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Johann Caspar Barthel
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A German canonist, b. 10 June, 1697, at Kitzingen, Bavaria ; d. 8 April, 1771. He was the son of a fisherman, attended the schools of his native place, and from 1709 to 1715 studied at the Jesuit College at Würzburg. In 1715 he entered the seminary of the latter city and in 1721 was ordained priest. Christopher von Hutten, Prince- Bishop of Würzburg, sent him, in 1725, to Rome to study ecclesiastical law under Prosper Lambertini, later Pope Benedict XIV . Barthel returned as Doctor Utriusque Juris , in 1727, to Würzburg, where he became president of the seminary and (1728) professor of canon law at the university. Other ecclesiastical and academical honours, among them the vice-chancellorship of the university (1754), were conferred upon him. He took an active part in settling the controversy occasioned by the erection of the new Diocese of Fulda (1752). His chief importance, however, lies in his career as a teacher. His work in that line was appreciated by both Catholics and Protestants, and his lectures were circulated at various schools. He broke with the traditional method in canonical science, being one of the first to adopt the historico-critical treatment in Germany. His efforts to distinguish between the essentials and nonessentials in Catholic doctrines, and his attribution of excessive power to the State in its relations with the Church caused his opinions to be denounced at Rome as unorthodox. In his "Promemoria" (1751) he submitted his views and method to his former teacher, Benedict XIV, and obtained a favourable decision. His works, apart from what was written in the Fulda controversy, as "De Pallio" (1753), deal principally with the relations between Church and State, especially in Germany. Several of them are found in the "Opuscula juridica varii argumenti" (Würzburg, 1765, 1771).
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Jáuregui, Juan deJuan de JaureguiA Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; ... |
Jíbaro IndiansJibaro IndiansJíbaro (Spanish orthography) "forest man", i.e. native. An important tribal group of ... |
Jörg, Joseph EdmundJoseph Edmund JorgHistorian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901. ... |
JaénJaen(GIENNENSIS) Diocese in Southern Spain. The city of Jaén, capital of the province of ... |
Jaca, Diocese ofJaca( Also JACCA; Latin JACCENSIS). Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief ... |
Jackson, Henry MooreHenry Moore JacksonKnight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908. The youngest son of the Anglican ... |
JacobJacobThe son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ... |
Jacob of JüterbogkJacob of Juterbogk(In the world BENEDICT STOLZENHAGEN). Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near ... |
Jacobus de TeramoJacobus de Teramo(AB ANCHARANO), belonging to the family of Palladini, canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at ... |
Jacopo de Voragine, BlessedBl. Jacopo de Voragine (Di Viraggio)( Also DI VIRAGGIO). Archbishop of Genoa and medieval hagiologist, born at Viraggio (now ... |
Jacopone da TodiJacopone Da Todi(Properly called JACOPO BENEDICTI or BENEDETTI). Franciscan poet, born at Todi in the first ... |
Jacotot, JosephJoseph JacototFrench educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840. He studied in the college ... |
Jacques de VitryJacques de VitryHistorian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, ... |
Jacquier, FrançoisFrancois JacquierFrench mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 ... |
JaenbertJaenbert(Jaenberht, Janbriht, Janibert, Jambert, Lambert, Lanbriht, Genegberht.) Thirteenth ... |
JaffaJaffaA titular see in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The city of Jaffa is very ancient. Even before ... |
Jaffna, Diocese ofJaffna(JAFFNENSIS.) Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and ... |
JainismJainismA form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in ... |
JamaicaJamaicaThe largest of the British West Indian islands, is situated in the Caribbean Sea, between latitude ... |
Jamay, DenisDenis JamayFranciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important ... |
James of BresciaJames of BresciaTheologian of the fifteenth century. He entered the Dominican Order at Brescia, his native ... |
James of EdessaJames of EdessaA celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708. He was a native of the ... |
James of SarughJames of SarughA writer of the Syrian Church "the flute of the Holy Spirit and the harp of the believing ... |
James of the Marches, SaintSt. James of the MarchesFranciscan, b. of a poor family named Gangala, at Monteprandone, Italy, 1391; d. at Naples, 28 ... |
James PrimadicciJames Primadicci(Or Primadizzi.) Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460. As early as the year 1426 he ... |
James the Greater, SaintSt. James the Greater( Hebrew Yakob ; Septuagint Iakob ; N.T. Greek Iakobos ; a favourite name among the later ... |
James the Less, SaintSt. James the LessTHE IDENTITY OF JAMES The name "James" in the New Testament is borne by several: James, the ... |
James Thompson, BlessedBl. James Thompson(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ... |
James, Epistle of SaintEpistle of St. JamesThe questions concerning this epistle are treated in the following order: I. Author and ... |
Janauschek, LeopoldLeopold JanauschekCistercian, born at Brünn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near ... |
Jandel, Alexandre VincentAlexandre Vincent JandelGeneral of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, ... |
Jane Frances de Chantal, SaintSt. Jane Frances de ChantalBorn at Dijon, France, 28 January, 1572; died at the Visitation Convent Moulins, 13 December, ... |
Janner, FerdinandFerdinand JannerTheologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, ... |
Janow, Matthew ofMatthew of JanowA medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia ; died at ... |
Jansen, CorneliusCornelius Jansen, the Elder( Also Jansens, Janssen, Janssenius or Jansenius Gandaviensis). Exegete, born at Hulst, ... |
Jansenius and JansenismJansenius and JansenismCornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres ( Cornelius Jansenius Yprensis ), from whom Jansenism derives ... |
Janssen, ArnoldArnold JanssenFounder and first superior-general of the Society of the Divine Word, b. at Goch in the Rhine ... |
Janssen, JohannJohann JanssenHistorian, born 10 April, 1829, at Kanten, Germany ; died 24 December, 1891, at ... |
Janssens, AbrahamAbraham JanssensFlemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631. He is also ... |
Janssens, Johann HermannJohann HermannCatholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853. After ... |
Januarius, SaintSt. JanuariusMartyr, Bishop of Beneventum. St. Januarius is believed to have suffered in the ... |
JapanJapanAREA AND POPULATION Japan, called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the ... |
Japanese MartyrsJapanese MartyrsThere is not in the whole history of the Church a single people who can offer to the ... |
Jarcke, Karl ErnstKarl Ernst JarckeBorn 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia ; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a ... |
Jaricot, Pauline-MariePauline-Marie JaricotFoundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living ... |
Jarlath, SaintSt. JarlathPatron of the Archdiocese of Tuam , born in Connaught about 445; died 26 December, ( al. , 11 ... |
JaroJaroDiocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebú, was made a ... |
Jarric, Pierre dePierre de JarricMissionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617. He entered the ... |
JasonJasonA Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old ... |
JassusJassusA titular see of Caria, and suffragan of Aphrodisias. The city was founded by colonists from ... |
JassyJassy(Jassiensis). Diocese in Rumania. The town of Jassy stands in a very fertile plain on the ... |
Javouhey, Venerable Anne-MarieVen. Anne-Marie JavouheyFoundress of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, born at Chamblanc, Diocese of Dijon, 11 ... |
JealousyJealousyJealousy is here taken to be synonymous with envy. It is defined to be a sorrow which one ... |
Jean de La BruyèreJean de la BruyereBorn at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of ... |
Jean Eudes, BlessedBlessed Jean EudesFrench missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; ... |
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, SaintSt. John VianneyCuré of Ars, born at Dardilly, near Lyons, France, on 8 May, 1786; died at Ars, 4 ... |
Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, BlessedSt. Jean-Gabriel PerboyreMissionary and martyr, born at Puech, Diocese of Cahors, France, 6 January, 1802; martyred at ... |
Jeanne de Valois, SaintSt. Jeanne de ValoisQueen and foundress of the Order of the Annonciades, b. 1464; d. at Bourges, 4 Feb., 1505. ... |
Jeaurat, EdmondEdmond Jeaurat(EDME JEAURAT) French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738. He ... |
JedburghJedburgh(Eighty-two different spellings of the name are given in the "Origines Parochiales Scotiæ"). ... |
JehoshaphatJosaphat( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ... |
Jehoshaphat, Valley ofValley of Josaphat(JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ... |
JehovahJehovah (Yahweh)The proper name of God in the Old Testament ; hence the Jews called it the name by ... |
JehuJehuThe derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated " Yahweh is he". I. J EHU ... |
Jemez PuebloJemez PuebloAn Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles ... |
Jeningen, Venerable PhilippVen. Philipp JeningenBorn at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the ... |
Jenks, SilvesterSilvester JenksTheologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714. He was educated at Douai ... |
Jennings, Sir Patrick AlfredSir Patrick Alfred JenningsAn Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897. He received his education, ... |
JephteJephteOne of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book ... |
JeremiasJeremias[Hebrew Irmeyah; often in the paragogic form Irmeyahu, especially in the Book of ... |
Jeremias the ProphetJeremias( THE P ROPHET .) Jeremias lived at the close of the seventh and in the first part of the ... |
JerichoJerichoThree cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhood. I. A ... |
JeroboamJeroboam(Septuagint `Ieroboám ), name of two Israelitish kings. (1) J EROBOAM I was the ... |
Jerome Emiliani, SaintSt. Jerome EmilianiFounder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 ... |
Jerome, SaintSt. JeromeBorn at Stridon, a town on the confines of Dalmatia and Pannonia, about the year 340-2; died at ... |
Jerusalem (71-1099)Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099)I. TO THE TIME OF CONSTANTINE (71-312) When Titus took Jerusalem (April-September, A.D. 70) he ... |
Jerusalem (After 1291)Jerusalem (After 1291)(1) Political History The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, ... |
Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)This article treats of the "City of God", the political and religious centre of the People of ... |
Jerusalem, Assizes ofAssizes of JerusalemThe signification of the word assizes in this connection is derived from the French verb ... |
Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291)Latin Kingdom of JerusalemThe Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed ... |
Jerusalem, Liturgy ofLiturgy of JerusalemThe Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch. That is to say, the Liturgy that became famous as ... |
JesiJesi(ÆSINA) Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy ... |
Jesu Dulcis MemoriaJesu Dulcis MemoriaA poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts ), to form the three ... |
Jesuit ApologeticJesuit ApologeticThe accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and ... |
Jesuit Generals Prior to the SuppressionJesuit Generals Prior To the Suppression (1541-1773)(1) St. Ignatius Loyola (19 April 1541-31 July, 1556). The society spread rapidly, and at the ... |
Jesuit's BarkJesuit's Bark(C HINA B ARK ; C INCHONA ; C ORTEX C HINÆ ; P ERUVIAN B ARK ). Jesuit's ... |
Jesuits, DistinguishedDistinguished JesuitsSaints Ignatius Loyola ; Francis Xavier ; Francis Borgia ; Stanislaus Kostka; Alfonso ... |
Jesuits, History of the (1773-1814)History of the Jesuits (1773-1814)The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was ... |
Jesuits, History of the (1814-1912)The Restored Jesuits (1814-1912)Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France ; and after his ... |
Jesuits, History of the (pre-1750)Pre-1773 History of the JesuitsItaly The history of the Jesuits in Italy was generally very peaceful. The only serious ... |
Jesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773)The Suppression of the Jesuits (1770-1773)The Suppression is the most difficult part of the history of the Society. Having enjoyed very high ... |
Jesuits, TheThe Jesuits (The Society of Jesus)(Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ... |
Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood ofSisters of the Holy Childhood of Jesus and Mary(1) A congregation founded in 1835 in the Diocese of Fréjus, for the education of girls ... |
Jesus ChristJesus ChristOrigin of the Name of Jesus In this article, we shall consider the two words -- "Jesus" and ... |
Jesus Christ, Character ofCharacter of Jesus ChristThe surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most ... |
Jesus Christ, Chronology of the Life ofChronology of the Life of Jesus ChristIn the following paragraphs we shall endeavour to establish the absolute and relative chronology ... |
Jesus Christ, Devotion to the Heart ofDevotion to the Sacred Heart of JesusThe treatment of this subject is divided into two parts: I. Doctrinal Explanations;II. Historical ... |
Jesus Christ, Early Historical Documents onEarly Historical Documents On Jesus ChristThe historical documents referring to Christ's life and work may be divided into three classes: ... |
Jesus Christ, Genealogy ofGenealogy of ChristIt is granted on all sides that the Biblical genealogy of Christ implies a number of exegetical ... |
Jesus Christ, Holy Name ofHoly Name of JesusWe give honour to the Name of Jesus, not because we believe that there is any intrinsic power ... |
Jesus Christ, Knowledge ofKnowledge of Jesus Christ" Knowledge of Jesus Christ," as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know ... |
Jesus Christ, Origin of the Name ofThe Name of Jesus ChristIn this article, we shall consider the two words which compose the Sacred Name. JESUS The word ... |
Jesus Christ, Resurrection ofResurrection of Jesus ChristResurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall ... |
Jesus Mary, Religious ofReligious of Jesus MaryThe Congregation of the Religious of Jesus Mary was founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by ... |
Jesus, Daughters ofDaughters of JesusFounded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes , France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, ... |
Jesus, The Society ofThe Jesuits (The Society of Jesus)(Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ... |
Jewish CalendarJewish CalendarDays From the remotest time to the present the Israelites have computed the day ( yôm ... |
Jewish TribeJewish Tribe( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ... |
Jews (as a Religion)JudaismAt the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ... |
Jews, History of theHistory of the Jews( Yehúd`m; Ioudaismos ). Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism , the former denotes ... |
JezabelJezabel( Septuagint, 'Iezabél, ). Wife of Achab, King of Israel. She was the daughter of ... |
Joachim of FloraJoachim of FloraCistercian abbot and mystic; b. at Celico, near Cosenza, Italy, c. 1132; d. at San Giovanni in ... |
Joachim, SaintSt. JoachimJoachim (whose name means Yahweh prepares ), was the father of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If we ... |
Joan of Arc, SaintSt. Joan of ArcIn French Jeanne d'Arc ; by her contemporaries commonly known as la Pucelle (the Maid). ... |
Joan, PopessPope JoanThe fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed ... |
Joanna of Portugal, BlessedBl. Joanna of PortugalBorn at Lisbon, 16 February, 1452; died at Aveiro, 12 may, 1490; the daughter of Alfonso V, King ... |
Joannes de SacroboscoJoannes de Sacrobosco(John Holywood), a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as ... |
JobJobOne of the books of the Old Testament , and the chief personage in it. In this article it is ... |
JocelinJocelinCistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow ; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. On 22 April, 1170, ... |
Jocelin de BrakelondJocelin de BrakelondAn English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. He was the monk of Bury St. Edmund's ... |
Jocelin of WellsJocelin of Wells(Or JOSCELINE) Bishop of Bath and Wells (JOCELINUS THOTEMAN), d. 19 Nov., 1242. He was ... |
JoelJoelThe son of Phatuel, and second in the list of the twelve Minor Prophets. Nothing is known of his ... |
Joest, JanJan Joest(V AN K ALKAR ). Otherwise JAN JOOST VAN CALCKER. Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or ... |
Jogues, Saint IsaacSt. Isaac JoguesFrench missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, ... |
John and Cyrus, SaintsSts. Cyrus and JohnCelebrated martyrs of the Coptic Church, surnamed thaumatourgoi anargyroi because they healed ... |
John and Paul, SaintsSts. John and PaulMartyred at Rome on 26 June. The year of their martyrdom is uncertain according to their ... |
John Baptist de la Salle, SaintSt. John Baptist de la SalleFounder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ... |
John Baptist de Rossi, SaintJohn Baptist de Rossi(De Rubeis). Born at Voltaggio in the Diocese of Genoa, 22 February, 1698; died at Rome, 23 ... |
John Beche, BlessedJohn Beche( Alias THOMAS MARSHALL). English Benedictine abbot and martyr ; date of birth unknown; ... |
John Berchmans, SaintSt. John BerchmansBorn at Diest in Brabant, 13 March, 1599; died at Rome, 13 August, 1621. His parents watched ... |
John Bosco, SaintSt. John Bosco (Don Bosco)( Or St. John Bosco; Don Bosco.) Founder of the Salesian Society. Born of poor parents in ... |
John Boste, SaintSt. John Boste(Or JOHN BOAST.) Priest and martyr, b. of good Catholic family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, ... |
John Britton, VenerableVen. John Britton(Or Bretton). A layman and martyr, of all ancient family of Bretton near Barnsley in ... |
John Buckley, VenerableVen. John Buckley( Alias John Jones; alias John Griffith; in religion, Godfrey Maurice). Priest and martyr, ... |
John Cantius, SaintSt. John CantiusBorn at Kenty, near Oswiecim, Diocese of Krakow, Poland, 1412 (or 1403); died at Krakow, 1473, ... |
John Capistran, SaintSt. John CapistranBorn at Capistrano, in the Diocese of Sulmona, Italy, 1385; died 23 October, 1456. His father had ... |
John Chrysostom, SaintSt. John Chrysostom( Chrysostomos , "golden-mouthed" so called on account of his eloquence). Doctor of the ... |
John Climacus, SaintSt. John ClimacusAlso surnamed SCHOLASTICUS, and THE SINAITA, b. doubtlessly in Syria, about 525; d. on Mount ... |
John Colombini, BlessedBl. John ColombiniFounder of the Congregation of Jesuati; b. at Siena, Upper Italy, about 1300; d. on the way to ... |
John Cornelius and Companions, VenerableVen. John Cornelius and CompanionsJohn Cornelius (called also Mohun) was born of Irish parents at Bodmin, in Cornwall, on the ... |
John Damascene, SaintSaint John DamasceneBorn at Damascus, about 676; died some time between 754 and 787. The only extant life of the ... |
John de Britto, BlessedSt. John de BrittoMartyr ; born in Lisbon, 1 March, 1647, and was brought up in court; martyred in India 11 ... |
John Felton, BlessedBl. John FeltonMartyr, date and place of birth unknown, was executed in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, 8 ... |
John Fisher, SaintSt. John FisherCardinal, Bishop of Rochester, and martyr ; born at Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 1459 ... |
John Forest, BlessedBl. John ForestBorn in 1471, presumably at Oxford, where his surname was then not unknown; suffered 22 May, ... |
John Francis Regis, SaintSt. John Francis RegisBorn 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ... |
John Hambley, VenerableVen. John HambleyEnglish martyr (suffered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and converted by reading one ... |
John I, Pope SaintPope St. John IDied at Ravenna on 18 or 19 May (according to the most popular calculation), 526. A Tuscan by ... |
John II, PopePope John II(533-535). The date of the birth of this pope is not known. He was a Roman and the son of ... |
John III, PopePope John III(561-574). A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574. He was of a distinguished family, ... |
John Ingram, VenerableVen. John IngramEnglish martyr, born at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, in 1565; executed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 ... |
John IV, PopePope John IV(640-642). A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. The ... |
John IX, PopePope John IX(898-900). Not only is the date of John's birth unknown, but the date of his election as ... |
John Joseph of the Cross, SaintSt. John Joseph of the CrossBorn on the Island of Ischia, Southern Italy, 1654; d. 5 March, 1739. From his earliest years ... |
John Larke, BlessedBl. John LarkeEnglish martyr ; died at Tyburn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethelburga's ... |
John MalalasJohn MalalasA Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century, born at Antioch where he spent most if ... |
John Nelson, BlessedBlessed John NelsonEnglish Jesuit martyr, b. at Skelton, four miles from York, in 1534; d. at Tyburn, 3 February, ... |
John Nepomucene, SaintSt. John NepomuceneBorn at Nepomuk about 1340; died 20 March, 1393. The controversy concerning the identity of John ... |
John of AntiochJohn of AntiochThere are four persons commonly known by this name. I John, Patriarch of Antioch ... |
John of Avila, BlessedBl. John of AvilaApostolic preacher of Andalusia and author, b. at Almodóvar del Campo, a small town in ... |
John of Beverley, SaintSaint John of BeverleyBishop of Hexham and afterwards of York; b. at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire; d. at ... |
John of BiclaroJohn of Biclaro(Johannes Biclariensis.) Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth ... |
John of CornwallJohn of Cornwall(JOHANNES CORNUBIENSIS, JOHANNES DE SANCTO GERMANO). John of Cornwall lived about 1176. He was ... |
John of EphesusJohn of Ephesus(Also known as JOHN OF ASIA). The earliest, and a very famous, Syriac historian. He was born ... |
John of FécampJohn of Fecamp(Also known as JEANNELIN on account of his diminutive stature). Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna ... |
John of FalkenbergJohn of FalkenbergAuthor, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy &151; ... |
John of Fermo, BlessedBlessed John of FermoMore often called JOHN OF LA VERNA, from his long sojourn on that holy mountain, b. at Fermo ... |
John of GenoaJohn of Genoa(Often called Balbi, or de Balbis.) Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there ... |
John of God, SaintSt. John of GodBorn at Montemor o Novo, Portugal, 8 March, 1495, of devout Christian parents ; died at ... |
John of HautevilleJohn of HautevilleMoralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184). Little is known of his ... |
John of JandunoJohn of JandunoAn Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century. John of ... |
John of MontecorvinoJohn of MontecorvinoA Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern ... |
John of MontesonoJohn of MontesonoTheologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain ; dates of birth and death ... |
John of NikiûJohn of NikiuAn Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century. The little we ... |
John of ParisJohn of Paris( Called also Quidort and de Soardis). Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, ... |
John of Parma, BlessedBlessed John of ParmaMinister General of the Friars Minor (1247-1257), b. at Parma about 1209; d. at Camerino 19 ... |
John of RagusaJohn of Ragusa(Sometimes confounded with John of Segovia ). A Dominican theologian, president of the ... |
John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa)John of Roquetaillade (De Rupescissa)Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362. After pursuing the ... |
John of RupellaJohn of RupellaFranciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century; d. ... |
John of Sahagun, SaintSaint John of SahagunHermit, b. 1419, at Sahagún (or San Fagondez) in the Kingdom of Leon, in Spain ; d. 11 ... |
John of Saint ThomasJohn of St. Thomas(Family name John Poinsot), theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 ... |
John of SalisburyJohn of Salisbury(JOHANNES DE SARESBERIA, surnamed PARVUS). Born about 1115; died 1180; a distinguished ... |
John of SegoviaJohn of SegoviaA Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in ... |
John of the Cross, SaintSt. John of the CrossFounder (with St. Teresa) of the Discalced Carmelites, doctor of mystic theology, b. at ... |
John of VictringJohn of Victring(JOHANNES VICTORENSIS or DE VICTORIA). Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at ... |
John of WinterthurJohn of Winterthur(Johannes Vitoduranus.) Historian, born about 1300 at Winterthur (Switzerland); died ... |
John ParvusJohn ParvusCalled in his day, JEHAN PETIT or LE PETIT. A French theologian and professor in the ... |
John Payne, BlessedBl. John PayneBorn in the Diocese of Peterborough ; died at Chelmsford, 2 April, 1582. He went to Douai in ... |
John Rigby, SaintSt. John RigbyEnglish martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ... |
John Roberts, SaintSt. John RobertsFirst Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ... |
John Rochester, BlessedBl. John RochesterPriest and martyr, born probably at Terling, Essex, England, about 1498; died at York, 11 May, ... |
John Sarkander, BlessedBl. John SarkanderMartyr of the seal of confession, born at Skotschau in Austrian Silesia, 20 Dec., 1576; died at ... |
John ScholasticusJohn Scholasticus( ho Scholastikos ; also called J OHN OF A NTIOCH ) Patriarch of Constantinople (J OHN ... |
John Shert, BlessedBl. John ShertA native of Cheshire; took the degree of B.A. at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1566. Successively ... |
John Stone, BlessedBl. John StoneEnglish martyr, executed at the Dane-John, Canterbury, probably in December, 1539, for denying ... |
John Story, BlessedBl. John Story( Or Storey.) Martyr ; born 1504; died at Tyburn, 1 June, 1571. He was educated at ... |
John TalaiaJohn TalaiaOrthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troubles. He had ... |
John the Almsgiver, SaintSt. John the Almsgiver(JOANNES ELEEMOSYNARIUS; JOANNES MISERICORS). Patriarch of Alexandria (606-16), b. at Amathus ... |
John the Baptist, SaintSt. John the BaptistThe principal sources of information concerning the life and ministry of St. John the Baptist are ... |
John the DeaconJohn the Deacon(J OHANNES D IACONUS ). Among the writers of the Middle Ages who bear this name, four ... |
John the Evangelist, SaintSt. John the EvangelistI. New Testament Accounts II. The Alleged Presbyter John III. The Later Accounts of John IV. Feasts ... |
John the FasterJohn the Faster( ‘o nesteutés, jejunator ) Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), ... |
John the Silent, SaintJohn the Silent(Hesychastes, Silentiarius). Bishop of Colonia, in Armenia, b. at Nicopolis, Armenia, 8 ... |
John Twenge, SaintSt. John TwengeLast English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ... |
John V, PopePope John V(685-686). A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 ... |
John VI, PopePope John VI(701-705). A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705. He ascended the ... |
John VII, PopePope John VII(705-707). The year of his birth is unknown; d. 18 October, 707. Few particulars of his life ... |
John VIII, PopePope John VIII(Reigned 872-82) A Roman and the son of Gundus. He seems to have been born in the first ... |
John X, PopePope John XBorn at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928. First a deacon, he became ... |
John XI, PopePope John XIDate of birth unknown, became pope in 931; d. 936. He was the son of Marozia by her first ... |
John XII, PopePope John XIIDate of birth unknown; reigned 955-64. The younger Alberic, after the downfall of his mother, ... |
John XIII, PopePope John XIIIDate of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972. After the death of John XII ... |
John XIV, PopePope John XIVDate of birth unknown; d. 984. After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, ... |
John XIX (XX), PopePope John XIX (XX)Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032. After the death of the last patricius of the House of Crescentius, ... |
John XV (XVI), PopePope John XV (XVI)Enthroned 985; d. April, 996. After John XIV had been removed by force, the usurper, Boniface ... |
John XVI (XVII)Antipope John XVI (XVII)Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013. After the death of John XV, Bruno, a relative of Otto ... |
John XVII (XVIII), PopePope John XVII (XVIII)Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003. When Sylvester II died on 12 May, 1003, there was no ... |
John XVIII (XIX), PopePope John XVIII (XIX)Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009. He was the son of a Roman ... |
John XXI (XX), PopePope John XXI (XX)Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277. The son ... |
John XXII, PopePope John XXII(JACQUES D'EUSE) Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 ... |
John XXIIIAntipope John XXIIIAntipope of the Pisan party (1400-15), b. about 1370; d. 22 November, 1419. Cardinal Baldassare ... |
John, Epistles ofEpistles of Saint JohnThree canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. John. The subject will ... |
John, Gospel ofGospel of Saint JohnThis subject will be considered under the following heads: I. Contents and Scheme of the ... |
Johnson, Blessed RobertBl. Robert JohnsonBorn in Shropshire, entered the German College, Rome, 1 October, 1571. Ordained priest at ... |
Johnson, Blessed ThomasBl. Thomas JohnsonCarthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ... |
Johnson, Lionel PigotLionel Pigot JohnsonBorn at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902. He was the youngest ... |
Johnston, Richard MalcolmRichard Malcolm JohnstonEducator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 ... |
Joinville, Jean, Sire deJean, Sire de JoinvilleSeneschal of Champagne, historian, b. in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317. His family held an ... |
Joliet, LouisLouis Joliet(Or JOLLIET). Louis Joliet, a discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, ... |
JolietteJoliette(JOLIETTENSIS). Diocese created by Pius X , 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese ... |
Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav vonPhilipp Johann Gustav von JollyGerman physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884. His ... |
JonasJonahThe fifth of the Minor Prophets. The name is usually taken to mean "dove", but in view of the ... |
Jonas of BobbioJonas of Bobbio(Or Jonas of Susa ) Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at ... |
Jonas of OrléansJonas of OrleansBishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844. From 818, when he ... |
JonathanJonathan(Hebrew, " Yahweh hath given", cf. Theodore; Septuagint 'Ionáthan .) Name of several ... |
Jones, InigoInigo JonesA famous English architect, b. 15 July, 1573, in London ; d. 21 June, 1652, and was buried in ... |
Jones, Venerable EdwardVen. Edward JonesPriest and martyr, b. in the Diocese of St. Asaph, Wales, date unknown; d. in London, 6 May ... |
Jordan, TheThe Jordan(In Hebrew Yâdên, from the root Yârâd, to descend). The difference ... |
JordanisJordanis (Jornandes)Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ... |
Jordanus of GianoJordanus of Giano(DE JANO). Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262. ... |
JornandesJordanis (Jornandes)Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ... |
JosaphatJosaphat( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ... |
Josaphat and BarlaamBarlaam and JosaphatThe principal characters of a legend of Christian antiquity, which was a favourite subject of ... |
Josaphat Kuncevyc, SaintSt. Josaphat KuncevycMartyr, born in the little town of Volodymyr in Lithuania (Volyn) in 1580 or -- according to ... |
Josaphat, Valley ofValley of Josaphat(JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ... |
JosephJosephThe eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes ... |
Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of SaintPious Workers of St. Joseph CalasanctiusFounded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, ... |
Joseph Calasanctius, SaintSt. Joseph CalasanctiusCalled in religion "a Matre Dei", founder of the Piarists, b. 11 Sept., 1556, at the castle of ... |
Joseph IIJoseph II(1741-90). German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and ... |
Joseph of ArimatheaJoseph of ArimatheaAll that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical Gospels. He was born ... |
Joseph of Cupertino, SaintSt. Joseph of CupertinoMystic, born 17 June, 1603; died at Osimo 18 September, 1663; feast, 18 September. Joseph ... |
Joseph of ExeterJoseph of Exeter(JOSEPHUS ISCANUS.) A twelfth-century Latin poet; b. at Exeter, England. About 1180 he went ... |
Joseph of IssacharJoseph of IssacharA man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses ... |
Joseph of Leonessa, SaintSt. Joseph of LeonessaIn the world named Eufranio Desiderio; born in 1556 at Leonessa in Umbria; died 4 February, ... |
Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, SaintSt. Joseph's Society For Colored MissionsThis organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in ... |
Joseph's Society for Foreign Missions, SaintSt. Joseph's Society For Foreign Missions(Mill Hill, London, N.W.) A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for ... |
Joseph, SaintSt. JosephSpouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus Christ . LIFE Sources ... |
Joseph, Sisters of SaintSisters of Saint JosephCONGREGATION OF THE SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. ... |
JosephitesJosephites(Sons of St. Joseph) A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in ... |
Josephus, FlaviusFlavius JosephusJewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem ; died about 101. He belonged to a distinguished ... |
JoshuaJosue (Joshua)The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ... |
JosiasJosias(J OSIAH – Hebrew for " Yahweh supports"; Septuagint 'Iosías ). A pious ... |
JosueJosue (Joshua)The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ... |
Joubert, JosephJoseph JoubertFrench philosopher ; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 ... |
Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée deClaude-Francois-Dorothee de JouffroyM ARQUIS d' A BBANS . Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besançon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. ... |
Jouffroy, Jean deJean de JouffroyFrench prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comté) about 1412; d. at the priory ... |
Jouin, LouisLouis JouinLinguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899. He ... |
Jouvancy, Joseph deJoseph de Jouvancy(JOSEPHUS JUVENCIUS). Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, ... |
Jouvenet, JeanJean JouvenetSurnamed T HE G REAT . French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717. ... |
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor deGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos(Also written JOVE-LLANOS). Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., ... |
Jovianus, Flavius ClaudiusFlavius Claudius JovianusRoman Emperor, 363-4. After the death of Julian the Apostate (26 June, 363), the army making ... |
JovinianusJovianusAn opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390). Our ... |
Jovius, PaulusPaulus Jovius(GIOVIO). Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552. Having ... |
Joyeuse, Henri, Duc deHenri, Duc de JoyeuseBorn in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the "Biographic Michaud ", in 1567; died at ... |
Juan Bautista de ToledoJuan Bautista de ToledoAn eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, ... |
Jubilate SundayJubilate SundayThe third Sunday after Easter, being so named from the first word of the Introit at Mass ... |
Jubilee, Holy Year ofHoly Year of JubileeThe ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is most probable that the ... |
Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew)Year of Jubilee (Hebrew)According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that ... |
Jubilees, Book ofBook of Jubilees( ta Iobelaia ). An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and ... |
JudaJudaThe name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the ... |
JudaismJudaismAt the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ... |
JudaizersJudaizers(From Greek Ioudaizo , to adopt Jewish customs -- Esther 8:17 ; Galatians 2:14 ). A ... |
Judas IscariotJudas IscariotThe Apostle who betrayed his Divine Master . The name Judas ( Ioudas ) is the Greek form of ... |
Judas MachabeusJudas MachabeusThird son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the ... |
Judde, ClaudeClaude JuddeFrench preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, ... |
Jude, Epistle of SaintEpistle of Saint JudeThe present subject will be treated under the following heads: I. The Author and the ... |
JudeaJudeaLike the adjective Ioudaios , the noun Ioudaia comes from the Aramæan Iehûdai ... |
Judge, EcclesiasticalEcclesiastical Judge(J UDEX E CCLESIASTICUS ) An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical ... |
Judges, The Book ofJudgesThe seventh book of the Old Testament , second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canon. I. ... |
Judgment, DivineDivine JudgmentThis subject will be treated under two heads: I. Divine Judgment Subjectively and Objectively ... |
Judgment, GeneralGeneral Judgment (Last Judgment)(Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ... |
Judgment, LastGeneral Judgment (Last Judgment)(Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ... |
Judgment, ParticularParticular JudgmentA. Dogma of Particular Judgment The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that ... |
Judica SundayJudica SundayName given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of ... |
Judith, Book ofBook of JudithHISTORY Nabuchodonosor, King of Nineveh, sends his general Holofernes to subdue the Jews. The ... |
Julia Billiart, SaintSaint Julie Billiart( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ... |
Julian and Basilissa, SaintsSaints Julian and BasilissaHusband and wife; died at Antioch or, more probably, at Antinoe, in the reign of Diocletian, ... |
Julian of EclanumJulian of EclanumBorn about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian ... |
Julian of SpeyerJulian of SpeyerOften called J ULIANUS T EUTONICUS . A famous composer, poet, and historian of the ... |
Julian the ApostateJulian the Apostate(FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS). Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, ... |
Juliana Falconieri, SaintSt. Juliana FalconieriBorn in 1270; died 12 June, 1341. Juliana belonged to the noble Florentine family of Falconieri. ... |
Juliana of Liège, SaintSt. Juliana of LiegeNun, b. at Retinnes, near Liège, Belgium, 1193; d. at Fosses, 5 April, 1258. At the age ... |
Juliana of NorwichJuliana of NorwichEnglish mystic of the fourteenth century, author or recipient of the vision contained in the book ... |
Juliana, SaintSt. JulianaSuffered martyrdom during the Diocletian persecution. Both the Latin and Greek Churches mention ... |
Julie Billiart, SaintSaint Julie Billiart( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ... |
JuliopolisJuliopolisTitular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicaea. The city was founded under ... |
Julitta and QuiricusSts. Quiricus and JulittaMartyred under Diocletian. The names of these two martyrs, who in the early Church enjoyed a ... |
Julius AfricanusJulius Africanus(c. 160-c. 240; the full name is Sextus Iulius Africanus, Greek Sextos Ioulios Aphrikanos ). ... |
Julius I, Pope SaintPope Saint Julius I(337-352). The immediate successor of Pope Silvester, Arcus, ruled the Roman Church for ... |
Julius II, PopePope Julius II(GIULIANO DELLA ROVERE). Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 ... |
Julius III, PopeJulius III(GIAMMARIA CIOCCHI DEL MONTE). Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555. ... |
Jumièges, Abbey ofBenedictine Abbey of JumiegesJumièges, situated on the north bank of the Seine, between Duclair and Caudebec, in ... |
Junípero SerraJunipero SerraBorn at Petra, Island of Majorca, 24 November, 1713; died at Monterey, California, 28 August, ... |
Jungmann, BernardBernard JungmannA dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Münster in Westphalia, 1 ... |
Jungmann, JosefJosef JungmannBorn 12 Nov., 1830, at Münster, Westphalia ; died at Innsbruck, 25 Nov., 1885. In 1850 he ... |
Jurisdiction, EcclesiasticalEcclesiastical JurisdictionThe right to guide and rule the Church of God. The subject is here treated under the following ... |
Jus SpoliiJus Spolii(RIGHT OF SPOIL; also called JUS EXUVIARUM and RAPITE CAPITE) Jus Spolii, a claim, exercised in ... |
Jussieu, DeDe JussieuName of five French botanists. (1) ANTOINE DE JUSSIEU, physician and botanist, b. at Lyons, ... |
JusteJusteThe name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, ... |
JusticeJusticeJustice is here taken in its ordinary and proper sense to signify the most important of the ... |
JustificationJustification(Latin justificatio ; Greek dikaiosis .) A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the ... |
Justin de Jacobis, BlessedBlessed Justin de JacobisVicar Apostolic of Abyssinia and titular Bishop of Nilopolis, h. at San Fele, Province of ... |
Justin Martyr, SaintSt. Justin MartyrChristian apologist, born at Flavia Neapolis, about A.D. 100, converted to Christianity about ... |
Justina and Cyprian, SaintsSts. Cyprian and JustinaChristians of Antioch who suffered martyrdom during the persecution of Diocletian at ... |
Justinian IJustinian IRoman Emperor (527-65) Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus was born about 483 at Tauresium ... |
Justiniani, BenedettoBenedetto Justiniani(GIUSTINIANI). Theological and Biblical writer, born at Genoa, about the year 1550; died at ... |
Justiniani, NicholasNicholas JustinianiDate of birth unknown, became monk in the Benedictine monastery of San Niccoló del Lido ... |
JustinianopolisJustinianopolisA titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste. This see is better known in history ... |
Justus, SaintSt. JustusFourth Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 627 (?). For the particulars of his life we are almost ... |
Juvencus, C. Vettius AquilinusJuvencusChristian Latin poet of the fourth century. Of his life we know only what St. Jerome tells us ... |
Juvenile CourtsJuvenile CourtsTribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences. The maximum age is usually ... |
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