Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament
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The practice of preserving after the celebration of the Liturgy a portion of the consecrated elements for the Communion of the sick or for other pious purposes. The extreme antiquity of such reservation cannot be disputed. Already Justin Martyr, in the first detailed account of Eucharistic practice we possess, tells us that at the close of the Liturgy "there is a distribution to each and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons " (I Apol., lxxxvii). Again St. Irenæus as quoted by Eusebius (Hist. eccl., V, xxiv, 15) wrote to Pope Victor that "the presbyters before thee who did not observe it [i.e., the Quartodeciman practice] sent the Eucharist to those of other districts who did observe it". Tertullian uses the actual word, reservare, and seems to suggest that a man who scrupled to break his fast on a fast day might approach the Holy Table and carry the Blessed Sacrament away with him to consume it later on–"accepto corpore Domini et reservato, utrumque salvum est, et participatio sacramenti et executio officii" ("De orat.", XIX; C. S. E. L., XX, 192. Cf. "Ad ux.", II, 5).
In St. Cyprian, about the middle of the third century, we already find the record of Eucharistic miracles, as, for example, when he tells us of a woman who sought to open with polluted hands the casket ( arca ) in which she kept the Blessed Sacrament and was deterred by flames bursting from it (De lapsis, 26; C.S.E.L., I, 256). And again, at about the same period, an account written by St. Dionysius of Alexandria has been copied by Eusebius (Hist. eccl., VI, xliv) from which we learn that a priest, being ill and unable himself to visit a dying person who had sent a boy to him to ask for the Holy Viaticum in the middle of the night, gave the boy a portion of the Eucharist to take to the sufferer who was to consume it moistened with water. This story illustrates the first and primary purpose of reservation, which is thus formally stated in the thirteenth canon of Nicæa: "With respect to the dying, the old rule of the Church should continue to be observed which forbids that anyone who is on the point of death should be deprived of the last and most necessary Viaticum " ( toû teleutaíon kaì ànagkaiotátou èphodíou ). But it was clearly also permitted to Christians, especially in the time of persecution, to keep the Blessed Sacrament in their own possession that they might receive it privately (see, e.g., St. Basil, Ep. cclxxxix, "Ad Cæsar", and St. Jerome , Ep. i, "Ad Pammach.", n. 15). This usage lasted on for many centuries, especially under certain exceptional circumstances, for example, in the case of hermits. An answer given by the Bishop of Corinth to Luke the Younger, an anchoret in Achaia in the tenth century, explains in detail how Communion should be received under such circumstances (Combefis, "Patr. Bib. Auctuar.", II, 45).
At an earlier date, when certain heretically-minded monks of Mount Calamon in Palestine expressed doubts whether the Holy Eucharist which had been kept to the morrow did not lose its consecration, St. Cyril of Alexandria wrote (P. G., LXXVI, 1075) that those who so spoke must be mad ( maínontai ). What is more surprising, it remained the custom in many religious houses of women in the West down to the eleventh and twelfth centuries or later to receive on the day of their solemn profession a little provision of the Blessed Sacrament, and with this they spent a period of eight days in a sort of retreat, being free "to partake daily of this heavenly food" (see Marténe, "De Antiquis Ecclesiæ Ritibus", II, 187). We also learn that Christians sought to carry the Blessed Sacrament about with them in times of grievous peril as a means of protection (St. Ambrose, "De Excessu Fratris", I, 43) or as a source of consolation. Further, as noticed above, the Eucharist was sent from one bishop to another in token of charitable comunion, and it appears from the first "Ordo Romanus" (nn. 8 and 22) that a portion of the Eucharist remaining over from a previous sacrifice was mingled with the elements consecrated in the next celebration, probably as a token of continuity, while the practice of the Mass of the Presanctified, in which the species previously consecrated alone were used, was from an early period prescribed in the Eastern Church throughout the whole of Lent, the Sundays only excepted.
On the other hand, there appears to be no reliable evidence that before the year 1000, or even later, the Blessed Sacrament was kept in churches in order that the faithful might visit it or pray before it. Such evidence as has been quoted in proof of such a practice will be found on closer inspection to tell the other way. For example, though the altar is called by St. Optatus of Milevis ("De schism. Don.", VI, I; in P. L., XI, 1066) the throne of the Body and Blood of Christ ( sedes et corporis et sanguinis Christi ), the altar is also described in the same context as the place "where Christ's Body and Blood dwell for a certain brief space" ( per certa momenta ). Further, the true explanation of a passage in which St. Gregory Nazianzen describes his sister Gorgonia as visiting the altar in the middle of the night (P. G., XXXV, 810) seems to be that she went there to seek such crumbs or traces of the Eucharistic species as might accidentally have fallen and been overlooked (see Journal of Theol. Stud., Jan, 1910, pp. 275- 78). It would probably, then, be correct to say that down to the later Middle Ages, those who came to the church to pray outside the hours of service came there not so much to honour the Eucharistic presence as to pray before the altar upon which Jesus Christ was wont to descend when the words of consecration were spoken in the Mass.
As to the manner and place of reservation during the early centuries there was no great uniformity of practice. Undoubtedly the Eucharist was at first often kept in private houses, but a Council of Toledo in 480, which denounced those who did not immediately consuime the sacred species when they received them from the priest at the altar, very possibly marks a change in this regard. On the other hand numerous decrees of synods and penalties entered in penitential books impose upon parish priests the duty of reserving the Blessed Sacrament for the use of the sick and dying, and at the same time of keeping it reverently and securely while providing by frequent renewal against any danger of the corruption of the sacred species. Caskets in the form of a dove or of a tower, made for the most part of one of the precious metals, were commonly used for the purpose, but whether in the early Middle Ages these Eucharistic vessels were kept over the altar, or elsewhere in the church, or in the sacristy, does not clearly appear. After the tenth century the commonest usage in England and France seems to have been to suspend the Blessed Sacrament in a dove-shaped vessel by a cord over the high altar ; but fixed and locked tabernacles were also known and indeed prescribed by the regulations of Bishop Quivil of Exeter at the end of the thirteenth century, though in England they never came into general use before the Reformation. In Germany, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a custom widely prevailed of enshrining the Eucharist in a "sacrament house", often beautifully decorated, separate from the high altar, but only a short distance away from it, and on the north, or Gospel, side of the Church. This custom seems to have originated in the desire to allow the Blessed Sacrament to be seen by the faithful without exactly contravening the synodal decrees which forbade any continuous exposition. In the sacrament house, the door was invariably made of metal lattice work, through which the vessel containing the sacred species could be discerned at least obscurely.
In modern times many provisions have been made to ensure reverence and security in the reservation of the Blessed Sacrament. With regard to the renewal of the species, it is laid down that the Eucharist should not be left for longer than a month, while a much less interval is recommended and generally followed in practice. The practice of burning a light before the tabernacle or other receptacle dates from the thirteenth century or earlier, but it was not at first regarded as of strict obligation. In the Greek Church the consecrated loaf is moistened with the species of wine and kept as a sort of crumbling paste.
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Râle, Sebastian
Missionary, martyr, b. at Pontarlier, Diocese of Besançoison, 20 Jan., 1654 (?); shot by ...Rä 1
Rä 1
Räss, Andreas
Bishop of Strasburg, b. at Sigolsheim in upper Alsace, 6 April, 1794; d. at Strasburg, 17 ...Ré 2
Ré 2
Régis, Jean-Baptiste
Born at Istres, Provence, 11 June, 1663, or 29 Jan., 1664; died at Peking, 24 Nov., 1738. He was ...Régis, Pierre Sylvain
Born at La Salvetat de Blanquefort, near Agen, in 1632; died in Paris, in 1707. After his ...Ra 67
Ra 67
Rabanus, Blessed Maurus Magnentius
( Also Hrabanus, Reabanus). Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, celebrated theological ...Rabbi and Rabbinism
The special condition which prevailed in Palestine after the Restoration led to the gradually ...Rabbulas
Bishop of Edessa and, in the later years of his life, one of the foremost opponents of ...Rabelais, François
The life of this celebrated French writer is full of obscurities. He was born at Chinon in ...Raccolta
( Italian "a collection") A book containing prayers and pious exercises to which the popes ...Race, Human
Mankind exhibits differences which have been variously interpreted. Some consider them so great ...Race, Negro
The term negro , derived from the Spanish and the Latin words meaning "black" ( negro; niger ...Rachel
Rachel ("a ewe"), daughter of Laban and younger sister of Lia. The journey of Jacob to the ...Racine, Jean
Dramatist, b. a La Ferté-Milon, in the old Duchy of Valois, 20 Dec., 1639; d. in Paris, ...Rader, Matthew
Philologist and historian, born at Innichen in the Tyrol in 1561; died at Munich, 22 December, ...Radewyns, Florens
Co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life , b. at Leyderdam, near Utrecht, about 1350; d. at ...Radowitz, Joseph Maria von
Born at Blankenburg, 6 February, 1797; died at Berlin, 25 December, 1853. Radowitz was of ...Radulph of Rivo
(or OF TONGRES; RADULPH VAN DER BEEKE) An historian and liturgist, born at Breda, in Dutch ...Raffeix, Pierre
Missionary, born at Clermont, 1633; died at Quebec, 1724. He entered the Society of Jesus in ...Ragueneau, Paul
Jesuit missionary, b. in Paris, 18 March, 1608; d. 8 Sept., 1680. He entered the Society in ...Ragusa
DIOCESE OF RAGUSA (EPIDAURUS; RAGUSINA). A bishopric in Dalmatia, suffragan of Zara. The ...Raich, Johann Michael
Catholic theologian, born at Ottobeuren in Bavaria, 17 January, 1832; died at Mainz, 28 March, ...Rail, Altar
The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. It ...Raimondi, Marcantonio
Engraver, b. at Bologna, 1475 (1480?); d. there, 1530 (1534?). He studied under the goldsmith and ...Rainald of Dassel
Born probably not before 1115; died in Italy, 14 August, 1167. A younger son of a rich Saxon ...Rajpootana
Prefecture Apostolic in India, attached to the Province of Agra, comprises approximately the ...Ralph Crockett, Venerable
English martyr, b. at Barton, near Farndon, Cheshire; executed at Chichester, 1 October, 1588. ...Ralph Milner, Venerable
Layman and martyr, born at Flacsted, Hants, England, early in the sixteenth century; suffered ...Ralph Sherwin, Blessed
English martyr, born 1550 at Rodesley, near Longford, Derbyshire; died at Tyburn, 1 December, ...Ram, Pierre François Xavier de
Born at Louvain 2 Sept., 1804; died there 14 May, 1865; Belgian historian and rector of the ...Ramatha
A titular see in Palestine, suppressed in 1884 by the Roman Curia . It was never an episcopal ...Rambler, The
A Catholic periodical (not of course to be confused with the older "Rambler", published a ...Rameau, Jean-Philippe
Musician, b. at Dijon, Burgundy, 25 Sept., 1683; d. at Paris, 12 Sept., 1764. His father, ...Ramsey Abbey
Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdonshire, England, was founded by Ailwine (Ethelwine, Egelwine), a Saxon ...Ramus, Peter
(PIERRE DE LA RAMÉE) Humanist and logician, b. at Cuth in Picardy, 1515; d. in Paris, ...Rancé, Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de
Abbot and reformer of Notre Dame de la Trappe, second son of Denis Bouthillier, Lord of ...Randall, James Ryder
Journalist and poet, b. 1 Jan., 1839, at Baltimore, Maryland ; d. 15 Jan., 1908 at Augusta, ...Ransom, Feast of Our Lady of
24 September, a double major, commemorates the foundation of the Mercedarians. On 10 August, ...Raphael
The most famous name in the history of painting, b. at Urbino, 6 April (or 28 March), 1483; d. at ...Raphael, Saint
The name of this archangel ( Raphael = " God has healed") does not appear in the Hebrew ...Raphoe
Diocese of Raphoe (Rapotensis) Comprises the greater part of the Co. Donegal (Gael. Tirconail ...Rapin, René
French Jesuit, born at Tours, 1621; died in Paris, 1687. He entered the Society in 1639, taught ...Raskolniks
(Russian raskolnik , a schismatic, a dissenter; from raskol , schism, splitting; that in ...Rathborne, Joseph
Priest and controversialist (sometimes erroneously called RATHBONE), born at Lincoln, 11 May, ...Ratherius of Verona
He was born about 887; died at Namur 25 April, 974. He belonged to a noble family which lived in ...Ratio Studiorum
The term "Ratio Studiorum" is commonly used to designate the educational system of the Jesuits ; ...Rationale
Rational, an episcopal humeral, a counterpart of the pallium, and like it worn over the chasuble. ...Rationalism
(Latin, ratio -- reason, the faculty of the mind which forms the ground of calculation, i.e. ...Ratisbon
DIOCESE OF RATISBON (RATISBONENSIS), also called REGENSBURG. Suffragan of Munich-Freising. It ...Ratisbonne, Maria Alphonse
A converted Jew, born at Strasburg on 1 May, 1814; died at Ain Karim near Jerusalem, on 6 May, ...Ratisbonne, Maria Theodor
A distinguished preacher and writer, and director of the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers, ...Ratramnus
(Rathramnus) A Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Corbie, in the present Department of Somme, ...Ratzeburg, Ancient See of
(RACEBURGUM, RACEBURGENSIS.) In Germany, suffragan to Hamburg. The diocese embraced the ...Ratzinger, Georg
Political economist and social reformer, b. at Rickering, near Deggendorf, in lower Bavaria, 3 ...Rauscher
Prince- Archbishop of Vienna, born at Vienna, 6 Oct., 1797; died there 24 Nov., 1875. He ...Ravalli, Antonio
Missionary, b. in Italy, 1811; d. at St. Mary's, Montana, U. S. A., 2 Oct., 1884. He entered ...Ravenna
Archdiocese of Ravenna (Ravennatensis) The city of Ravenna is the capital of a province in ...Ravesteyn, Josse
Born about 1506, at Tielt, a small town in Flanders, hence often called T ILETANUS (J ODACUS ...Ravignan, Gustave Xavier Lacroix de
French Jesuit, orator, and author, b. at Bayonne (Basses-Pyrénées), 1 Dec. 1795; ...Rawes, Henry Augustus
Oblate of St. Charles, hymn-writer and preacher, b. at Easington near Durham, England, 11 Dec., ...Raymbault, Charles
Missionary, b. in France, 1602; entered the Society of Jesus at Rouen (1621); d. at Quebec, ...Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles
Count of Toulouse and of Tripoli, b. about 1043; d. at Tripoli in 1105. He was the son of ...Raymond Lully
(RAMON LULL) "Doctor Illuminatus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, ...Raymond Martini
Dominican, theologian, Orientalist, b. at Subirats, Catalonia, c. 1220; d. after July, 1284. In ...Raymond Nonnatus, Saint
(In Spanish SAN RAMON). Born 1200 or 1204 at Portello in the Diocese of Urgel in Catalonia ...Raymond of Peñafort, Saint
Born at Villafranca de Benadis, near Barcelona, in 1175; died at Barcelona, 6 January, 1275. He ...Raymond of Sabunde
(SABONDE, SEBON, SEBEYDE, etc.) Born at Barcelona, Spain, towards the end of the fourteenth ...Raymond VI
Count of Toulouse, b. 1156; d. 1222; succeeded his father, Raymond V, in 1195. He was a ...Raymond VII
Count of Toulouse, son of Raymond VI, b. at Beaucaire, 1197; d. at Milhaud, 1249; had espoused a ...Raynaldi, Odorico
Oratorian, b. at Treviso in 1595; d. at Rome, 22 January, 1671. Of patrician birth, he studied ...Raynaud, Théophile
Theologian and writer, b. at Sospello near Nice, 15 Nov., 1583; d. at Lyons, 31 Oct., 1663. He ...Raynouard, Françpois-Juste-Marie
A French poet, dramatist, and philologist, b. at Brignoles, Var, 8 September, 1761; d. at Passy, ...Re 118
Re 118
Reading Abbey
Reading Abbey in Surrey, England, was founded by Henry I in 1121, who built it, writes ...Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Realism, Nominalism, Conceptualism
These terms are used to designate the theories that have been proposed as solutions of one of the ...Reason
GENERAL MEANINGS Both in ordinary life and in philosophical discussions the term reason is of ...Reason, Age of
The name given to that period of human life at which persons are deemed to begin to be morally ...Recanati and Loreto
DIOCESE OF RECANATI AND LORETO (RECINETENSIS) Province of Ancona, Central Italy, so called ...Rechab and the Rechabites
Rechab was the father of Jonadab who in 2 Kings 10:15-28 , appears as a fervent supporter of ...Recollection
Recollection, as understood in respect to the spiritual life, means attention to the presence of ...Reconciliation, Sacrament of
Penance is a sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins ...Rector
(From the Latin regere , to rule). Priests who preside over missions or quasi- parishes ...Rector Potens, Verax Deus
The daily hymn for Sext in the Roman Breviary finds its theme in the great heat and light of ...Recusants, English
The first statute in which the term "Popish Recusants" is used is 35 Eliz. c. 2, "An Act for ...Red Sea
(Hebrew Yâm-Sûph; Septuagint ‘e ’eruthrà thálassa; ...Redeemer, Feast of the Most Holy
The feast is found only in the special calendar of some dioceses and religious orders, and ...Redeemer, Knights of the
A secular community founded in 1608 by the Duke of Mentone, Vincent Gonzaga, on the occasion of ...Redemption
The restoration of man from the bondage of sin to the liberty of the children of God ...Redemption in the Old Testament
Redemption means either strictly deliverance by payment of a price or ransom, or simply ...Redemptions, Penitential
Penitential redemptions are the substitution of exercises (especially alms-deeds), either easier ...Redemptoristines
The cradle of the Redemptoristines is Scala, not far from Amalfi, Italy. Father Thomas Falcoia, of ...Redemptorists
(CONGREGATION OF THE MOST HOLY REDEEMER) A society of missionary priests founded by St. ...Redford, Sebastion
Born 27 April, 1701; died 2 January, 1763. Educated at St. Omer , Watten, and Liège, ...Redi, Francesco
Italian poet, b. at Arezzo, 18 February, 1626; d. at Pisa 1 March, 1698. After taking his ...Reding, Augustine
Prince-Abbot of Einsiedeln and theological writer, born at Lichtensteig, Switzerland, 10 ...Reductions of Paraguay
The Jesuit Reductions of Paraguay, one of the most singular and beautiful creations of Catholic ...Referendarii
The papal office of the referendarii (from refero , to inform) existed at the Byzantine ...Reform of a Religious Order
Reform of a Religious Order, in the true sense of the word, is a return or bringing back of the ...Reformation, The
The usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the ...Reformed Churches
The name given to Protestant bodies which adopted the tenets of Zwingli and, later, the ...Refuge, Cities of
Towns which according to the Jewish law enjoyed the right of asylum and to which anyone who had ...Refuge, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the
The Institute of Our Lady of Charity was founded (1641) by [St. Jean] Eudes, at Caen, Normandy, ...Regale, Droit de
( jus regaliœ, jus regale, jus deportus; German Regalienrecht ) Droit de Regale ...Regalia
According to the usage current in the British Isles the term regalia is almost always employed to ...Regeneration
(Latin regeneratio ; Greek anagennesis and paliggenesia ). Regeneration is a ...Regensburg
DIOCESE OF RATISBON (RATISBONENSIS), also called REGENSBURG. Suffragan of Munich-Freising. It ...Regesta, Papal
Papal Regesta are the copies, generally entered in special registry volumes, of the papal ...Reggio dell' Emilia
DIOCESE OF REGGIO DELL' EMILIA (REGINENSIS) Suffragan of Modena in central Italy. The city is ...Reggio di Calabria
ARCHDIOCESE OF REGGIO DI CALABRIA (RHEGIENSIS). Archdiocese in Calabria, southern Italy. The ...Regina
DIOCESE OF REGINA (REGINENSIS) A newly created (4 March, 1910) ecclesiastical division, ...Regina Coeli
The opening words of the Eastertide anthem of the Blessed Virgin, the recitation of which is ...Reginald of Piperno
Dominican, theologian, companion of St. Thomas Aquinas, b. at Piperno about 1230; d. about 1290. ...Regino of Prüm
Date of birth unknown; d. at Trier in 915. According to the statements of a later era Regino was ...Regionarii
The name given in later antiquity and the early Middle Ages to those clerics and officials of ...Regis, John Francis, Saint
Born 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ...Registers, Parochial
One having the cure of souls is commanded by Divine precept to know his subjects (Conc. Trid., ...Regnault, Henri Victor
Chemist and physicist, b. at Aachen, 21 July, 1810; d. in Paris, 19 Jan., 1878. Being left an ...Regulæ Juris
("Rules of Law") General rules or principles serving chiefly for the interpretation of laws. ...Regulars
( Latin regula, rule). The observance of the Rule of St. Benedict procured for the monks ...Reichenau
Reichenau, called Augia Dives in medieval Latin manuscripts and possessing a once ...Reichensperger, August
Politician and author, born at Coblenz, 22 March, 1808; died at Cologne, 16 July, 1895. He studied ...Reichensperger, Peter
Jurist and parliamentarian, b. at Coblenz, 28 May, 1810; d. at Berlin, 31 December, 1892. He ...Reifenstein
A former Cistercian abbey in Eichsfeld, founded on 1 August, 1162 by Count Ernst of Tonna. It ...Reiffenstuel, Johann Georg
In religion A NACLETUS Theologian and canonist; b. at Kaltenbrunn (Tegernsee) 2 July, 1641; d. ...Reims
ARCHDIOCESE OF REIMS (RHEMENSIS) The Archdiocese of Reims comprises the district of Reims in ...Reims, Synods of
The first synod said to have been held at Reims by Archbishop Sonnatius between 624 and 630 ...Reinmar of Hagenau
A German minnesinger of the twelfth century, surnamed in the manuscripts der Alte (the old) to ...Reisach, Carl von
Born at Roth, Bavaria, 7 July, 1800; died in the Redemptorist monastery of Contamine, France, ...Reisch, Gregor
Born at Balingen in Wurtemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May, 1525. In 1487 he ...Relationship
(CARNAL AND SPIRITUAL) The theologians understand by relationship in general a certain ...Relatives, Duties of
The general precept of charity obliging us to love our neighbour as ourselves is of course ...Relativism
Any doctrine which denies, universally or in regard to some restricted sphere of being, the ...Relics
The word relics comes from the Latin reliquiae (the counterpart of the Greek leipsana ) ...Religion
I. Derivation, Analysis, and Definition. II. Subjective Religion. III. Objective ...Religion, Virtue of
Of the three proposed derivations of the word "religion", that suggested by Lactantius and ...Religions, Statistics of
I. DEFINITION This study concerns itself with religious bodies, the number of their members, and ...Religious Life
I. GENERAL VIEW AND EVANGELICAL IDEA OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE A. GENERAL VIEW We all have within us ...Religious Profession
HISTORICAL VIEW Profession may be considered either as a declaration openly made, or as a state ...Reliquaries
It would follow of necessity from the data given in the article RELICS that ...Remesiana
A titular see in Dacia Mediterranea, suffragan of Sardica. Remesiana is mentioned by the ...Remigius of Auxerre
A Benedictine monk, b. about the middle of the ninth century; d. 908. Remigius, or Remi, was a ...Remigius, Saint
Apostle of the Franks, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Cerny or Laon, 437; d. at Reims, 13 January ...Remiremont
Vosges, France, monastery and nunnery of the Rule of St. Benedict, founded by Sts. Romaricus ...Remuzat, Ven. Anne-Madeleine
Born at Marseilles, 29 Nov., 1696; died 15 Feb., 1730. At nine years of age she asked her parents ...Remy, Abbey of Saint
Founded at Reims before 590. Its early history is very obscure; at first a little chapel ...Renaissance, The
The Renaissance may be considered in a general or a particular sense, as (1) the achievements of ...Renaudot, Eusebius
An apologetical writer and Orientalist, b. at Paris, 22 July, 1648; d. there, 1 Sept., 1720. He ...Renaudot, Théophraste
Born at Loudun, 1586; died at Paris, 25 October, 1653. Doctor of the medical faculty at ...Reni, Guido
Italian painter, b. at Calvenzano near Bologna, 4 Nov., 1575; d. at Bologna, 18 Aug. 1642. At one ...Rennes
(RHEDONENSIS) Rennes includes the Department of Ille et Vilaine. The Concordat of 1802 ...Renty, Gaston Jean Baptiste de
Born 1611 at the castle of Beni, Diocese of Bayeux in Normandy ; died 24 April, 1649. The only ...Renunciation
( Latin renuntiare ). A canonical term signifying the resignation of an ecclesiastical ...Reordinations
I. STATE OF THE QUESTION The Oratorian Jean Morin , in the seventeenth century, and Cardinal ...Reparation
Reparation is a theological concept closely connected with those of atonement and satisfaction, ...Repington, Philip
( Also Repyngdon). Cardinal-priest of the title of SS. Nereus and Achilleus, Bishop of ...Repose, Altar of
(Sometimes called less properly sepulchre or tomb, more frequently repository). The altar ...Reputation (as Property)
It is certain that a man is indefeasibly the owner of what he has been able to produce by his ...Requiem, Masses of
Masses of Requiem will be treated under the following heads: I. Origins; II. Formulary ; III. ...Rerum Crerator Optime
The hymn for Matins of Wednesday in the Divine Office. It comprises four strophes of four ...Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor
The daily hymn for None in the Roman Breviary, comprises (like the hymns for Terce and Sext ...Rerum Novarum
The opening words and the title of the Encyclical issued by Leo XIII, 15 May, 1891, on the ...Rescripts, Papal
( Latin re-scribere , "to write back") Rescripts are responses of the pope or a Sacred ...Reservation
The restriction in certain cases by a superior of the jurisdiction ordinarily exercised by an ...Reserved Cases
A term used for sins whose absolution is not within the power of every confessor, but is ...Residence, Ecclesiastical
A remaining or abiding where one's duties lie or where one's occupation is properly carried on, ...Respicius, Tryphon, and Nympha
Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November. Tryphon is said to have ...Respighi, Lorenzo
Born at Cortemaggiore, Province of Piacenza, 7 October, 1824; died at Rome, 10 December, 1889. He ...Responsorium
Responsory, or Respond, a series of verses and responses, usually taken from Holy Scripture and ...Restitution
Restitution has a special sense in moral theology. It signifies an act of commutative justice ...Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall ...Resurrection, General
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. The Fourth Lateran ...Rethel, Alfred
Born at Aachen, 1816; died at Düsseldorf, 1859. He combined in a brilliant and forcible ...Retreat of the Sacred Heart, Congregation of
(DAMES DE LA RETRAITE) Originally founded in 1678 under the name of the Institute of Retreat, ...Retreats
If we call a retreat a series of days passed in solitude and consecrated to practices of ...Retz, Cardinal de
ARCHBISHOP OF PARIS Born at the Château of Montmirail, Oct., 1614; died in Paris, 24 ...Reuben
(REUBEN.) A proper name which designates in the Bible : (1) a patriarch; (II) a tribe of ...Reuchlin, Johannes
( Græcized , Capnion). Celebrated German humanist, b. at Pforzheim, Baden, 22 ...Reumont, Alfred von
Statesman and historian, b. at Aachen, 15 August, 1808; d. there, 27 April, 1887. After finishing ...Reusens, Edmond
Archeologist and historian, b. at Wijneghem (Antwerp), 25 April, 1831; d. at Louvain, 25 Dec., ...Reuss
Name of the two smallest states of the German Confederation, which lie almost in the centre of ...Revelation
I. MEANING OF REVELATION Revelation may be defined as the communication of some truth by God ...Revelation, Book of
Apocalypse, from the verb apokalypto , to reveal, is the name given to the last book in the ...Revelations, Private
There are two kinds of revelations: (1) universal revelations, which are contained in the Bible ...Revocation
The act of recalling or annulling, the reversal of an act, the recalling of a grant, or the making ...Revolution, English
James II, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of Monmouth's ...Revolution, French
The last thirty years have given us a new version of the history of the French Revolution, the ...Rex Gloriose Martyrum
Rex Gloriose Martyrum, the hymn at Lauds in the Common of Martyrs (Commune plurimorum ...Rex Sempiterne Cælitum
The Roman Breviary hymn for Matins of Sundays and weekdays during the Paschal Time (from ...Rey, Anthony
An educator and Mexican War chaplain, born at Lyons, 19 March, 1807; died near Ceralvo, Mexico, ...Reynolds, William
(RAINOLDS, RAYNOLDS, REGINALDUS) Born at Pinhorn near Exeter, about 1544; died at Antwerp, ...Rh 18
Rh 18
Rhætia
(RHÆTORUM). Prefecture Apostolic in Switzerland ; includes in general the district ...Rhaphanæa
A titular see in Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea. Rhaphanæa is mentioned in ancient ...Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel
A composer and organist, born at Vaduz, in the Principality of Lichtenstein, Bavaria, 17 March, ...Rhenish Palatinate
( German Rheinpfalz ). A former German electorate. It derives its name from the title of a ...Rhesæna
A titular see in Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa. Rhesæna (numerous variations of the name ...Rhinocolura
A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium. Rhinocolura or Rhinocorura was a ...Rhithymna
(RHETHYMNA) A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, mentioned by Ptolemy, III, 15, ...Rhizus
( Rizous .) A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus suffragan of Neocæsarea, ...Rho, Giacomo
Missionary, born at Milan, 1593; died at Peking 27 April, 1638. He was the son of a noble and ...Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and xxyyyk.htm">Providence Plantations, one of the thirteen original ...Rhodes
(RHODUS) A titular metropolitan of the Cyclades. It is an island opposite to Lycia and ...Rhodes, Alexandre De
A missionary and author, born at Avignon, 15 March, 1591; died at Ispahan, Persia, 5 Nov., 1660. ...Rhodesia
A British possession in South Africa, bounded on the north and north-west by the Congo Free ...Rhodiopolis
A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra, called Rhodia by Ptolemy (V, 3) and Stephanus ...Rhodo
A Christian writer who flourished in the time of Commodus (180-92); he was a native of Asia ...Rhosus
A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, suffragan to Anazarba. Rhosus or Rhossus was a seaport ...Rhymed Bibles
The rhymed versions of the Bible are almost entirely collections of the psalms. The oldest ...Rhythmical Office
I. DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND DIVISION By rhythmical office is meant a liturgical horary ...Ri 66
Ri 66
Ribadeneira, Pedro de
(Or RIBADENEYRA and among Spaniards often RIVADENEIRA) Pedro De Ribadeneira was born at ...Ribas, Andrés Pérez De
A pioneer missionary, historian of north-western Mexico; born at Cordova, Spain, 1576; died in ...Ribe, Ancient See of, in Denmark (Jutland)
(RIPAE, RIPENSIS.) The diocese (29 deaneries, 278 parishes ) consisted of the modern ...Ribeirao Preto
(DE RIBERAO PRETO) A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of São Paulo , Brazil, ...Ribera, Jusepe de
Called also SPAGNOLETTO, L'ESPAGNOLET (the little Spaniard) Painter born at Jativa, 12 Jan., ...Ricardus Anglicus
Ricardus Anglicus, Archdeacon of Bologna, was an English priest who was rector of the law ...Riccardi, Nicholas
A theologian, writer and preacher; born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May, 1639. Physically ...Ricci, Lorenzo
General of the Society of Jesus b. at Florence, 2 Aug., 1703; d. at the Castle of Sant' Angelo, ...Ricci, Matteo
Founder of the Catholic missions of China, b. at Macerata in the Papal States, 6 Oct. 1552; ...Riccioli, Giovanni Battista
Italian astronomer, b. at Ferrara 17 April, 1598; d. at Bologna 25 June, 1671. He entered the ...Rice, Edmund Ignatius
Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (better known as "Irish ...Rich, St. Edmund
Archbishop of Canterbury, England, born 20 November, c. 1180, at Abingdon, six miles from ...Richard
A Friar minor and preacher, appearing in history between 1428 and 1431, whose origin and ...Richard de Bury
Bishop and bibliophile, b. near Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, England, 24 Jan., 1286; d. at ...Richard de la Vergne, François-Marie-Benjamin
Archbishop of Paris, born at Nantes, 1 March, 1819; died in Paris, 28 January, 1908. ...Richard de Wyche, Saint
Bishop and confessor, b. about 1197 at Droitwich, Worcestershire, from which his surname is ...Richard Fetherston, Blessed
Priest and martyr ; died at Smithfield, 30 July, 1540. He was chaplain to Catharine of Aragon ...Richard I, King Of England
Richard I, born at Oxford, 6 Sept, 1157; died at Chaluz, France, 6 April, 1199; was known to ...Richard of Cirencester
Chronicler, d. about 1400. He was the compiler of a chronicle from 447 to 1066, entitled "Speculum ...Richard of Cornwall
(RICHARD RUFUS, RUYS, ROSSO, ROWSE). The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but he ...Richard of Middletown
(A MEDIA VILLA). Flourished at the end of the thirteenth century, but the dates of his birth ...Richard of St. Victor
Theologian, native of Scotland, but the date and place of his birth are unknown; d. 1173 and ...Richard Thirkeld, Blessed
Martyr ; b. at Coniscliffe, Durham, England ; d. at York, 29 May, 1583. From Queen's College, ...Richard Whiting, Blessed
Last Abbot of Glastonbury and martyr, parentage and date of birth unknown, executed 15 Nov., ...Richard, Charles-Louis
Theologian and publicist; b. at Blainville-sur-l'Eau, in Lorraine, April, 1711; d. at Mons, ...Richardson, Ven. William
( Alias Anderson.) Last martyr under Queen Elizabeth; b. according to Challoner at Vales in ...Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de
Cardinal ; French statesman, b. in Paris, 5 September, 1585; d. there 4 December 1642. At first ...Richmond, Diocese of
(RICHMONDENSIS.) Suffragan of Baltimore, established 11 July, 1820, comprises the State of ...Ricoldo da Monte di Croce
(PENNINI.) Born at Florence about 1243; d. there 31 October, 1320. After studying in various ...Riemenschneider, Tillmann
One of the most important of Frankish sculptors, b. at Osterode am Harz in or after 1460; d. at ...Rienzi, Cola di
(i.e., NICOLA, son of Lorenzo) A popular tribune and extraordinary historical figure. His ...Rieti
(REATINA). Diocese in Central Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See. The city is ...Rievaulx, Abbey of
(RIEVALL.) Thurston, Archbishop of York, was very anxious to have a monastery of the newly ...Riffel, Caspar
Historian, b. at Budesheim, Bingen, Germany, 19 Jan., 1807, d. at Mainz, 15 Dec., 1856. He ...Rigby, John, Saint
English martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ...Rigby, Nicholas
Born 1800 at Walton near Preston, Lancashire; died at Ugthorpe, 7 September, 1886. At twelve years ...Right
Right, as a substantive (my right, his right), designates the object of justice. When a person ...Right of Exclusion
(Latin Jus Exclusivæ . The alleged competence of the more important Catholic ...Right of Option
In canon law an option is a way of obtaining a benefice or a title, by the choice of the new ...Right of Voluntary Association
I. LEGAL RIGHT A voluntary association means any group of individuals freely united for the ...Rimbert, Saint
Archbishop of Bremen - Hamburg, died at Bremen 11 June, 888. It is uncertain whether he was ...Rimini
DIOCESE OF RIMINI (ARIMINUM). Suffragan of Ravenna. Rimini is situated near the coast between ...Rimini, Council of
The second Formula of Sirmium (357) stated the doctrine of the Anomoeans, or extreme Arians. ...Rimouski
DIOCESE OF RIMOUSKI (SANCTI GERMANI DE RIMOUSKI) Suffragan of Quebec, comprises the counties of ...Ring of the Fisherman, The
The earliest mention of the Fisherman's ring worn by the popes is in a letter of Clement IV ...Rings
Although the surviving ancient rings, proved by their devices, provenance, etc., to be of ...Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista
Born at Rome, 1592; d. at Fermo, 1653; was the son of a Florentine patrician, his mother being a ...Rio Negro
Prefecture Apostolic in Brazil, bounded on the south by a line running westwards from the ...Rio, Alexis-François
French writer on art, b. on the Island of Arz, Department of Morbihan, 20 May, 1797; d. 17 June, ...Riobamba
Diocese of (Bolivarensis), suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, erected by Pius IX, 5 January, 1863. ...Rioja, Francisco de
A poet, born at Seville, 1583; died at Madrid, 1659. Rioja was a canon in the cathedral at ...Ripalda, Juan Martínez de
Theologian, b. at Pamplona, Navarre, 1594; d. at Madrid, 26 April, 1648. He entered the Society ...Ripatransone
(RIPANENSIS). Diocese in Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy. The city is situated on five hills, ...Ripon, Marquess of
George Frederick Samuel Robinson, K.G., P.C., G.C.S.I., F.R.S., Earl de Grey, Earl of Ripon, ...Risby, Richard
Born in the parish of St. Lawrence, Reading, 1489; executed at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1534. ...Rishanger, William
Chronicler, b. at Rishangles, Suffolk, about ú d. after 1312. He became a Benedictine at ...Rishton, Edward
Born in Lancashire, 1550; died at Sainte-Ménehould, Lorraine, 29 June, 1585. He was ...Rita of Cascia, Saint
Born at Rocca Porena in the Diocese of Spoleto , 1386; died at the Augustinian convent of ...Rites
I. NAME AND DEFINITION Ritus in classical Latin in means primarily, the form and manner of any ...Rites in the United States
Since immigration from the eastern portion of Europe and from Asia and Africa set in with ...Ritschlianism
Ritschlianism is a peculiar conception of the nature and scope of Christianity, widely held in ...Ritter, Joseph Ignatius
Historian, b. at Schweinitz, Silesia, 12 April, 1787; d. at Breslau, 5 Jan., 1857. He pursued his ...Ritual
The Ritual ( Rituale Romanum ) is one of the official books of the Roman Rite. It contains all ...Ritualists
The word "Ritualists" is the term now most commonly employed to denote that advanced section of ...Rivington, Luke
Born in London, May, 1838; died in London, 30 May, 1899; fourth son of Francis Rivington, a ...Rizal, José Mercado
Filipino hero, physician, poet, novelist, and sculptor ; b. at Calamba, Province of La Laguna, ...Ro 133
Ro 133
Robbers, Seven
(Septem Latrones), martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their ...Robbia, Andrea della
Nephew, pupil, assistant, and sharer of Luca's secrets, b. at Florence, 1431; d. 1528. It is ...Robbia, Lucia di Simone
Sculptor, b. at Florence, 1400; d. 1481. He is believed to have studied design with a goldsmith, ...Robert Bellarmine, Saint
(Also, "Bellarmino"). A distinguished Jesuit theologian, writer, and cardinal, born at ...Robert Johnson, Blessed
Born in Shropshire, entered the German College, Rome, 1 October, 1571. Ordained priest at ...Robert of Arbrissel
Itinerant preacher, founder of Fontevrault, b. c. 1047 at Arbrissel (now Arbressec) near ...Robert of Courçon
(DE CURSONE, DE CURSIM, CURSUS, ETC.). Cardinal, born at Kedleston, England ; died at ...Robert of Geneva
Antipope under the name of Clement VII, b. at Geneva, 1342; d. at Avignon, 16 Sept., 1394. He ...Robert of Jumièges
Archbishop of Canterbury (1051-2). Robert Champart was a Norman monk of St. Ouen at Rouen ...Robert of Luzarches
(LUS). Born at Luzarches near Pontoise towards the end of the twelfth century; is said to have ...Robert of Melun
(DE MELDUNO; MELIDENSIS; MEIDUNUS). An English philosopher and theologian, b. in England ...Robert of Molesme, Saint
Born about the year 1029, at Champagne, France, of noble parents who bore the names of Thierry ...Robert of Newminster, Saint
Born in the district of Craven, Yorkshire, probably at the village of Gargrave; died 7 June, 1159. ...Robert Pullus
(PULLEN, PULLAN, PULLY.) See also ROBERT PULLEN. Cardinal, English philosopher and ...Robert, Saint
Founder of the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu in Auvergne, b. at Aurilac, Auvergne, about 1000; d. in ...Roberts, Saint John
First Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ...Robertson, James Burton
Historian, b. in London 15 Nov., 1800; d. at Dublin 14 Feb., 1877, son of Thomas Robertson, a ...Robinson, Venerable Christopher
Born at Woodside, near Westward, Cumberland, date unknown; executed at Carlisle, 19 Aug., 1598. ...Robinson, William Callyhan
Jurist and educator, b. 26 July, 1834, at Norwich, Conn.; d. 6 Nov., 1911, at Washington, D.C. ...Rocaberti, Juan Tomás de
Theologian, b. of a noble family at Perelada, in Catalina, c. 1624; d. at Madrid 13 June, 1699. ...Rocamadour
Communal chief town of the canton of Gramat, district of Gourdon, Department of Lot, in the ...Rocca, Angelo
Founder of the Angelica Library at Rome, b. at Rocca, now Arecevia, near Ancone, 1545; d. at ...Roch, Saint
Born at Montpellier towards 1295; died 1327. His father was governor of that city. At his birth ...Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien
Marshal, b. at Vendôme, France, 1 July, 1725; d. at Thoré, 10 May, 1807. At the age ...Roche, Alanus de la
( Sometimes DE LA ROCHE). Born about 1428; died at Zwolle in Holland, 8 September, 1475. ...Rochester, Ancient See of
(ROFFA; ROFFENSIS). The oldest and smallest of all the suffragan sees of Canterbury, was ...Rochester, Blessed John
Priest and martyr, born probably at Terling, Essex, England, about 1498; died at York, 11 May, ...Rochester, Diocese of
This diocese, on its establishment by separation from the See of Buffalo, 24 January, 1868, ...Rochet
An over-tunic usually made of fine white linen (cambric; fine cotton material is also allowed), ...Rochette, Désiré Raoul
Usually known as Raoul-Rochette, a French archeologist, b. at St. Amand (Cher), 9 March, 1789; d. ...Rock, Daniel
Antiquarian and ecclesiologist, b. at Liverpool, 31 August, 1799; d. at Kensington, London, 28 ...Rockford, Diocese of
(ROCKFORDIENSIS). Created 23 September, 1908, comprises Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, ...Rockhampton
Diocese in Queensland, Australia. In 1862 Father Duhig visited the infant settlement on the banks ...Rococo Style
This style received its name in the nineteenth century from French émigrés , who ...Rodez
(RUTHENAE) The Diocese of Rodez was united to the Diocese of Cahors by the Concordat of ...Rodrigues Ferreira, Alexandre
A Brazilian natural scientist and explorer, b. at Bahia in 1756; d. at Lisbon in 1815. He ...Rodriguez, Alonso
Born at Valladolid, Spain, 1526; died at Seville 21 February, 1616. When twenty years of age he ...Rodriguez, Joao
(GIRAM, GIRAO, GIRON, ROIZ). Missionary and author, b. at Alcochete in the Diocese of Lisbon ...Rodriguez, Saint Alphonsus
(Also Alonso). Born at Segovia in Spain, 25 July, 1532; died at Majorca, 31 October, 1617. ...Roe, Bartholomew
(VENERABLE ALBAN). English Benedictine martyr, b. in Suffolk, 1583; executed at Tyburn, 21 ...Roermond
(RUBAEMUNDENSIS). Diocese in Holland ; suffragan of Utrecht. It includes the Province of ...Rogation Days
Days of prayer, and formerly also of fasting, instituted by the Church to appease God's anger ...Roger Bacon
Philosopher, surnamed D OCTOR M IRABILIS , b. at Ilchester, Somersetshire, about 1214; d. at ...Roger Cadwallador, Venerable
English martyr, b. at Stretton Sugwas, near Hereford, in 1568; executed at Leominster, 27 Aug., ...Roger of Wendover
Benedictine monk, date of birth unknown; d. 1236, the first of the great chroniclers of St. ...Roger, Bishop of Worcester
Died at Tours, 9 August, 1179. A younger son of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, he was educated ...Roh, Peter
Born at Conthey (Gunthis) in the canton of Valais ( French Switzerland ), 14 August, 1811; d. at ...Rohault de Fleury
A family of French architects and archaeologists of the nineteenth century, of which the most ...Rohrbacher, Réné François
Ecclesiastical historian, b. at Langatte (Langd) in the present Diocese of Metz, 27 September, ...Rojas y Zorrilla, Francisco de
Spanish dramatic poet, b. at Toledo, 4 Oct., 1607; d. 1680. Authentic information regarding the ...Rokewode, John Gage
Born 13 Sept., 1786; died at Claughton Hall, Lancashire, 14 Oct., 1842. He was the fourth son of ...Rolduc
(RODA DUCIS, also Roda, Closterroda or Hertogenrade). Located in S. E. Limburg, Netherlands. ...Rolfus, Hermann
Catholic educationist, b. at Freiburg, 24 May, 1821; d. at Buhl, near Offenburg, 27 October, ...Rolle de Hampole, Richard
Solitary and writer, b. at Thornton, Yorkshire, about 1300; d. at Hampole, 29 Sept., 1349. The ...Rollin, Charles
Born in Paris, 1661; died there, 1741. The son of a cutler, intended to follow his father's ...Rolls Series
A collection of historical materials of which the general scope is indicated by its official ...Rolph, Thomas
Surgeon, b. 1800; d. at Portsmouth, 17 Feb., 1858. He was a younger son of Dr. Thomas Rolph and ...Roman Catacombs
This subject will be treated under seven heads: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. ...Roman Catechism
This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the ...Roman Catholic
A qualification of the name Catholic commonly used in English-speaking countries by those ...Roman Catholic Relief Bill
IN ENGLAND With the accession of Queen Elizabeth (1558) commenced the series of legislative ...Roman Christian Cemeteries, Early
This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome. For ...Roman Colleges
This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ...Roman Congregations
Certain departments have been organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the ...Roman Curia
Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff ...Roman Processional
Strictly speaking it might be said that the Processional has no recognized place in the Roman ...Roman Rite, The
( Ritus romanus ). The Roman Rite is the manner of celebrating the Holy Sacrifice, ...Romanos Pontifices, Constitutio
The restoration by Pius IX, 29 Sept. 1850, by letters Apostolic "Universalis ecclesiæ" of ...Romanos, Saint
Surnamed ho melodos and ho theorrhetor , poet of the sixth century. The only authority for ...Romans, Epistle to the
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. The Roman Church and St. Paul; II. ...Romanus, Pope
Of this pope very little is known with certainty, not even the date of his birth nor the exact ...Romanus, Saints
(1) A Roman martyr Romanus is mentioned in the "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne, I, 155) ...Rome
The significance of Rome lies primarily in the fact that it is the city of the pope. The Bishop ...Rome, University of
The University of Rome must be distinguished from the "Studium Generale apud Curiam", established ...Romero, Juan
Missionary and Indian linguist, b. in the village of Machena, Andalusia, Spain, 1559; d. at ...Romuald, Saint
Born at Ravenna, probably about 950; died at Val-di-Castro, 19 June, 1027. St. Peter Damian, his ...Romulus Augustulus
Deposed in the year 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. His reign was purely ...Ronan, Saint
There are twelve Irish saints bearing the name of Ronan commemorated in the "Martyrology of ...Ronsard, Pierre de
French poet, b. 2 (or 11) Sept., 1524, at the Château de la Poissonniere, near ...Rood
(Anglo-Saxon Rod, or Rode, "cross"), a term, often used to signify the True Cross itself, ...Roothaan, Johann Philipp
Twenty-first General of the Society of Jesus , b. at Amsterdam, 23 November, 1785; d. at Rome, ...Roper, William
Biographer of St. Thomas More, born 1496; died 4 January, 1578. Both his father and mother ...Rorate Coeli
(Vulgate, text), the opening words of Isaiah 45:8 . The text is used frequently both at Mass and ...Rosa, Salvatore
(Also spelled SALVATOR; otherwise known as RENNELLA, or ARENELLA, from the place of his birth). ...Rosalia, Saint
Hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she in patroness. ...Rosary, Breviary Hymns of the
The proper office granted by Leo XIII (5 August, 1888) to the feast contains four hymns ...Rosary, Confraternity of the
In accordance with the conclusion of the article ROSARY no sufficient evidence is forthcoming to ...Rosary, Feast of the Holy
Apart from the signal defeat of the Albigensian heretics at the battle of Muret in 1213 which ...Rosary, Seraphic
( Or Seraphic Rosary.) A Rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the seven ...Rosary, The
Please see our How to Recite the Holy Rosary sheet in PDF format, and feel free to copy and ...Rosate, Alberico de
(Or ROSCIATE). Jurist, date of birth unknown; died in 1354. He was bom in the village of ...Roscelin
Roscelin, a monk of Compiègne, was teaching as early as 1087. He had contact with ...Roscommon
Capital of County Roscommon, Ireland ; owes origin and name to a monastery founded by St. Coman ...Rose of Lima, Saint
Virgin, patroness of America, born at Lima, Peru 20 April, 1586; died there 30 August, 1617. ...Rose of Viterbo, Saint
Virgin, born at Viterbo, 1235; died 6 March, 1252. The chronology of her life must always remain ...Rose Window
A circular window, with mullions and traceries generally radiating from the centre, and filled ...Rosea
A titular see. The official catalogue of the Roman Curia mentioned formerly a titular see of ...Roseau
(ROSENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. The different islands of ...Rosecrans, William Starke
William Born at Kingston, Ohio, U.S.A. 6 Sept., 1819; died near Redondo California, 11 March, ...Roseline, Saint
(Rossolina.) Born at Château of Arcs in eastern Provence, 1263; d. 17 January, 1329. ...Rosenau
( Hungarian ROZSNYÓ; Latin ROSNAVIENSIS). Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, ...Rosh Hashanah
The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year. Two trumpets are ...Rosicrucians
The original appelation of the alleged members of the occult-cabalistic- theosophic "Rosicrucian ...Roskilde, Ancient See of, in Denmark
(ROSCHILDIA, ROSKILDENSIS.) Suffragan to Hamburg, about 991-1104, to Lund, 1104-1536. The ...Roskoványi, August
Bishop of Neutra in Hungary, doctor of philosophy and theology, b. at Szenna in the County ...Rosmini and Rosminianism
Antonio Rosmini Serbati, philosopher, and founder of the Institute of Charity, born 24 March, ...Rosminians
The Institute of Charity, or, officially, Societas a charitate nuncupata , is a religious ...Ross
(ROSSENSIS). Diocese in Ireland. This see was founded by St. Fachtna, and the place-name ...Ross, School of
The School of Ross &151; now called Ross-Carbery, but formerly Ross-Ailithir from the large ...Rossano
(ROSSANENSIS). Archdiocese in Calabria, province of Cosenza, Southern Italy. The city is ...Rosselino, Antonio di Matteo di Domenico
The youngest of five brothers, sculptors and stone cutters, family name Gamberelli (1427-78). He ...Rosselino, Bernardo
(Properly BERNARDO DI MATTEO GAMBARELLI.) B. at Florence, 1409; d. 1464. Rosselino occupies ...Rosselli, Cosimo
(LORENZO DI FILIPPO). Italian fresco painter, b. at Florence, 1439; d. there in 1507. The ...Rossi, Bernardo de
(DE RUBEIS, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO BERNARDO MARIA). Theologian and historian; b. at Cividale del ...Rossi, Giovanni Battista de
A distinguished Christian archaeologist , best known for his work in connection with the Roman ...Rossi, Pellegrino
Publicist, diplomat, economist, and statesman, b. at Carrara, Italy, 13 July, 1787; assassinated ...Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio
Born 29 February, 1792, at Pesaro in the Romagna; died 13 November, 1868, at Passy, near Paris. ...Rostock, Sebastian von
Bishop of Breslau, b. at Grottkau, Silesia, 24 Aug. 1607; d. at Breslau, 9 June, 1671. He ...Rostock, University of
Located in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in the year 1419 through the united efforts of Dukes John ...Roswitha
A celebrated nun -poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, ...Rota, Sacra Romana
In the Constitution "Sapienti Consilio" (29 June, 1908), II, 2, Pins X re-established the Sacra ...Roth, Heinrich
Missionary in India and Sanskrit scholar, b. of illustrious parentage at Augsburg, 18 December, ...Rothe, David
Bishop of Ossory ( Ireland ), b. at Kilkenny in 1573, of a distinguished family ; d. 20 ...Rottenburg
(ROTTENBURGENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of the ecclesiastical Province of the Upper Rhine. It ...Rotuli
Rotuli, i.e. rolls — in which a long narrow strip of papyrus or parchment, written on one ...Rouen, Archdiocese of
(ROTHOMAGENSIS) Revived by the Concordat of 1802 with the Sees of Bayeux, Evreux, and ...Rouen, Synods of
The first synod is generally believed to have been held by Archbishop Saint-Ouen about 650. ...Rouquette, Adrien
Born in Louisiana in 1813, of French parentage; died as a missionary among the Choctaw Indians ...Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste
French poet, b. in Paris, 16 April 1670; d. at La Genette, near Brussels, 17 May, 1741. ...Rovezzano, Benedetto da
Sculptor and architect, b. in 1490, either at Rovezzano, near Florence, or, according to some ...Rowsham, Stephen
A native of Oxfordshire, entered Oriel College, Oxford, in 1572. He took orders in the English ...Royal Declaration, The
This is the name most commonly given to the solemn repudiation of Catholicity which, in ...Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul
Philosopher and French politician, b. at Sompuis (Marne), 21 June, 1763; d. at ...Ru 42
Ru 42
Ruadhan, Saint
One of the twelve "Apostles of Erin" ; died at the monastery of Lorrha, County Tipperary, ...Ruben
(REUBEN.) A proper name which designates in the Bible : (1) a patriarch; (II) a tribe of ...Rubens, Peter Paul
Eminent Flemish painter, b. at Siegen, Westphalia, 28 June, 1577; d. at Antwerp, 30 May, 1640. ...Rubrics
I. IDEA Among the ancients, according to Columella, Vitruvius, and Pliny, the word rubrica , ...Rubruck, William
(Also called William of Rubruck and less correctly Ruysbrock, Ruysbroek, and Rubruquis), ...Rudolf of Fulda
Chronicler, d. at Fulda, 8 March, 862. In the monastery of Fulda Rudolf entered the ...Rudolf of Habsburg
German king, b. 1 May 1218; d. at Speyer, 15 July, 1291. He was the son of Albert IV, the founder ...Rudolf of Rüdesheim
Bishop of Breslau, b. at Rüdesheim on the Rhine, about 1402; d. at Breslau in Jan., 1482. ...Rudolf von Ems
[Hohenems in Austria ]. A Middle High German epic poet of the thirteenth century. Almost ...Rueckers, Family of
Famous organ and piano-forte builders of Antwerp. Hans Rueckers, the founder, lived in ...Ruffini, Paolo
Physician and mathematician, b. at Valentano in the Duchy of Castro, 3 Sept., 1765; d. at Modena, ...Rufford Abbey
A monastery of the Cistercian Order, situated on the left bank of the Rainworth Water, about ...Rufina, Saints
The present Roman Martyrology records saints of this name on the following days: (1) On ...Rufinus, Saint
The present Roman Martyrology records eleven saints named Rufinus: (1) On 28 February, a ...Rufus, Saint
The present Roman Martyrology records ten saints of this name. Historical mention is made of ...Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza, Juan de
Spanish dramatic poet, b. at Mexico City, about 1580; d. at Madrid, 4 August, 1639. He received ...Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio
One of the most distinguished pioneers of the original Jesuit mission in Paraguay, and a ...Ruiz de Montoya, Diego
Theologian, b. at Seville, 1562; d. there 15 March, 1632. He entered the Society of Jesus in ...Rule of Faith, The
The word rule ( Latin regula , Gr. kanon ) means a standard by which something can be ...Rule of St. Augustine
The title, Rule of Saint Augustine , has been applied to each of the following documents: ...Rule of St. Benedict
This work holds the first place among monastic legislative codes, and was by far the most ...Rumania
A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, situated between the Black Sea, the Danube, the Carpathian ...Rumohr, Karl Friedrich
Art historian, b. at Dresden, 1785; d. there, 1843. He became a Catholic in 1804. He was ...Rupe, Alanus de
( Sometimes DE LA ROCHE). Born about 1428; died at Zwolle in Holland, 8 September, 1475. ...Rupert, Saint
(Alternative forms, Ruprecht, Hrodperht, Hrodpreht, Roudbertus, Rudbertus, Robert, Ruprecht). ...Rusaddir
A titular see of Mauritania Tingitana. Rusaddir is a Phoenician settlement whose name ...Rusicade
A titular see of Numidia. It is mentioned by Ptolemy (IV, 3), Mela (I, 33), Pliny (V, 22), ...Ruspe
Titular see of Byzacena in Africa, mentioned only by Ptolemy (IV, 3) and the "Tabula" of ...Russell, Charles
(BARON RUSSELL OF KILLOWEN). Born at Newry, Ireland, 10 November, 1832; died in London, 10 ...Russell, Charles William
Born at Killough, Co. Down, 14 May, 1812; died at Dublin 26 Feb., 1880. He was descended from the ...Russell, Richard
Bishop of Vizéu in Portugal, b. in Berkshire, 1630; d. at Vizéu, 15 Nov., 1693. He ...Russia
GEOGRAPHY Russia ( Rossiiskaia Imperiia; Russkoe Gosudarstvo ) comprises the greater part of ...Russia, The Religion of
A. The Origin of Russian Christianity There are two theories in regard to the early Christianity ...Russian Language and Literature
The subject will be treated under the following heads, viz. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE; ANCIENT POPULAR ...Rusticus of Narbonne, Saint
Born either at Marseilles or at Narbonnaise, Gaul; died 26 Oct., 461. According to biographers, ...Ruth, Book of
One of the proto-canonical writings of the Old Testament, which derives its name from the heroine ...Ruthenian Rite
There is, properly speaking, no separate and distinct rite for the Ruthenians, but inasmuch as ...Ruthenians
(Ruthenian and Russian: Rusin , plural Rusini ) A Slavic people from Southern Russia, ...Rutter, Henry
( vere BANISTER) Born 26 Feb., 1755; died 17 September, 1838, near Dodding Green, ...Ruvo and Bitonto
(RUBENSIS ET BITUNTINENSIS) Diocese in the Province of Bari, Aquileia, Southern Italy. Ruvo, ...Ruysbroeck, Blessed John
Surnamed the Admirable Doctor, and the Divine Doctor, undoubtedly the foremost of the Flemish ...Ruysch, John
Astronomer, cartographer, and painter, born at Utrecht about 1460; died at Cologne, 1533. Little ...Ry 4
Ry 4
Ryan, Father Abram J.
The poet-priest of the South, born at Norfolk, Virginia, 15 August, 1839; died at Louisville, ...Ryan, Patrick John
Sixth Bishop and second Archbishop of Philadelphia, b. At Thurles, County Tipperary, ...Ryder, Henry Ignatius Dudley
English Oratorian priest and controversialist, b. 3 Jan., 1837; d. at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 7 ...
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