, Charles
English missionary priest, b. 5 October, 1720; d. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 January, 1791. He was ...Cordier, Balthasar
(Corderius) Exegete and editor of patristic works, b. at Antwerp, 7 June, 1592; d. at Rome, ...Cordova
DIOCESE OF CORDOVA (CORDUBENSIS) Diocese in Spain, formerly suffragan of Toledo, since 1851 ...Cordova
(CORDUBENSIS IN AMERICA). Diocese in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires. It was ...Cordova, Juan de
Born 1503, at Cordova in Andalusia, Spain, of noble parents ; d. 1595 at Oaxaca, Mexico. It ...Cordova, Pedro de
Born at Cordova, Andalusia, Spain, about 1460; died on the Island of Santo Domingo, 1525. He ...Core, Dathan, and Abiron
Leaders of a revolt against Moses and Aaron ( Numbers 16 ). Core was the son of Isaar, of ...Corea
Vicariate apostolic, coextensive with the Empire of Corea; it was created a distinct vicariate ...Corfu
ARCHDIOCESE OF CORFU. Corfu is one of the Ionian Islands, at the entrance of the Adriatic, ...Coria
(C AURIA ; C AURIENSIS ) Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo; it includes nearly the ...Corinth
(CORINTHUS) A titular archiepiscopal see of Greece. The origin of Corinth belongs to ...Corinthians, Epistles to the
INTRODUCTORY St. Paul Founds the Church at Corinth St. Paul's first visit to Europe is ...Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave de
French mathematician, born at Paris, in 1792; died in the same city, 1843. He entered the Ecole ...Cork, Diocese of
(Corcagia, Corcagiensis). In Ireland, suffragan of Cashel. St. Finbarr was the founder and ...Cork, School of
The monastic School of Cork had a wide reputation, especially in the seventh and eighth ...Corker, Maurus
An English Benedictine, born in 1636 in Yorkshire; died 22 December, 1715, at Paddington near ...Cormac MacCuilenan
(836-908). An Irish bishop and King of Cashel, Cormac MacCquilenan was of the race of ...Cornaro, Elena Lucrezia Piscopia
A learned Italian woman of noble descent, born at Venice, 5 June, 1646; died at Padua, 26 July, ...Corneille, Jean-Baptiste
French painter, etcher, and engraver, b. at Paris between 1646 and 1649; d. there, 12 April, ...Corneille, Michel, the Elder
French painter, etcher, and engraver, b. in Orléans about 1601; d. at Paris, 1664. He was ...Corneille, Michel, the Younger
French painter, etcher and engraver, b. in Paris in 1642; d. at the Gobelins manufactory at ...Corneille, Pierre
A French dramatist, b. at Rouen, 6 June, 1606; d. at Paris, 1 October, 1684. His father, Pierre ...Cornelisz, Jacob
Also called Jacob van Amsterdam or van Oostzann, and at times confounded with a Walter van ...Cornelius
( Kornelios ) A centurion of the Italic cohort, whose conversion at Cæsarea with his ...Cornelius and Companions, Ven. John
John Cornelius (called also Mohun) was born of Irish parents at Bodmin, in Cornwall, on the ...Cornelius Cornelii a Lapide
(Cornelis Cornelissen van den Steen) Flemish Jesuit and exegete, b. at Bocholt, in Flemish ...Cornelius, Peter
Later when ennobled, VON C ORNELIUS Born at Düsseldorf, 23 September, 1783; died at ...Cornelius, Pope
Martyr (251 to 253). We may accept the statement of the Liberian catalogue that he reigned two ...Cornely, Karl Josef Rudolph
German biblical scholar and Jesuit, b. 19 April, 1830, at Breyell in Germany ; d. at Treves, 3 ...Corner Stone
(Foundation Stone) A rite entitled "De benedictione et impositione Primarii Lapidis pro ...Cornet, Nicolas
French theologian, born at Amiens, 1572; died at Paris, 1663. He studied at the Jesuit college ...Cornice
A cornice is the uppermost division of the entablature, the representative of the roof, of an ...Cornillon, Abbey of
Founded by Albero, Bishop of Liège, in 1124, three years after St. Norbert had formed ...Cornoldi, Giovanni Maria
Professor, author, and preacher, born at Venice, 29 Sept., 1822; d. at Rome, 18 Jan., 1892. He ...Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de
Explorer, b. at Salamanca, Spain, 1510; d. in Mexico, 1553. He went to Mexico before 1538, and is ...Coronation
The subject will be treated under the following headings: (I) The Emperors at Constantinople; ...Coronel, Gregorio Nuñez
A distinguished theologian, writer, and preacher, b. in Portugal, about 1548; d. about 1620. At ...Coronel, Juan
Born 1569, in Spain ; died 1651, at Mérida, Mexico. He made his academic studies at the ...Corporal
(From Latin corpus , body). A square white linen cloth, now usually somewhat smaller than ...Corporation
( Latin corpus , a body) A corporation is an association recognized by civil law and ...Corporation Act of 1661
The Corporation Act of 1661 belongs to the general category of test acts, designed for the ...Corpus Christi, Feast of
(Feast of the Body of Christ) This feast is celebrated in the Latin Church on the Thursday ...Corpus Juris Canonici
I. DEFINITION The term corpus here denotes a collection of documents; corpus juris , a ...Correction, Fraternal
Fraternal correction is here taken to mean the admonishing of one's neighbor by a private ...Correctories
Correctories are the text-forms of the Latin Vulgate resulting from the critical emendation as ...Corrigan, Michael
Third Archbishop of New York, b. 13 August, 1839, at Newark, New Jersey , d. at New York, 5 ...Corrigan, Sir Dominic
Physician, b. 1802, in Dublin, Ireland ; d. there, 1880; distinguished for his original ...Corsica
The third island of the Mediterranean in point of size, only Sicily and Sardinia being of ...Corsini, Saint Andrew
Of the illustrious Corsini family ; born in Florence, in 1302; died 1373. Wild and dissolute in ...Cortés, Hernando
Conqueror of Mexico, born at Medellin in Spain c. 1485; died at Castilleja de la Cuesta near ...Cortese, Giovanni Andrea
(His name in the Benedictine Order was Gregorio). Cardinal and monastic reformer, b. 1483 ...Cortona
DIOCESE OF CORTONA (CORTONENSIS) Immediately subject to the Holy See . Cortona is a small ...Corvey, Abbey of
(Also called N EW C ORBIE ) A Benedictine monastery in the Diocese of Paderborn, in ...Corycus
A titular see of Cilicia Trachæa in Asia Minor. It was the port of Seleucia, where, in ...Corydallus
A titular see of Asia Minor. Korydallos, later also Korydalla, was a city in Lycia. In Roman ...Cosa, Juan de la
Navigator and cartographer, according to tradition b. in 1460 at Sta. Maria del Puerto (Santona), ...Cosenza
(COSENTINA). An archdiocese immediately subject to the Holy See. Cosenza is a city in the ...Cosgrove, Henry
Second Bishop of Davenport, Iowa, U.S.A. born 19 December, 1834, at Williamsport, ...Cosin, Edmund
(The name is also written COSYN.) Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University , England. The ...Cosmas
(Called HAGIOPOLITES or COSMAS OF JERUSALEM). A hymn-writer of the Greek Church in the eighth ...Cosmas and Damian, Saints
Early Christian physicians and martyrs whose feast is celebrated on 27 September. They were ...Cosmas Indicopleustes
(COSMAS THE INDIAN VOYAGER) A Greek traveller and geographer of the first half of the sixth ...Cosmas of Prague
Bohemian historian, b. about 1045, at Prague, Bohemia ; d. there, 21 October, 1125. He belonged ...Cosmati Mosaic
(Greek kosmos ) A peculiar style of inlaid ornamental mosaic introduced into the ...Cosmogony
By this term is understood an account of how the universe ( cosmos ) came into being ( gonia ...Cosmology
ORIGIN OF COSMOLOGY METHOD DIVISION OF COSMOLOGY The first cause of the material ...Cossa, Francesco
Known sometimes as DEL COSSA, Italian painter of the school of Ferrara, b. about 1430; d. ...Costa Rica
A narrow isthmus between Panama in the east and the Republic of Nicaragua in the north, the ...Costa, Lorenzo
Ferrarese painter, b. at Ferrara in 1460; d. at Mantua in 1535. He is believed to have been a ...Costadoni, Giovanni Domenico
Frequently known as Dom Anselmo, his name in religion, an Italian Camaldolese monk, historian, and ...Coster, Francis
Theologian, born at Mechlin, 16 June, 1532 (1531); died at Brussels, 16 December, 1619. He was ...Costume, Clerical
To discuss the question of ecclesiastical costume in any detail would be impossible in an ...Cosway, Maria
Miniature-painter, born in Florence, Italy, 1759; died at Lodi, 5 January, 1838. Her maiden name ...Cotelier, Jean-Baptiste
(COTELERIUS) Patristic scholar and theologian, born December, 1629, at Nîmes ; died 19 ...Cotenna
A titular see of Asia Minor. Strabo (XII, 570) mentions the Katenneis in Pisidia adjoining ...Cotiæum
A titular see of Asia Minor. Kotiaion according to its coins, better Cotyaion, the city of ...Coton, Pierre
A celebrated French Jesuit, born 7 March, 1564, at Néronde in Forez; died 19 March, 1626, ...Cotrone
(COTRONENSIS) Cotrone is a suffragan diocese of Reggio. Cotrone is a city of the province of ...Cottam, Blessed Thomas
Martyr, born 1549, in Lancashire; executed at Tyburn, 30 May, 1582. His parents, Laurence cottam ...Coucy, Robert De
A medieval French master-builder and son of a master-builder of the same name, born at Reims ...Coudert, Frederick René
Born in New York, 1 March, 1832; died at Washington, D. C., 20 December, 1903. He graduated from ...Councils, Ecumenical
This subject will be treated under the following heads: Definition Classification ...Councils, General
This subject will be treated under the following heads: Definition Classification ...Councils, Plenary
A canonical term applied to various kinds of ecclesiastical synods. The word itself, derived from ...Counsels, Evangelical
( Or COUNSELS OF PERFECTION). Christ in the Gospels laid down certain rules of life and ...Counter-Reformation, The
The subject will be considered under the following heads: I. Significance of the term II. Low ebb ...Counterpoint
(Latin contrapunctum ; German Kontrapunkt ; French contrepoint ; Italian contrapunto ). ...Court (in Scripture)
I. OPEN SPACE The word court , in the English Bible, corresponds to the Hebrew haçer ...Courtenay, William
Archbishop of Canterbury, born in the parish of St. Martin's, Exeter, England, c. 1342; died ...Courts, Ecclesiastical
I. JUDICIAL POWER IN THE CHURCH In instituting the Church as a perfect society, distinct from ...Cousin, Germain, Saint
Born in 1579 of humble parents at Pibrac, a village about ten miles from Toulouse ; died in ...Cousin, Jean
French painter, sculptor, etcher, engraver, and geometrician, born at Soucy, near Sens, 1500; ...Coussemaker, Charles-Edmond-Henride
French historian of music, b. at Bailleul, department of Nord, France, 19 April, 1805; d. at ...Coustant, Pierre
A learned Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, b. at Compiègne, France, 30 ...Coustou, Nicholas
French sculptor, b. at Lyons, 9 January, 1658; d. at Paris, 1 May, 1733. He was the son of a ...Coutances
Diocese of Coutances (Constantiensis) The Diocese of Coutances comprises the entire department of ...Couturier, Louis-Charles
Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Saint-Pierre at Solesmes and President of the French ...Covarruvias, Diego
(Or COVARRUBIAS Y LEYVA) Born in Toledo, Spain, 25 July, 1512; died in Madrid, 27 Sept., ...Covenant, Ark of the
The Hebrew aron , by which the Ark of the Covenant is expressed, does not call to the mind, as ...Covenanters
The name given to the subscribers (practically the whole Scottish nation) of the two Covenants, ...Covetousness
Generally, an unreasonable desire for what we do not possess. In this sense, it differs from ...Covington
(COVINGTONENSIS) Comprises that part of Kentucky, U. S. A., lying east of the Kentucky ...Cowl
( koukoulion, cucullus, cuculla, cucullio. -- Ducange, "Gloss.", s.v.). A hood worn in ...Coxcie, Michiel
Flemish painter, imitator of Raphael, known as the Flemish Raphael ; b. at Mechlin, 1499; d. ...Coysevox, Charles-Antoine
A distinguished French sculptor, b. at Lyons, 29 Sept., 1640; d. at Paris, 10 Oct., 1720; he ...Cozza, Lorenzo
Friar Minor, cardinal, and theologian, b. at San Lorenzo near Bolsena, 31 March, 1654; d. at Rome, ...Cozza-Luzi, Giuseppe
Italian savant, Abbot of the Basilian monastery of Grottaferrata near Rome ; b. 24 Dec., ...Cr 81
Cr 81
Crépieul, François
Jesuit missionary in Canada and vicar Apostolic for the Montagnais Indians; b. at Arras, ...Crétin, Joseph
First Bishop of St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. b. at Montluel, department of Ain, France, 19 ...Crétineau-Joly, Jacques
Journalist and historian; b. at Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendee, France, 23 Sept., 1803; d. at Vincennes ...Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de
A French agriculturist, b. at Caen, France, 1731; d. at Sarcelles, near Paris, 1813. At the age of ...Cracow
( Polish Krakow ; Latin Cracoviensis ). The Prince-Bishopric that comprises the western ...Cracow, The University of
The first documentary evidence regarding the scheme that King Casimir the Great conceived of ...Craigie, Pearl Mary Teresa
Better known, under the pseudonym which first won her fame, as JOHN OLIVER HOBBES. English ...Crashaw, Richard
Poet, Cambridge scholar and convert ; d. 1649. The date of his birth is uncertain. All that ...Crasset, Jean
Ascetical writer, b. at Dieppe, France, 3 January, 1618; d. at Paris, 4 January, 1692. He entered ...Craven, Augustus, Mrs.
(PAULINE-MARIE-ARMANDE-AGLAE-FERRON DE LA FERRONNAYS). Born 12 April, 1808, in London ; died ...Crawford, Francis Marion
Novelist, b. of American parents at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, 2 Aug., 1854; died at his home near ...Crayer, Gaspar de
Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp, 1582; d. at Ghent, 1669. He was a pupil of Raphael van Coxcie, ...Creagh, Richard
Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, b. at Limerick early in the sixteenth century; d. in the Tower ...Creation
(Latin creatio .) I. DEFINITION Like other words of the same ending, the term creation ...Creation, Six Days of
Hexaemeron signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of ...Creationism
( Latin creatio ). (1) In the widest sense, the doctrine that the material of the universe ...Credence
(Or Credence-Table). A small table of wood, marble, or other suitable material placed within ...Credi, Lorenzo di
Florentine painter, b. at Florence, 1459; d. there, 1537. Vasari gives his family name as ...Cree
(A contraction of Cristino or Kenisteno, their Ojibwa name, of uncertain meaning; they commonly ...Creed
(Latin credo , I believe). In general, a form of belief. The work, however, as applied to ...Creed, Apostles'
A formula containing in brief statements, or "articles," the fundamental tenets of Christian ...Creed, Liturgical Use of
The public use of creeds began in connection with baptism, in the Traditio and Redditio ...Creed, Nicene
As approved in amplified form at the Council of Constantinople (381), it is the profession of the ...Creeks
An important confederacy of Indian tribes and tribal remnants, chiefly of Muskogian stock, ...Creighton University
An institution located at Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A. and conducted by the Jesuit Fathers. It ...Crelier, Henri-Joseph
Swiss Catholic priest, Hebrew scholar and Biblical exegete ; b. at Bure, 16 October, 1816; d. at ...Crema, Diocese of
(CREMENSIS.) Suffragan to Milan. Crema is a ciy of the province of Cremona, Lombardy, ...Cremation
I. HISTORY The custom of burning the bodies of the dead dates back to very early times. The ...Cremona
DIOCESE OF CREMONA (CREMONENSIS) Suffragan of Milan. Cremona is a city (31,661 in 1901) in ...Crescens
Crescens, a companion of St. Paul during his second Roman captivity, appears but once in the New ...Crescentia, Modestus, and Vitus, Saints
According to the legend, martyrs under Diocletian ; feast, 15 June. The earliest testimony for ...Crescentius
The name of several leaders of the Roman aristocracy in the tenth century, during their ...Crescimbeni, Giovanni Mario
Italian historian of literature, chronicler, and poet, b. in Macerata, 9 Oct., 1663; d. 8 March ...Cresconius
(Or CRISCONIUS) A Latin canonist of uncertain date and place, flourished probably in the ...Cressy, Hugh Paulinus Serenus
Doctor of Theology and English Benedictine monk, b. at Thorpe-Salvin, Yorkshire, about 1605; d. ...Creswell, Joseph
( vere Arthur) Controversialist, b. 1557 of Yorkshire stock in London ; d. about 1623. His ...Crib
(Greek phatne ; Latin praesepe, praesepium .) The crib or manger in which the Infant ...Crime, Impediment of
An Impediment of Crime nullifies marriage according to ecclesiastical law, and arises from ...Crisium
A Græco-Slavonic Rite diocese in Croatia. Crisium is the Latin name of a little town some ...Crispin and Crispinian, Saints
Martyrs of the Early Church who were beheaded during the reign of Diocletian ; the date of ...Crispin of Viterbo, Blessed
Friar Minor Capuchin ; b. at Viterbo in 1668; d. at Rome, 19 May, 1750. When he was five years ...Crispin, Milo
Monk, and cantor of the Benedictine Abbey of Bec ; wrote the lives of five of its abbots : ...Crispina, Saint
A martyr of Africa who suffered during the Diocletian persecution ; b. at Thagara in the ...Criticism, Higher
Overview Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary ...Criticism, Historical
Historical criticism is the art of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of ...Criticism, Textual
The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work ...Crivelli, Carlo
Italian painter. Little is known of his life, and his b. and d. are usually reckoned by his ...Croagh Patrick
A mountain looking out on the Atlantic ocean from the southern shore of Clew Bay, in the County ...Croatia
With Slavonia, an autonomous state. It is bounded on the north by the Danube and the Drave; on the ...Croce, Giovanni
Composer, b. at Chioggia near Venice in 1557; d. 15 May, 1609. Under the tutelage at Venice ...Crockett, Venerable Ralph
English martyr, b. at Barton, near Farndon, Cheshire; executed at Chichester, 1 October, 1588. ...Croia
A titular see of Albania. Croia (pronounced Kruya, Albanian, "Spring") stands on the site of ...Croke, Thomas William
Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland, b. near Mallow, Co. Cork, 24 May, 1824; d. at Thurles, 22 July, ...Crolly, William
Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Ballykilbeg, near Downpatrick, 8 June, 1780; d. 6 April, 1849. At ...Cronan
Name of several Irish saints. St. Cronan Mochua Founder of the See of Balla, subsequently ...Crosier
(Or PASTORAL STAFF). The crosier is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops ...Crosiers, The
( Or Canons Regular of the Holy Cross). A religious order, founded by Théodore de ...Cross and Crucifix in Archæology
I. PRIMITIVE CRUCIFORM SIGNS The sign of the cross, represented in its simplest form by a ...Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy
(1) Material Objects in Liturgical Use ; (2) Liturgical Forms connected with Them ; (3) ...Cross of Jesus, Brothers of the
A congregation founded in 1820 at Lyons, France, by Father C.M. Bochard, Doctor of the Sorbonne, ...Cross, Daughters of the
A Belgian religious congregation founded in 1833 at Liège, by Jean-Guillaume Habets, ...Cross, Daughters of the
(Also called the Sisters of St. Andrew). The aim of this congregation is to instruct poor ...Cross, Daughters of the Holy
A French institute. The first steps towards the foundation of this society were taken in 1625 ...Cross, Sign of the
A term applied to various manual acts, liturgical or devotional in character, which have this at ...Cross, The True
(AND REPRESENTATIONS OF IT AS OBJECTS OF DEVOTION). (1) Growth Of the Christian Cult ; (2) ...Cross-Bearer
The cleric or minister who carries the processional cross, that is, a crucifix provided with a ...Crotus, Johann
(Properly Johannes Jäger, hence often called VENATOR, "hunter", but more commonly, in ...Crown of Thorns
Although Our Saviour's Crown of Thorns is mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded ...Crown of Thorns, Feast of the
The first feast in honour of the Crown of Thorns ( Festum susceptionis coronae Domini ) was ...Crown, Franciscan
( Or Seraphic Rosary.) A Rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the seven ...Croyland, Abbey of
(Or Crowland.) A monastery of the Benedictine Order in Lincolnshire, sixteen miles from ...Crucifix and Cross in Archæology
I. PRIMITIVE CRUCIFORM SIGNS The sign of the cross, represented in its simplest form by a ...Crucifix and Cross in Liturgy
(1) Material Objects in Liturgical Use ; (2) Liturgical Forms connected with Them ; (3) ...Crucifix, Altar
The crucifix is the principal ornament of the altar. It is placed on the altar to recall to the ...Cruelty to Animals
Pagan antiquity The first ethical writers of pagan antiquity to advocate the duty of kindness ...Cruet
A small vessel used for containing the wine and water required for the Holy Sacrifice of the ...Crusade, Bull of the
A Bull granting indulgences to those who took part in the wars against the infidels. These ...Crusades
The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy ...Crutched Friars
(Or Crossed Friars). An order of mendicant friars who went to England in the thirteenth ...Cruz, Ramón de la
Poet, b. at Madrid, Spain, 28 March, 1731; d. in the same city, 4 November, 1795. He was for a ...Crypt
(Or LOWER CHURCH). The word originally meant a hidden place, natural or artificial, suitable ...Cs 1
Cu 43
Cu 43
Cuba
Cuba, "The Pearl of the Antilles", is the largest and westernmost island of the West Indies. Its ...Cuenca
DIOCESE OF CUENCA (CONCA IN INDIIS). A suffragan of Quito, in the Republic of Ecuador, South ...Cuenca
(Conca) Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo. The episcopal city (10,756) is also the ...Cuernavaca
DIOCESE OF CUERNAVACA (CUERNAVACENSIS). The Diocese of Cuernavaca, erected 23 June, 1891, ...Cueva, Juan de la
Poet and dramatist, b. of a noble family at Seville, Spain, in 1550, d. in 1607. Little is ...Culdees
A word so frequently met with in histories of the medieval Churches of Ireland and Scotland, ...Cullen, Paul
Cardinal, Archbishop of Dublin, born at Prospect, Co. Kildare, Ireland, 29 April, 1803; died at ...Culm
A bishopric in the north-eastern part of Prussia, founded in 1234, suffragan to Gnessen. The ...Cult, Disparity of
( Disparitas Cultus ) A diriment impediment introduced by the Church to safeguard the ...Cummings, Jeremiah Williams
Publicist, b. in Washington, U.S.A. , April, 1814; d. at New York , 4 January, 1866. His ...Cuncolim, Martyrs of
On Monday, 25 July, 1583 (N.S.), the village of Cuncolim in the district of Salcete, territory of ...Cunegundes, Blessed
Poor Clare and patroness of Poland and Lithuania ; born in 1224; died 24 July, 1292, at ...Cuneo, Diocese of
(CUNEENSIS). Suffragan to Turin. Cuneo is the capital of the province of that name in ...Cuoq, André-Jean
Philologist, b. at LePuy, France, 1821; d. at Oka near Montreal, 1898. Jean Cuoq entered the ...Cupola
A spherical ceiling, or a bowl-shaped vault, rising like an inverted cup over a circular, square, ...Curé d'Ars
Curé of Ars, born at Dardilly, near Lyons, France, on 8 May, 1786; died at Ars, 4 ...Cura Animarum
( Latin cura animarum ), technically, the exercise of a clerical office involving the ...Curaçao
Vicariate apostolic ; includes the islands of the Dutch West Indies: Curaçao, Bonaire, ...Curate
( Latin curatus , from cura , care) Literally, one who has the cure (care) or charge of ...Curator
( Latin curare ). A person legally appointed to administer the property of another, who ...Cure of Souls
( Latin cura animarum ), technically, the exercise of a clerical office involving the ...Curia, Roman
Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff ...Curityba do Parana
(CURYTUBENSIS DE PARANA) Diocese ; suffragan of São Sebastião (Rio de Janeiro), ...Curium
A titular see of Cyprus, suppressed in 1222 by the papal legate, Pelagius. Koureus, son of ...Curley, James
An astronomer, b. at Athleague, County Roscommon, Ireland, 26 October, 1796; d. at Georgetown, ...Curr, Joseph
A priest, controversialist and martyr of charity, b. at Sheffield, England, in the last quarter ...Curry, John
Doctor of medicine and Irish historian, b. in Dublin in the first quarter of the eighteenth ...Cursing
In its popular acceptation cursing is often confounded, especially in the phrase "cursing and ...Cursor Mundi
(THE RUNNER OF THE WORLD) A Cursor Mundi is a Middle-English poem of nearly 30,000 lines ...Cursores Apostolici
Cursores Apostolici is the Latin title of the ecclesiastical heralds or pursuivants pertaining ...Curtain, Altar
Formerly, in most basilicas, cathedrals, and large churches a large structure in the form of a ...Curubis
A titular see of Africa Proconsularis. The town was fortified about 46 B.C. by P. Attius ...Cusæ
A titular see of Egypt. The Coptic name of this town was Kõskõ; in Greek it ...Cush
ep>(Son of Cham; Douay Version, Chus ) Cush, like the other names of the ethnological table ...Cuspinian, Johannes
(Properly SPIESHAYM or SPIESHAM) Distinguished humanist and statesman, born at Schweinfurt, ...Custom (in Canon Law)
A custom is an unwritten law introduced by the continuous acts of the faithful with the consent ...Custos
(1) An under-sacristan. (See S ACRISTAN .) (2) A superior or an official in the Franciscan ...Cuthbert
Abbot of Wearmouth ; a pupil of the Venerable Bede (d. 735). He was a native of Durham, but ...Cuthbert
Date of birth not known; died 25 October, 758. He is first heard of as Abbot of Liminge, Kent. ...Cuthbert, Saint
Bishop of Lindisfarne, patron of Durham, born about 635; died 20 March, 687. His emblem is the ...Cuyabá
(CUYABENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of São Sebastião (Rio de Janeiro) , Brazil. ...Cuyo, Virgin of
(At Mendoza, Argentine Republic ). Historians tell us that the statue of the Virgin of ...Cuzco, Diocese of
(Cuzcensis). Suffragan of Lima, Peru. The city of Cuzco, capital of the department of the same ...Cy 20
Cy 20
Cybistra
A titular see of Cappadocia in Asia Minor. Ptolemy (5, 7, 7) places this city in Lycaonia; ...Cyclades
A group of islands in the Ægean Sea. The ancients called by this name only Delos and eleven ...Cydonia
A titular see of Crete. According to old legends Cydonia (or Kydonia) was founded by King ...Cyme
A titular see of Asia Minor. Kyme (Doric, Kyma) was a port on the Kymaios Kolpos (Tchandarli ...Cynewulf
That certain Anglo-Saxon poems still extant were written by one Cynewulf is beyond dispute, for ...Cynic School of Philosophy
The Cynic School, founded at Athens about 400 B.C., continued in existence until about 200 B.C. ...Cyprian and Justina, Saints
Christians of Antioch who suffered martyrdom during the persecution of Diocletian at ...Cyprian of Carthage, Saint
(Thaschus Cæcilius Cyprianus). Bishop and martyr. Of the date of the saint's birth ...Cyprian of Toulon, Saint
Bishop of Toulon, born at Marseilles in 476; died 3 October, 546. He was the favourite pupil of ...Cyprus
An island in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Alexandretta. It was ...Cyrenaic School of Philosophy
The Cyrenaic School of Philosophy, so called from the city of Cyrene, in which it was founded, ...Cyrene
A titular see of Northern Africa. The city was founded early in the seventh century B.C. by a ...Cyril and Methodius, Saints
(Or CONSTANTINE and METHODIUS). These brothers, the Apostles of the Slavs, were born in ...Cyril of Alexandria, Saint
Doctor of the Church. St. Cyril has his feast in the Western Church on the 28th of January; in ...Cyril of Constantinople, Saint
General of the Carmelites, d. about 1235. All that is known is that he was prior of Mount ...Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint
Bishop of Jerusalem and Doctor of the Church, born about 315; died probably 18 March, 386. In ...Cyrrhus
A titular see of Syria. The city of the same name was the capital of the extensive district of ...Cyrus and John, Saints
Celebrated martyrs of the Coptic Church, surnamed thaumatourgoi anargyroi because they healed ...Cyrus of Alexandria
A Melchite patriarch of that see in the seventh century, and one of the authors of Monothelism ...Cyzicus
A titular see of Asia Minor, metropolitan of the ancient ecclesiastical province of ...Cz 1
Cz 1
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Daily Reading for Friday April 19, 2019
Reading 1, Isaiah 52:13--53:12
Psalm, Psalms 31:2, 6, 12-13, 15-16, 17, 25
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Reading 2, Hebrews 4:14-16; 5:7-9
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