Hi reader, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! It's a little awkward to ask, but we need your help. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Thank you. Help Now >
La Verna
Free World Class Education
FREE Catholic Classes
FREE Catholic Classes
An isolated mountain hallowed by association with St. Francis of Assisi, situated in the centre of the Tuscan Appenines, and rising about 4000 feet above the valley of the Casentino. Its name (Latin, Alverna) is said to come from the Italian verb vernare , to make cold or freeze. On 8 May, 1213, La Verna was given to St. Francis by Count Orlando of Chiusi as a retreat "specially favourable for contemplation ". Thither the siant withdrew in August, 1224, to keep a forty days fast in preparation for Michelmas, and it was while praying on the mountain-side that he received (on or about 14 Sept.) the stigmata. Thenceforth La Verna became sacred ground. Pope Alexander IV took it under his protection. In 1260 a church was consecrated there in presence of St. Bonaventure and several bishops. A few years later the Chapel of the Stigmata was erected, through the munificence of Count Simone of Battifole, near the spot where the miracle took place. An older chapel, S. Maria degli Angeli, which was built 1218 for St. Francis by Orlando, is approached from the sacristy of the Chiesa Maggiore, which was begu in 1348, but not finished until 1459. From the latter church the friars dwelling on La Verna go in solemn procesion twice daily (at 2 P.M. and at midnight) to the Chapel of the Stigmata. On the Feast of the Stigmata (17 Sept.) and on other festivals, large crowds of priests with their people from neighbouring parishes, as well as strangers, visit the mountains, and on sch occasions the friars often accommodate and entertain between 2000 and 3000 pilgrims. The convent was partly destroyed by fire in the fifteenth century; it suffered desecration also during the war of this century. In 1810, and again in 1866, the friars were expelled in consequence of the suppression of religious orders. At present they are in possession of La Verna which belongs, however, to the municipality of Florence.
More Volume: L 573
Click/Touch the sub-volume below to view encyclopedia articles within the sub-volume.
Lé 2
Lé 2
Lérida
(ILERDENSIS) Diocese ; suffragan of Tarragona. La Canal says it was erected in 600, but ...Lérins, Abbey of
Situated on an island of the same name, now known as that of Saint-Honorat, about a league from ...Lü 2
Lü 2
Lübeck
Lübeck, a free imperial state and one of the Hanse towns, is in area the second smallest and ...Lütolf, Aloys
An ecclesiastical historian, born 23 July, 1824, in Gettnau near Willisau (Switzerland); died at ...L' 2
L' 2
L'Enfant, Pierre-Charles
Engineer, b. in France, August, 1755; d. near Bladensburg, Maryland, U.S.A. 14 June, 1825. He ...L'Hospital, Michael de
Born at Aigueperse, about 1504; d. at Courdimanche, 13 March, 1573. While very young he went to ...La 208
La 208
La Bruyère, Jean de
Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of ...La Chaise, François d'Aix de
( Also Chaize). Confessor of King Louis XIV, born at the mansion of Aix, in Forez, ...La Crosse
(CROSSENSIS) Diocese erected in 1868; included that part of the State of Wisconsin , U.S.A. ...La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de
Author of memoirs and novels, born in Paris, 1634; died there, 1693 (al., 1696). She received a ...La Fontaine, Jean de
French poet, b. at Chateau-Thierry, 8 July, 1621; d. at Paris, 13 April, 1695. He was the eldest ...La Fosse, Charles de
Painter, b. in Paris, 15 June, 1636; d. in Paris, 13 December, 1716, and buried in the church of ...La Harpe, Jean-François
A French critic and poet, b. at Paris, 20 November, 1739; d. February, 1803. He was ten years old ...La Haye, Jean de
Franciscan Biblical scholar, b. at Paris, 20 March, 1593; d. there 15 Oct., 1661. He passed his ...La Hire, Philippe de
Mathematician, astronomer, physicist, naturalist, and painter, b. in Paris, 18 March, 1640; d. ...La Luzerne, César-Guillaume
French cardinal b. at Paris, 1738; d. there, 1821. He studied at the Collège de Navarre, ...La Moricière, Louis-Christophe-Leon Juchault de
French general and commander-in-chief of the papal army, b. at Nantes, 5 February, 1806; d. ...La Paz
DIOCESE OF LA PAZ (PACENSIS). Diocese of La Paz, in Bolivia. The city is the capital of the ...La Plata
DIOCESE OF LA PLATA (DE PLATA). The city of La Plata, capital of the Argentine Province of ...La Plata
ARCHDIOCESE OF LA PLATA/DE PLATA (OR CHARCAS) La Plata, besides being the metropolitan see of ...La Richardie, Armand de
Born at Périgueux, 7 June, 1686; died at Quebec, 17 March, 1758. He entered the Society ...La Roche Daillon, Joseph de
Recollect, one of the most zealous missionaries of the Huron tribe, d. in France, 1656. He ...La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, The Duke of
(François-Alexandre-Frédéric). Born at La Roche-Guyon, on 11 January, 1747; ...La Rochejacquelein, Henri-Auguste-Georges du Vergier, Comte de
French politician, b. at the château of Citran (Fironde), on 28 September, 1805; d. on 7 ...La Rochelle
The Diocese of La Rochelle (Rupellensis), suffragan of Bordeaux, comprises the entire Department ...La Rue, Charles de
One of the great orators of the Society of Jesus in France in the seventeenth century, b. at ...La Salette
Located in the commune and parish of La Salette-Fallavaux, Canton of Corps, Department of Isere, ...La Salette, Missionaries of
The Missionaries of La Salette were founded in 1852, at the shrine of Our Lady of La Salette , ...La Salle, John Baptist de, Saint
Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ...La Salle, René-Robert-Cavelier, Sieur de
Explorer, born at Rouen, 1643; died in Texas, 1687. In his youth he displayed an unusual ...La Serena, Diocese of
(De Serena, Serenopolitana). Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of ...La Trappe
This celebrated abbey of the Order of Reformed Cistercians is built in a solitary valley ...La Valette, Jean Parisot de
Forty-eighth Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem ; b. in 1494; d. ...La Verna
An isolated mountain hallowed by association with St. Francis of Assisi, situated in the centre ...Labadists
A pietist sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries founded by Jean de Labadie, who was ...Laban
Son of Bathuel, the Syrian (Gen. xxviii, 5; cf. xxv, 20); grandson of Nachor, Abraham's ...Labarum (Chi-Rho)
Labarum is the name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his ...Labat, Jean-Baptiste
Dominican missionary, born at Paris, 1664; died there, 1738. He entered the Order of Preachers ...Labbe, Philippe
Born at Borges, 10 July, 1607; died at Paris, at the College of Clermont, 17 (16) March, 1667; ...Labour and Labour Legislation
Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing ...Labour Unions, Moral Aspects of
Since a labour union is a society, its moral aspects are determined by its constitution, its ...Labyrinth
A complicated arrangement of paths and passages; or a place, usually subterraneous, full of ...Lac, Stanislaus du
Jesuit educationist and social work, b. at Paris, 21 November, 1835; d. there, 30 August, 1909. ...Lace
(Latin laqueus ; It. laccio, trine, merletto ; Spanish lazo, encaje, pasamano ; French ...Lacedonia, Diocese of
(LAQUEDONIENSIS) Located in the province of Avellino, Southern Italy. Lacedonia is famous in ...Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste-Henri-Dominique
The greatest pulpit orator of the nineteenth century b. near Dijon, 13 May, 1802; d. at ...Lactantius, Lucius Cæcilius Firmianus
A Christian apologist of the fourth century. The name Firmianus has misled some authors into ...Lacy, Blessed William
Born at "Hanton", Yorkshire (probably Houghton or Tosside, West Riding); suffered at York, 22 ...Laderchi, James
An Italian Oratorian and ecclesiastical historian, born about 1678, at Faenza near Ravenna ; ...Ladislaus, Saint
King of Hungary, born 1040; died at Neutra, 29 July, 1095; one of Hungary's national Christian ...Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe
Born at Quimper, in Brittany, France, 17 February, 1781; died at Kerlouanec, 13 August, 1826, a ...Laetare Sunday
The fourth, or middle, Sunday of Lent, so called from the first words of the Introit at Mass, ...Laetus, Pomponius
Humanist, b. in Calabria in 1425; d. at Rome in 1497. He was a bastard of the House of the ...LaFarge, John
Painter, decorator, and writer, b. at New York, 31 March, 1835; d. at Providence, Rhode Island, ...Lafitau, Joseph-Françs
Jesuit missionary and writer, born at Bordeaux, France, 1 January, 1681; died there, 1746. He ...Laflèche, Louis-François Richer
French-Canadian bishop, b. 4 Sept., 1818, at Ste-Anne de la Perade, Province of Quebec ; d. 14 ...Laforêt, Nicholas-Joseph
Belgian philosopher and theologian, born at Graide, 23 January, 1823; died at Louvain, 26 ...Lafuente y Zamalloa, Modesto
Spanish critic and historian, b. at Ravanal de los Caballeros, 1 May, 1806; d. at Madrid, 25 ...Lagania
A titular see in Galatia Prima. The town is mentioned by Ptolemy, V, i, 14, and in several ...Lagrené, Pierre
A missionary in New France, b. at Paris, 12 Nov. (al. 28 Oct.), 1659; d. at Quebec in 1736. He ...Lahore
(LAHLORENSIS). Diocese in northern India, part of the ecclesiastical Province of Agra. Its ...Laibach
(LABACENSIS). Austrian bishopric and suffragan of Görz, embraces the territory of the ...Laicization
( Latin laicus , lay). The term laity signifies the aggregation of those Christians who ...Lainez, James
(LAYNEZ). Second general of the Society of Jesus , theologian, b. in 1512, at Almazan, ...Laity
(Greek laos , "the people"; whence laikos , "one of the people"). Laity means the body ...Lake Indians
Called by themselves S ENIJEXTEE and possibly identical with the L AHANNA of Lewis and Clark ...Lalemant, Charles
Born at Paris, 17 November, 1587; died there, 18 November, 1674. He was the first superior of ...Lalemant, Gabriel
Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 10 October, 1610, d. in the Huron country, 17 March 1649. He was ...Lalemant, Jerome
Alias H IEROSME . Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 27 April, 1593, d. at Quebec, 16 ...Lallemant, Jacques-Philippe
French Jesuit, b. at St-Valéry-sur-Somme about 1660; d. at Paris 1748. Little is known ...Lallemant, Louis
French Jesuit, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1588; d. at Bourges, 5 April, 1635. After making ...Lalor, Teresa
Co-foundress, with Bishop Neale of Baltimore, of the Visitation Order in the United States ...Lamarck, Chevalier de
(Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet; also spelled L A M ARCK ; botanical abbreviation ...Lamartine, Alphonse de
Poet, b. at Mâcon Saône-et-Loire, France, 21 Oct., 1790; d. at Paris, l March, ...Lamb (in Early Christian Symbolism)
One of the few Christian symbols dating from the first century is that of the Good Shepherd ...Lamb, Paschal
A lamb which the Israelites were commanded to eat with peculiar rites as a part of the ...Lambeck, Peter
Generally called LAMBEC[C]IUS, historian and librarian, b. at Hamburg, 13 April 1628; d. at Vienna, ...Lambert Le Bègue
Priest and reformer, lived at Liège, Belgium, about the middle of the twelfth century. ...Lambert of Hersfeld
A medieval historian; b. in Franconia or Thuringia, c. 1024; d. after 1077. On 15 March 1058, ...Lambert of St-Bertin
Benedictine chronicler and abbot, b. about 1060; d. 22 June, 1125, at St-Bertin, France. He came ...Lambert, Louis A.
Priest and journalist, b. at Charleroi, Pennsylvania, 13 April, 1835; d. at Newfoundland, New ...Lambert, Saint
(LANDEBERTUS). Martyr, Bishop of Maestricht, b. at Maestricht between 633 and 638; d. at ...Lamberville, Jacques and Jean de
Jacques de Lamberville Jesuit missionary, b. at Rouen, 1641; d. at Quebec, 1710. He joined the ...Lambillotte, Louis
Belgian Jesuit, composer and paleographer of Church music ; born at La Hamaide, near Charleroi, ...Lambin, Denis
(DIONYSIUS LAMBINUS.) French philologist, b. about 1520, at Montreuil-sur-mer, in Picardy; d. ...Lambruschini, Luigi
Cardinal, b. at Sestri Levante, near Genoa, 6 March, 1776, d. at Rome, 12 May, 1854. As a youth ...Lambton, Ven. Joseph
English martyr, b. 1569; d. at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The day of his death is variously given as 23 ...Lamego
(LAMECENSIS). Diocese situated in the district of Vizeu, province of Beira, Portugal. The ...Lamennais, Félicité Robert de
Born at Saint-Malo, 29 June, 1782; died at Paris, 27 February, 1854. His father, Pierre Robert de ...Lamennais, Jean-Marie-Robert de
French priest, brother of Félicité Robert de Lamennais, b. at St-Malo in 1780; d. ...Lamoignon, Family of
Illustrious in the history of the old magistracy, originally from Nivernais. Owing to the nearness ...Lamont, Johann von
Astronomer and physicist, b. 13 Dec., 1805, at Braemar in Scotland, near Balmoral Castle; d.. 6 ...Lamormaini, Wilhelm
Confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II, b. 29 December, 1570, at Dochamps, Luxemburg ; d. at ...Lamp and Lampadarii
There is very little evidence that any strictly liturgical use was made of lamps in the early ...Lamp, Altar
In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should ...Lampa
(LAMPAE, LAPPA). A titular see in Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, was probably a colony of ...Lamprecht
Surnamed D ER P FAFFE (The Priest). German poet of the twelfth century, of whom practically ...Lamps, Early Christian
Of the various classes of remains from Christian antiquity there is probably none so numerously ...Lampsacus
A titular see of Hellespont, suffragan of Cyzicus. The city is situated in Mysia, at the ...Lamuel
Name of a king mentioned in Proverbs 31:1 and 4 , but otherwise unknown. In the opening verse we ...Lamus
A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia. In antiquity this village is mentioned by ...Lamy, Bernard
Oratorian, b. at Le Mans, France, in June, 1640; d. at Rouen, 29 Jan., 1715. At the age of twelve ...Lamy, François
An ascetical and apologetic writer of the Congregation of St-Maur, b. in 1636 at Montireau in ...Lamy, Thomas Joseph
Biblical scholar end orientalist, b. at Ohey, in Belgium, 27 Jan., 1827, d. at Louvain, 30 July, ...Lana, Francesco
Born 10 Dec., 1631, at Brescia in Italy ; died in the same place, 22 Feb., 1687. Mathematician ...Lance, The Holy
We read in the Gospel of St. John (19:34) , that, after our Saviour's death, "one of the ...Lancelotti, Giovanni Paolo
Canonist, b. at Perugia in 1522; d. there, 23 September, 1590. He graduated doctor of law in ...Lanciano and Ortona
(LANCIANENSIS ET ORTONENSIS). Lanciano is a small city in the province of Chieti, in the ...Land-Tenure in the Christian Era
The way in which land has been held or owned during the nineteen hundred years which have seen in ...Lando, Pope
(913-14). A native of the Sabina, and the son of Taino, elected pope seemingly in July or ...Landriot, Jean-François-Anne
French bishop, b. at Couches-les-Mines near Autun, 1816, d. at Reims, 1874. Ordained in 1839 ...Lanfranc
Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Pavia c. 1005; d. at Canterbury, 24 May, 1089. Some say his ...Lanfranco, Giovanni
Also known as CAVALIERE GIOVANNI DI STEFANO. Decorative painter, b. at Parma, 1581, d. in ...Langénieux, Benoit-Marie
Cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Villefranche-sur-Saône, Department of Rhône, ...Lang, Matthew
Cardinal, Bishop of Gurk and Archbishop of Salzburg, b. at Augsburg in 1468; d. at ...Langen, Rudolph von
Humanist and divine, b. at the village of Everswinkel, near Munster, Westphalia, 1438 or 1439; ...Langham, Simon
Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England, b. at Langham in Rutland; d. at ...Langheim
A celebrated Cistercian abbey situated in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), not far from Mein, in the ...Langhorne, Ven. Richard
English martyr, b. about 1635, d. at Tyburn, 14 July, 1679. He was the third son of William ...Langley, Richard
Layman and martyr, b. probably at Grimthorpe, Yorks, England, date unknown; d. at York, 1 Dec., ...Langres
(LINGONÆ). Diocese comprising the Department of the Haute-Marne. Suppressed by the ...Lanigan, John
Church historian, b. at Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1758; d. at Finglas, Dublin, 8 ...Lanspergius
(JOHN JUSTUS OF LANDSBERG). Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, b. at Landsberg in Bavaria ...Lantern
In Italian or modern architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, for the purpose of ...Lanterns, Altar
Lanterns are used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any ...Lanzi, Luigi
An Italian archeologist, b. at Mont Olmo, near Macerata, in 1732; d. at Florence in 1810. In ...Laodicea
A titular see, of Asia Minor, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana, said to have been originally ...Laos
(Vicariate Apostolic) Separated from the Vicariate Apostolic of Siam by a decree of 4 ...Laplace, Pierre-Simon
Mathematical and physical astronomer, b. in Beaumont-en-Auge, near Caen, department of Calvados, ...Lapland and Lapps
About 150,000 square miles of the most northerly regions of Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the ...Lapparent, Albert Auguste de
French geologist, b. at Bourges, 30 Dec., 1839; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1908. He made a brilliant ...Laprade, Victor de
French poet and critic, b. at Montbrison in 1812; d. at Lyons in 1883. He first studied ...Lapsi
( Latin, labi, lapsus ). The regular designation in the third century for Christians who ...Lapuente, Venerable Luis de
(Also, D'Aponte, de Ponte, Dupont). Born at Valladolid, 11 November, 1554; died there, 16 ...Laranda
A titular see of Isauria, afterwards of Lycaonia. Strabo (XII, 569), informs us that Laranda ...Lares
Formerly a titular archiepiscopal see in pro-consular Africa. In ancient times it was a ...Larino
(Larinum). Diocese in the province of Capmobasso, Southern Italy. Larinum was a city of the ...Larissa
The seat of a titular archbishopric of Thessaly. The city, one of the oldest and richest in ...Larke, Blessed John
English martyr ; died at Tyburn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethelburga's ...Larrey, Dominique-Jean
Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudéan, Hautes-Pyrénées, July, 1766; ...Larrey, Dominique-Jean
Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudéan, Hautes-Pyrénées, July, 1766; ...Larue, Charles de
Born 29 July, 1685 (some say 12 July, 1684), at Corbie, in France ; died 5 Oct., 1739, at St. ...Lasaulx, Ernst von
Scholar and philosopher, born at Coblenz, 16 March, 1805; died at Munich, 9 May, 1861. His ...Lascaris, Constantine
Greek scholar from Constantinople; born 1434; died at Messina in 1501. Made a prisoner by the ...Lascaris, Janus
Also called John; surnamed Rhyndacenus (from Rhyndacus, a country town in Asia Minor ). He ...Laski, John
J OHN A L ASCO . Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, b. at Lask, 1456; d. at ...Lassberg, Baron Joseph Maria Christoph von
A distinguished German antiquary, born at Donaueschingen, 10 April, 1770; died 15 March, 1855. He ...Lassus, Orlandus de
(Original name, Roland de Lattre), composer, born at Mons, Hainault, Belgium, in 1520 (according ...Last Judgment, The
(Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ...Last Supper, The
The meal held by Christ and His disciples on the eve of His Passion at which He instituted the ...Lataste, Marie
Born at Mimbaste near Dax, France, 21 February, 1822; died at Rennes, 10 May, 1847; was the ...Latera, Flaminius Annibali de
Historian, born at Latera, near Viterbo, 23 November, 1733; died at Viterbo, 27 February, 1813. He ...Lateran Council, Fifth
When elected pope, Julius II promised under oath that he would soon convoke a general ...Lateran Council, First
The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of ecumenical councils. It had been convoked in ...Lateran Council, Fourth
From the commencement of his reign Innocent III had purposed to assemble an ecumenical council, ...Lateran Council, Second
The death of Pope Honorius II (February, 1130) was followed by a schism. Petrus Leonis (Pierleoni), ...Lateran Council, Third
The reign of Alexander III was one of the most laborious pontificates of the Middle Ages. Then, ...Lateran Councils
A series of five important councils held at Rome from the twelfth to the sixteen century. From ...Lateran, Christian Museum of
Established by Pius IX in 1854, in the Palazzo del Laterano erected by Sixtus V on the part of ...Lateran, Saint John
THE BASILICA This is the oldest, and ranks first among the four great "patriarchal" basilicas ...Lathrop, George Parsons
Poet, novelist, b. at Honolulu, Hawaii, 25 August, 1851; d. at New York, 19 April, 1898. He was ...Latin Church
The word Church ( ecclesia ) is used in its first sense to express whole congregation of ...Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed ...Latin Literature in Christianity (Before the Sixth Century)
The Latin language was not at first the literary and official organ of the Christian Church in ...Latin Literature in Christianity (Sixth to Twentieth Century)
During the Middle Ages the so-called church Latin was to a great extent the language of poetry, ...Latin, Ecclesiastical
In the present instance these words are taken to mean the Latin we find in the official textbooks ...Latini, Brunetto
Florentine philosopher and statesman, born at Florence, c. 1210; the son of Buonaccorso Latini, ...Latreille, Pierre-André
A prominent French zoologist; born at Brives, 29 November, 1762; died in Paris, 6 February, 1833. ...Latria
Latria ( latreia ) in classical Greek originally meant "the state of a hired servant" (Aesch., ...Latrocinium
(L ATROCINIUM ). The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of ...Latter-Day Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of
( Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.) This religious body had ...Lauda Sion
The opening words (used as a title of the sequence composed by St. Thomas Aquinas, about the year ...Lauds
In the Roman Liturgy of today Lauds designates an office composed of psalms and canticles, ...Laura
The Greek word laura is employed by writers from the end of the fifth century to distinguish ...Laurence O'Toole, Saint
(L ORCAN UA T UATHAIL ; also spelled Laurence O'Toole) Confessor, born about 1128, in the ...Laurentie, Pierre-Sébastien
French publicist; b. at Houga, in the Department of Gers, France, 21 January, 1793; d. 9 ...Lausanne and Geneva
Diocese of Lausanne and Geneva (Lausannensis et Genevensis). Diocese in Switzerland, immediately ...Lauzon, Jean de
Fourth governor of Canada, b. at Paris, 1583; d. there, 16 Feb., 1666. He was the son of ...Lauzon, Pierre de
A noted missionary of New France in the eighteenth century, born at Poitiers, 26 September, ...Lavérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de
Discoverer of the Canadian West, born at Three Rivers, Quebec, 17 November, 1685; died at ...Lavabo
The first word of that portion of Psalm 25 said by the celebrant at Mass while he washes his hands ...Laval University of Quebec
The University of Laval was founded in 1852 by the Seminary of Quebec; the royal charter granted ...Laval, François de Montmorency
First bishop of Canada, b. at Montigny-sur-Avre, 30 April, 1623, of Hughes de Laval and ...Lavant
(LAVANTINA) An Austrian bishopric in the southern part of Styria, suffragan of Salzburg. The ...Laverdière, Charles-Honoré
French-Canadian historian, born Chateau-Richer, Province of Quebec, 1826; died at Quebec, 1873. ...Laverlochère, Jean-Nicolas
Missionary, born at St. Georges d'Espérance, Grenoble, France, 6 December, 1812; died at ...Lavigerie, Charles-Martial-Allemand
French cardinal, b. at Huire near Bayonne, 13 Oct., 1825; d. at Algiers, 27 Nov., 1892. He ...Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent
Chemist, philosopher, economist ; born in Paris, 26 August, 1743; guillotined 8 May, 1794. He ...Law
I. CONCEPT OF LAW A. By law in the widest sense is understood that exact guide, rule, or ...Law, Canon
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. General Notion and DivisionsII. Canon ...Law, Cemeteries in
Cemeteries in Civil Law It would be impossible here to deal in detail with the various ...Law, Civil (Influence of the Church on)
Christianity is essentially an ethical religion; and, although its moral principles were meant ...Law, Common
(Latin communis , general, of general application; lex , law) The term is of English ...Law, Divine (Moral Aspect of)
Divine Law is that which is enacted by God and made known to man through revelation. We ...Law, International
International law has been defined to be "the rules which determine the conduct of the general ...Law, Mosaic
The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws and decisions comprised in the ...Law, Natural
I. ITS ESSENCE In English this term is frequently employed as equivalent to the laws of nature, ...Law, Roman
In the following article this subject is briefly treated under the two heads of; I. Principles; ...Lawrence Justinian, Saint
Bishop and first Patriarch of Venice, b. in 1381, and d. 8 January, 1456. He was a descendant ...Lawrence O'Toole, Saint
(L ORCAN UA T UATHAIL ; also spelled Laurence O'Toole) Confessor, born about 1128, in the ...Lawrence of Brindisi, Saint
(Also: Lawrence, or Laurence, of Brindisi.) Born at Brindisi in 1559; died at Lisbon on 22 ...Lawrence, Saint
Martyr ; died 10 August, 258. St. Lawrence, one of the deacons of the Roman Church, was one ...Lawrence, Saint
Second Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 2 Feb., 619. For the particulars of his life and ...Laws, Penal
This article treats of the penal legislation affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries ...Lay Abbot
( abbatocomes, abbas laicus, abbas miles ). A name used to designate a layman on whom a king ...Lay Brothers
Religious occupied solely with manual labour and with the secular affairs of a monastery or ...Lay Communion
The primitive discipline of the Church established a different punishment for certain crimes ...Lay Confession
This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the ...Lay Tithes
Under this heading must be distinguished (1) secular tithes, which subjects on crown-estates were ...Laymann, Paul
A famous Jesuit moralist, b. in 1574 at Arzl, near Innsbruck; d. of the plague on 13 November, ...Lazarites
A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul. The ...Lazarus
Lazarus (Greek Lazaros , a contraction of Eleazaros --see 2 Maccabbees 6:18 — meaning ...Lazarus of Bethany, Saint
Reputed first Bishop of Marseilles, died in the second half of the first century. According ...Lazarus of Jerusalem, Order of Saint
The military order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the ...Le 130
Le 130
Le Blant, Edmond-Frederic
French archeologist and historian, born 12 August, 1818; died 5 July, 1897 at Paris. He studied ...Le Camus, Emile-Paul-Constant-Ange
Preacher, theologian, scripturist, Bishop of La Rochelle and Saintes, b. at Paraza, France, ...Le Camus, Etienne
French cardinal, b. at Paris, 1632; d. at Grenoble, 1707. Through the influence of his father, ...Le Caron, Joseph
One of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada and first missionary to the Hurons, b. near ...Le Coz, Claude
French bishop, b. at Plouévez-Parzay (Finistère), 1740; d. at Villevieux (Jura), ...Le Fèvre, Jacques
A French theologian and controversialist, b. at Lisieux towards the middle of the seventeenth ...Le Gobien, Charles
French Jesuit and founder of the famous collection of "Lettres édifiantes et curieuses", ...Le Gras, Venerable Louise de Marillac
Foundress of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul , born at Paris, 12 August, 1591, ...Le Hir, Arthur-Marie
Biblical scholar and Orientalist ; b. at Morlaix (Finisterre), in the Diocese of Quimper, ...Le Loutre, Louis-Joseph
A missionary to the Micmac Indians and Vicar-General of Acadia under the Bishop of Quebec, b. ...Le Mans
DIOCESE OF LE MANS (CENOMANENSIS). Comprises the entire Department of Sarthe. Prior to the ...Le Mercier, François
One of the early missionaries of New France , b. at Paris, 4 October, 1604; d. in the island of ...Le Moyne
The name of one of the most illustrious families of the New World, whose deeds adorn the pages ...Le Moyne, Simon
A Jesuit missionary, b. at Beauvais, 1604; d. in 1665 at Cap de la Madeleine, near Three ...Le Nourry, Denis-Nicolas
Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry, of the Congregation of St-Maur, ecclesiastical writer, b. at Dieppe in ...Le Puy
(Aniciensis). Diocese comprising the whole Department of Haute Loire, and is a suffragan of ...Le Quien, Michel
French historian and theologian, b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, department of Pas-de-Calais, 8 Oct., ...Le Sage, Alain-René
Writer, b. at Sarzeau (Morbihan), 1668; d. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1747. The son of a notary who ...Le Tellier, Charles-Maurice
Archbishop of Reims, b. at Turin, 1642; d. at Reims, 1710. The son of Michel Le Tellier and ...Le Tellier, Michel
Born 16 October, 1643, of a peasant family, not at Vire as has so often been said, but at Vast ...Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph
An astronomer and director of the observatory at Paris, born at Saint Lô, the ancient ...León
DIOCESE OF LEÓN (LEONENSIS) Suffragan of Michoacan in Mexico, erected in 1863. In the ...León, Luis de
Spanish poet and theologian, b. at Belmonte, Aragon, in 1528; d. at Madrigal, 23 August, 1591. ...Lead, Diocese of
(LEADENSIS). The Diocese of Lead, which was established on 6 August, 1902, comprises all that ...League of the Cross
A Catholic total abstinence confraternity founded in London in 1873 by Cardinal Manning to ...League, German
Only three years before the League was established, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (d. 1651), who ...League, The
I. THE LEAGUE OF 1576 The discontent produced by the Peace of Beaulieu (6 May, 1576), which ...Leander of Seville, Saint
Bishop of that city, b. at Carthage about 534, of a Roman family established in that city; d. ...Leavenworth
Diocese of Leavenworth (Leavenworthensis). Suffragan to St. Louis. When established, 22 May, ...Lebanon
Lebanon (Assyr. Labn nu ; Hebrew Lebanôn ; Egypt. possibly, Ramunu ; Greek Libanos ...Lebedus
Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. It was on the coast, ninety stadia to the east ...Lebrun, Charles
French historical painter, born in Paris, 1619; died at the Gobelin tapestry works, 1690. This ...Lebwin, Saint
(LEBUINUS or LIAFWIN). Apostle of the Frisians and patron of Deveater, b. in England of ...Lecce
(LICIENSIS). Diocese ; suffragan of Otranto. Lecce, the capital of a province in Terra ...Leclerc du Tremblay, François
A Capuchin, better known as P ÈRE J OSEPH , b. in Paris, 4 Nov., 1577; d. at Rueil, ...Leclercq, Chrestien
A Franciscan Récollet and one of the most zealous missionaries to the Micmac of ...Lecoy de La Marche
(RICHARD-ALBERT). French historian; b. at Nemours, 1839; d. at Paris, 1897. He left the ...Lectern
(Lecturn, Letturn, Lettern, from legere , to read). Support for a book, reading-desk, or ...Lectionary
( Lectionarium or Legenda ). Lectionary is a term of somewhat vague significance, used ...Lector
A lector (reader) in the West is a clerk having the second of the four minor orders. In all ...Ledge, Altar
Originally the altar was made in the shape of an ordinary table, on which the crucifix and ...Ledochowski, Miecislas Halka
Count, cardinal, Archbishop of Gnesen-Posen, b. at Gorki near Sandomir in Russian Poland, 29 ...Leeds
(LOIDIS; LOIDENSIS). Diocese embracing the West Riding of Yorkshire, and that part of the city ...Lefèvre d'Etaples, Jacques
Frequently called "Faber Stapulensis." A French philosopher, biblical and patristic scholar; ...Lefèvre de la Boderie, Guy
French Orientalist and poet; b. near Falaise in Normandy, 9 August, 1541; d. in 1598 in the house ...Lefèvre, Family of
There were various members of the Lefèvre family engaged in tapestry weaving in the ...Lefebvre, Camille
Apostle of the Acadians, b. at St. Philippe, P. Q., 1831; d. at St. Joseph, N. B., 1895. The ...Legacies
(Latin Legata ). I. DEFINITION In its most restricted sense, by a pious legacy or bequest ...Legate
( Latin legare , to send). Legate, in its broad signification, means that person who is sent ...Legends of the Saints
Under the term legend the modern concept would include every untrue tale. But it is not so ...Legends, Literary or Profane
In the period of national origins history and legend are inextricably mingled. In the course of ...Leghorn
(LIBURNENSIS.) Suffragan of Pisa. Leghorn ( Italian Livorno ), in Tuscany, is the capital ...Legio
Titular see of Palestina Secunda, suffragan of Scythopolis. It figures for the first time in a ...Legipont, Oliver
Benedictine, bibliographer, born at Soiron, Limburg, 2 Dec., 1698; died at Trier, 16 Jan., 1758. ...Legists
Teachers of civil or Roman law, who, besides expounding sources, explaining terms, elucidating ...Legitimation
( Latin legitimatio ). The canonical term for the act by which the irregularity contracted ...Legrand, Louis
French theologian and noted doctor of the Sorbonne, b. in Burgundy at Lusigny-sur-Ouche, 12 ...Lehnin, Abbey of
Founded in 1180 by Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg, for Cistercian monks. Situated about ...Leibniz, System of
I. LIFE OF LEIBNIZ Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was born at Leipzig on 21 June (1 July), 1646. ...Leigh, Venerable Richard
English martyr, born in Cambridgeshire about 1561; died at Tyburn, 30 August, 1588. Ordained ...Leipzig
Chief town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Pleisse, Parthe, and Weisse ...Leipzig, University of
The University of Leipzig in Saxony is, next to Heidelberg, the oldest university in the German ...Leitmeritz
(L ITOMERICENSIS ), in Austria, embraces the northern part of the Kingdom of Bohemia (see map ...Lejeune, Jean
Born at Poligny in 1592; died at Limoges, 19 Aug., 1672; member of the Oratory of Jesus, founded ...Lelong, Jacques
A French bibliographer, b. at Paris, 19 April, 1665 d. there, 13 Aug., 1721. As a boy of ten, he ...Lemberg
Seat of a Latin, a Uniat Ruthenian, and a Uniat Armenian archbishopric. The city is called Lwow ...Lemcke, Henry
Missionary in the United States b. at Rhena, Mecklenburg, 27 July, 1796; d. at Carrolltown, ...Lemercier, Jacques
Born at Pontoise, about 1585; died at Paris, 1654. Lemercier shares with Mansart and Le Muet the ...Lemos, Thomas de
Spanish theologian and controversialist, b. at Rivadavia, Spain, 1555, d. at Rome 23 Aug., ...Lennig, Adam Franz
Theologian, b. 3 Dec., 1803, at Mainz ; d. there, 22 Nov., 1866. He studied at Bouchsal under the ...Lenormant, Charles
French arch æologist, b. in Paris, 1 June, 1802; d. at Athens, 24 November, 1859. After ...Lenormant, François
Archæologist; son of Charles Lenormant, b. at Paris, 17 January, 1837; d. there, 9 ...Lent
Origin of the word The Teutonic word Lent , which we employ to denote the forty days' fast ...Lentulus, Publius
Publius Lentulus is a fictitious person, said to have been Governor of Judea before Pontius, and ...Leo Diaconus
Byzantine historian; b. at Kaloe, at the foot of Mount Tmolos, in Ionia, about the year 950; the ...Leo I (the Great), Pope
(Reigned 440-61). Place and date of birth unknown; died 10 November, 461. Leo's pontificate, ...Leo II, Pope Saint
Pope (682-83), date of birth unknown; d. 28 June, 683. He was a Sicilian, and son of one Paul. ...Leo III, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; died 816. He was elected on the very day his predecessor was buried (26 ...Leo IV, Pope
(Reigned 847-55) A Roman and the son of Radoald, was unanimously elected to succeed Sergius ...Leo IX, Pope
(1049-54), b. at Egisheim, near Colmar, on the borders of Alsace, 21 June, 1002; d. 19 April, ...Leo V, Pope
Very little is known of him. We have no certainty either as to when he was elected or as to ...Leo VI, Pope
The exact dates of the election and death of Leo VI are uncertain, but it is clear that he was ...Leo VII, Pope
Date of birth unknown; d. 13 July, 939. A Roman and priest of St. Sixtus, and probably a ...Leo VIII, Pope
Date of birth unknown; d. between 20 February and 13 April, 965. When the Emperor Otho I ...Leo X, Pope
(G IOVANNI DE M EDICI ). Born at Florence, 11 December, 1475; died at Rome, 1 December, ...Leo XI, Pope
(ALESSANDRO OTTAVIANO DE' MEDICI). Born at Florence in 1535; died at Rome 27 April, 1605, on ...Leo XII, Pope
(A NNIBALE F RANCESCO C LEMENTE M ELCHIORE G IROLAMO N ICOLA DELLA G ENGA ) Born ...Leo XIII, Pope
Born 2 March, 1810, at Carpineto; elected pope 20 February, 1878; died 20 July, 1903, at Rome. ...Leo, Brother
Friar Minor, companion of St. Francis of Assisi,date of birth uncertain; died at Assisi, 15 ...Leocadia, Saint
Virgin and martyr, d. 9 December, probably 304, in the Diocletian persecution. The last great ...Leodegar, Saint
(LEGER) Bishop of Autun, b. about 615; d. a martyr in 678, at Sarcing, Somme. His mother ...Leon
(THE DIOCESE AND CIVIL PROVINCE OF LEON) HISTORY Probably before the time of Trajan, the ...Leonard of Chios
Born at an uncertain date on the Island of Chios, then under Genoese domination; died in Chios ...Leonard of Limousin, Saint
Nothing absolutely certain is known of his history, as his earliest "Life", written in the ...Leonard of Port Maurice, Saint
Preacher and ascetic writer, b. 20 Dec., 1676, at Porto Maurizio on the Riviera di Ponente; d. ...Leonardo da Vinci
(LEONARDO DI SER PIERO DA VINCI) Florentine painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and ...Leonidas, Saint
( Or LEONIDES.) The Roman Martyrology records several feast days of martyrs of this ...Leontius Byzantinus
( Leontios Byzantios ) An important theologian of the sixth century. In spite of his ...Leontius, Saint
Bishop of Fréjus, in Provence. France, b. probably at Nîmes, towards the end of ...Leontopolis
A titular archiepiscopal see of Augustamnica Secunda. Strabo (XVII, 1,19, 20) places it near ...Leopoldine Society, The
Established at Vienna for the purpose of aiding the Catholic missions in North America. When ...Lepanto
Italian name for Naupactos (Naupactus) a titular metropolitan see of ancient Epirus. The name ...Leprosy
Leprosy proper, or lepra tuberculosa , in contradistinction to other skin diseases commonly ...Leptis Magna
Leptis Magna, a titular see of Tripolitana. Founded by the Sidonians in a fine and fertile ...Leros
Titular see of the Cyclades, suffragan of Rhodes. According to Strabo (XIV, i, 6), this island ...Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole
French publicist, b. at Lisieux, Calvados, in 1842; d. at Paris, 15 June, 1912. After ...Lesbi
A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Sétif, in Algeria. It ...Lesbi
A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Sétif, in Algeria. It ...Lescarbot, Marc
French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629. ...Lescarbot, Marc
French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629. ...Lescot, Pierre
One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about ...Lescot, Pierre
One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about ...Lesina
(PHARIA: HVAR; PHARENSIS, BRACHIENSIS, ET ISSENSIS) Diocese in Dalmatia ; includes the three ...Leslie, John
Bishop of Ross, Scotland, born 29 September, 1527, died at Guirtenburg, near Brussels 30 May, ...Lessius, Leonard
(LEYS) A Flemish Jesuit and a theologian of high reputation, born at Brecht, in the ...Lessons in the Liturgy
(Exclusive of Gospel). I. HISTORY The reading of lessons from the Bible, Acts of Martyrs , or ...Lestrange, Louis-Henri de
(In religion, DOM AUGUSTINE) Born in 1754, in the Château de Colombier-le-Vieux, ...Lesueur, François Eustache
Jesuit missionary and philologist, of the Abnaki mission in Canada ; born (according to notes ...Lesueur, Jean-François
Composer, b. at Drucat-Plessiel, near Abbeville, 15 Feb., 1760; d. at Paris, 6 October, 1837. He ...Lete
A titular see of Macedonia, known by its coins and inscriptions, mentioned in Ptolemy (III, ...Letourneux, Nicolas
A well-known French preacher and ascetical writer of Jansenistic tendencies, born at Rouen, 30 ...Letters, Ecclesiastical
(LITTERÆ ECCLESIASTICÆ) Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of ...Leubus
A celebrated ancient Cistercian abbey, situated on the Oder, northwest of Breslau, in the ...Leuce
A titular see of Thrace, not mentioned by any ancient historian or geographer. However, its ...Levadoux, Michael
One of the first band of Sulpicians who, owing to the distressed state of religion in France, ...Levau, Louis
(LE VAU) A contemporary of Jacques Lemercier and the two Mansarts, and the chief architect of ...Levites
(From Levi , name of the ancestral patriarch, generally interpreted "joined" or "attached ...Leviticus
The third book of the Pentateuch, so called because it treats of the offices, ministries, rites, ...Lex
(LAW) The etymology of the Latin word lex is a subject of controversy. Some authorities ...Lezana, Juan Bautista de
Theologian, born at Madrid, 23 Nov., 1586; died in Rome, 29 March, 1659. He took the habit at ...Li 90
Li 90
Liège
(The Diocese of Liège; canonical name L EODIENSIS ). Liège (V ICUS L ...Libel
( Latin libellus , a little book) A malicious publication by writing, printing, picture, ...Libellatici, Libelli
The libelli were certificates issued to Christians of the third century. They were of two ...Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum
A miscellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery until the ...Liber Pontificalis
(BOOK OF THE POPES). A history of the popes beginning with St. Peter and continued down to ...Liber Septimus
Three canonical collections of quite different value from a legal standpoint are known by this ...Libera Me
(Domine, de morte aeterna, etc.). The responsory sung at funerals. It is a responsory of ...Libera Nos
The first words of the Embolism of the Lord's Prayer in the Roman Rite. Most liturgies ...Liberal Arts, The Seven
The expression artes liberales , chiefly used during the Middle Ages, does not mean arts as we ...Liberalism
A free way of thinking and acting in private and public life. I. DEFINITION The word liberal ...Liberatore, Matteo
A philosopher, theologian, and writer, born at Salerno, Italy, 14 August, 1810; died at Rome, ...Liberatus of Carthage
(Sixth century) Archdeacon ; author of an important history of the Nestorian and ...Liberia
A republic on the west coast of Africa, between 4° 20´ and 7° 20´ N. lat., ...Liberius, Pope
(Reigned 352-66) Pope Julius died on 12 April, according to the "Liberian Catalogue", and ...Libermann, Ven. Francis Mary Paul
Founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, which was afterwards merged in the ...Libraries
Libraries, that is to say, collections of books accumulated and made accessible for public or ...Libri Carolini
A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and ...Lichfield
ANCIENT DIOCESE OF LICHFIELD (LICHFELDENSIS). This diocese took its rise in the conversion ...Lidwina, Saint
Born at Schiedam, Holland, 18 April 1380; died 14 April, 1433. Her father, Peter by name, came of ...Lieber, Ernst Maria
Born at Camberg in the Duchy of Nassau, 16 Nov., 1838; died 31 March, 1902. He was the principal ...Lieber, Moriz
Politician and publicist, b. at the castle of Blankenheim in the Eifel, 1 Oct., 1790, d. at ...Liebermann, Bruno Franz Leopold
Catholic theologian, b., at Molsheim in Alsace 12 Oct., 1759; 4. at Strasburg, 11 Nov., 1844. ...Liesborn
A former noted Benedictine Abbey in Westphalia, Germany, founded in 815; suppressed in 1803. ...Liesborn, Master of
A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery ...Liessies
A Benedictine monastery near Avesnes, in the Diocese of Cambrai, France (Nord), founded about ...Life
(Greek zoe ; Latin vita ; French La vie , German Das Leben ; vital principle; Greek ...Ligamen
( Latin for bond ). The existing marriage tie which constitutes in canon law a public ...Lights
Upon the subject of the liturgical use of lights, as an adjunct of the services of the Church, ...Ligugé
A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Poitiers, France, was founded about the year A.D. 360, ...Liguori, Saint Alphonsus
Born at Marianella, near Naples, 27 September, 1696; died at Nocera de' Pagani, 1 August, 1787. ...Lilienfeld
Lilienfeld, a Cistercian Abbey fifteen miles south of St. Polten, Lower Austria, was founded ...Lilius, Aloisius
Aloisius Lilius, principal author of the Gregorian Calendar, was a native of Cirò or ...Lille
The ancient capital of Flanders, now the chief town of the Département du Nord in France. ...Lillooet Indians
An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, in southern British Columbia, formerly holding a ...Lima
(Limana). The city of Lima, in the Department of the same name, is the capital of the Republic ...Limbo
(Late Latin limbus ) a word of Teutonic derivation, meaning literally "hem" or "border," as ...Limbourg, Pol de
A French miniaturist. With his two brothers, he flourished at Paris at the end of the fourteenth ...Limburg
(L IMBURGENSIS ) Diocese in the Kingdom of Prussia, suffragan of Freiburg. I. HISTORY ...Limerick
(LIMERICENSIS) Diocese in Ireland ; includes the greater part of the County of Limerick and ...Limoges
(LEMOVICENSIS). Diocese comprising the Departments of Haute Vienne and Creuse in France. ...Limyra
Limyra, a titular see of Lycia, was a small city on the southern coast of Lycia, on the Limyrus, ...Linacre, Thomas
English physician and clergyman, founder of the Royal College of Physicians, London, b. at ...Linares
[Or MONTEREY or NUEVO LEÓN; ARCHDIOCESE OF (DE LINARES)] In 1777, at the request of ...Lincoln
(LINCOLNIENSIS) Suffragan of Dubuque, erected 2 August, 1887, to include that part of the ...Lincoln
ANCIENT DIOCESE OF LINCOLN (LINCOLNIENSIS). This see was founded by St. Theodore, Archbishop ...Lindanus, William Damasus
(VAN LINDA) Bishop of Ruremonde and of Ghent, b. at Dordrecht, in 1525; d. at Ghent, 2 ...Linde, Justin Timotheus Balthasar, Freiherr von
Hessian jurist and stateman, b. in the village of Brilon, Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1797; d. at Bonn ...Lindemann, Wilhelm
A Catholic historian of German literature, b. at Schonnebeck near Essen, 17 December, 1828; d. ...Lindisfarne, Ancient Diocese and Monastery of
(Lindisfarnensis). The island of Lindisfarne lies some two miles off the Northumberland coast, ...Lindores, Benedictine Abbey of
On the River Tay, near Newburgh, Fifeshire, Scotland, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, ...Line, Saint Anne
English martyr, d. 27 Feb., 1601. She was the daughter of William Heigham of Dunmow, Essex, a ...Linens, Altar
The altar-linens are the corporal, pall, purificator, and finger- towels. The Blessed Sacrament ...Lingard, John
English priest and historian b. at Winchester, 5 February, 1771; d. at Hornby, 17 July, 1851. He ...Linköping, Ancient See of
(LINCOPIA; LINCOPENSIS.) Located in Sweden ; originally included Östergötland, the ...Linoe
A titular see of Bithynia Secunda, known only from the "Notitiae Episcopatuum" which mention ...Linus, Pope Saint
(Reigned about A.D. 64 or 67 to 76 or 79). All the ancient records of the Roman bishops ...Linz
D IOCESE OF L INZ (L INCIENSIS ). Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vienna . I. HISTORY ...Lippe
One of the Confederate States of the German Empire. The occasional use of the designation "Lippe ...Lippi, Filippino
Italian painter, son of Filippo Lippi, b. at Prato, in 1458; d. at Florence 18 April, 1515. His ...Lippi, Filippo
Italian painter, b. at Florence about 1406; d. at Spoleto, 9 October, 1469. Left an orphan at ...Lippomano, Luigi
( Or Aloisius Lipomanus Lippomano). A cardinal, hagiographer, b. in 1500; d. 15 August, ...Lipsanotheca
A term sometimes used synonymously with reliquary, but signifying, more correctly, the little box ...Lipsius, Justus
(JOSSE LIPS) A philologian and humanist of the Netherlands, b. at Overyssche, 18 Oct., ...Lisbon
Patriarchate of Lisbon (Lisbonensis). Includes the districts of Lisbon and Santarem. The area ...Lismore
DIOCESE OF LISMORE (LISMORENSIS) The Diocese of Lismore extends over a territory of 21,000 ...Lismore and Waterford
(Waterfordiensis et Lismorensis), suffragan of Cashel. This diocese is almost coterminous with ...Lismore, School of
As the School of Armagh in the North of Ireland, and that of Clonmacnoise in the centre, so the ...Lister, Thomas
( alias Thomas Butler) Jesuit writer, b. in Lancashire, about 1559; d. in England, probably ...Liszt, Franz
Admittedly the greatest pianist in the annals of music, and a composer whose status in musical ...Litany
(Latin litania , letania , from Greek lite , prayer or supplication) A litany is a ...Litany of Loreto
Despite the fact that, from the seventeenth century onwards, the Litany of Loreto has been the ...Litany of the Holy Name
An old and popular form of prayer in honour of the Name of Jesus. The author is not known. ...Litany of the Saints
The model of all other litanies, of great antiquity. HISTORY It was used in the "Litania ...Literature, English
It is not unfitting to compare English Literature to a great tree whose far spreading and ever ...Lithuania
( German Litauen ) An ancient grandy-duchy united with Poland in the fourteenth century. ...Lithuanians in the United States
The Lithuanians ( Lietuvys ; adjective, lietuviskas ) are a people of Russia, occupying the ...Litta
A noble Milanese family which gave two distinguished cardinals to the Church. I. ALFONSO ...Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assissi
Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi , the name given to a classic collection of popular legends ...Little Office of Our Lady
A liturgical devotion to the Blessed Virgin, in imitation of, and in addition to, the Divine ...Little Rock
(PETRICULANA) The State of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, parts of the Louisiana ...Littré, Paul-Maximilien-Emile
A French lexicographer and philosopher ; born at Paris, 1 February, 1801; died there, 2 June, ...Liturgical Books
Under this name we understand all the books, published by the authority of any church, that ...Liturgical Chant
Taking these words in their ordinary acceptation, it is easy to settle the meaning of "liturgical ...Liturgy
The various Christian liturgies are described each under its own name. ( See ALEXANDRINE ...Liturgy of Jerusalem
The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch. That is to say, the Liturgy that became famous as ...Liturgy of the Hours
("Liturgy of the Hours" I. THE EXPRESSION "DIVINE OFFICE" This expression signifies ...Liutprand of Cremona
(Or L UIDPRAND ). Bishop and historian, b. at the beginning of the tenth century; d. after ...Liverpool
Diocese of Liverpool/a>/Liverpolium (Liverpolitana). One of the thirteen dioceses into ...Livias
A titular see in Palestina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea. It is twice mentioned in the Bible ...Livorno
(LIBURNENSIS.) Suffragan of Pisa. Leghorn ( Italian Livorno ), in Tuscany, is the capital ...Ll 4
Ll 4
Llancarvan
Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, Wales, was a college and monastery founded apparently about the ...Llandaff
ANCIENT DIOCESE OF LLANDAFF (LANDAVENSIS) The origins of this see are to be found in the sixth ...Llanthony Priory
A monastery of Augustinian Canons, situated amongst the Black Mountains of South Wales, nine ...Lloyd, Saint John
Welsh priest and martyr, executed at Cardiff, 22 July, 1679. He took the missionary oath at ...Lo 73
Lo 73
Loaisa, Garcia de
Cardinal and Archbishop of Seville, b. in Talavera, Spain, c. 1479; d. at Madrid, 21 April, ...Loango
VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF LOANGO (LOWER FRENCH CONGO). Formerly included in the great Kingdom of ...Loaves of Proposition
Heb. "bread of the faces", i.e. "bread of the presence (of Yahweh )" ( Exodus 35:13 ; 39:35 , ...Lobbes, Benedictine Abbey of
Located in Hainault, Belgium, founded about 650, by St. Landelin, a converted brigand, so that ...Lobera, Ann
(Better known as V ENERABLE A NN OF J ESUS ). Carmelite nun, companion of St. Teresa; ...Loccum
(LUCCA, LOCKEN, LOCKWEEN, LYKE, LYCKO) A Cistercian abbey in the Diocese of Minden, formerly ...Lochleven
(From leamhan , an elm-tree) Lochleven, a lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, an island of ...Lochner, Stephen
A painter, born at Meersburg, on the Lake of Constance, date of birth unknown; died at ...Loci Theologici
Loci theologici or loci communes , are the common topics of discussion in theology. As ...Locke, Matthew
Composer; born at Exeter, in 1629; died August, 1677. He was a chorister of Exeter Cathedral ...Lockhart, William
Son of the Rev. Alexander Lockhart of Waringham, Surry; b. 22 Aug., 1820; d. at St. Etheldreda's ...Lockwood, Venerable John
Venerable John Lockwood, priest and martyr, born about 1555; died at York, 13 April, 1642. He ...Lodi
(LAUDENSIS) A suffragan of Milan. Lodi, the capital of a district in the Province of Milan, ...Logia, Jesu
Found partly in the Inspired Books of the New Testament, partly in uninspired writings. The ...Logic
Logic is the science and art which so directs the mind in the process of reasoning and ...Logos, The
The word Logos is the term by which Christian theology in the Greek language designates the ...Lohel, Johann
(JOHANN LOHELIUS) Archbishop of Prague, b. at Eger, Bohemia, 1549; d. 2 Nov., 1622. Of poor ...Lohner, Tobias
Born 13 March, 1619, at Neuötting in the Diocese of Salzburg ; died 26 (probably) May, ...Loja, Diocese of
(Lojana), suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, includes the greater part of the Provinces of Loja and El ...Lollards
The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the ...Loménie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles de
French cardinal and statesman; b. at Paris, 1727; d. at Sens, 1794. He was of noble lineage, ...Loman, Saint
Bishop of Trim in Ireland, nephew of St. Patrick, was remarkable as being the first placed over ...Lombard, Peter
Theologian, b. at Novara (or perhaps Lumello), Italy, about 1100; d. about 1160-64. He studied ...Lombard, Peter
Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Waterford, about 1555; d. at Rome, 1625; belonged to a respectable ...Lombardy
A word derived from Longobardia and used during the Middle Ages to designate the country ruled ...London (England)
London, the capital of England and chief city of the British Empire, is situated about fifty ...London (Ontario)
DIOCESE OF LONDON (LONDINENSIS) Diocese in Canada, established 21 February, 1855; see ...Longstreet, James
Soldier and Catholic convert. Born 8 January, 1821, at Edgefield, South Carolina, U.S.A.; died ...Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix de
Poet and dramatist, b. at Madrid, 1562; d. 23 Aug., 1635. With Lope de Vega begins the era of ...Lopez-Caro, Francisco
Spanish artist, b. at Seville in 1598; d. at Madrid in 1662; he was a pupil of Juan de Las ...Lord's Prayer
Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase "Lord's Prayer" does not ...Lorea
Titular see in the province of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra. The city figures in the different ...Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio de
Cardinal, b. 22 Sept., 1722 at Leon in Spain ; d. 17 April, 1804, at Rome. After the completion ...Lorenzetti, Pietro and Ambrogio
Sienese painters. The time of their birth and death is not known. Their dated works extend ...Lorenzo da Brindisi, Saint
(Also: Lawrence, or Laurence, of Brindisi.) Born at Brindisi in 1559; died at Lisbon on 22 ...Loreto, Holy House of
(The Holy House of Loreto). Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the "Holy ...Loreto, Litany of
Despite the fact that, from the seventeenth century onwards, the Litany of Loreto has been the ...Lorette
(Full name, Notre-Dame de la Jeune Lorette , "Our Lady of New Loretto") An Indian village ...Lorrain, Claude de
French painter and etcher, b. in 1600 at Chamagnc on the banks of the Moselle in Lorraine ; d. ...Lorraine
I. ORIGIN By the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided in three ...Lorsch Abbey
( Laureshamense Monasterium , called also Laurissa and Lauresham ). One of the most ...Loryma
A titular see of Caria, small fortified town and harbour on the coast of Caria, not far from ...Los Angeles and Monterey
DIOCESE OF MONTEREY AND LOS ANGELES (MONTEREYENSIS ET ANGELORUM). Comprises that part of the ...Lossada, Luis de
Philosopher, b. at Quiroga, Asturias, Spain in 1681; d. at Salamanca, in 1748. He entered the ...Lossen, Karl August
German petrologist and geologist, born at Kreuznach (Rhine Province), 5 January, 1841; died at ...Lot
Son of Abraham's brother Aran ( Genesis 11:27 ), therefore Abraham's nephew (his "brother": ...Lottery
A lottery is one of the aleatory contracts and is commonly defined as a distribution of prizes by ...Lotti, Antonio
Composer, born at Venice in 1667; died there, 5 January, 1740 and studied under Legrenzi, ...Lotto, Lorenzo
Italian portrait painter, born at Venice, 1480; died at Loreto, 1556. This eminent artist was ...Loucheux
The would-be Kuchin of some ethnologists, and the Tukudh of the Protestant missionaries; ...Louis Allemand, Blessed
Cardinal, Archbishop of Arles, whose name has been written in a great variety of ways (Alamanus, ...Louis Bertrand, Saint
Born at Valencia, Spain, 1 Jan., 1526; died 9 Oct., 1581. His patents were Juan Bertrand and ...Louis IX, Saint
King of France, son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, born at Poissy, 25 April, 1215; died ...Louis of Casoria, Venerable
Friar Minor and founder of the Frati Bigi; b. at Casoria, near Naples, 11 March, 1814; d. at ...Louis of Granada, Venerable
Theologian, writer, and preacher; b. of very humble parentage at Granada, Spain, 1505; d. at ...Louis of Toulouse, Saint
Bishop of Toulouse, generally represented vested in pontifical garments and holding a book and a ...Louis XIV
King of France, b. at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 16 September, 1638; d. at Versailles, 1 September, ...Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, Saint
Missionary in Brittany and Vendee; born at Montfort, 31 January, 1673; died at Saint Laurent sur ...Louise de Marillac Le Gras, Venerable
Foundress of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul , born at Paris, 12 August, 1591, ...Louise, Sister
Educator and organizer, b. at Bergen-op-Zoom, Holland, 14 Nov., 1813; d. at Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 ...Louisiana
I. COLONIAL The history of Louisiana forms an important part of the history of the United ...Louisville, Diocese of
Comprises that part of Kentucky west of the Kentucky River and western borders of Carroll, Owen, ...Lourdes, Brothers of Our Lady of
(Abbreviation C.N.D.L. — Congregation de Notre-Dame de Lourdes) A community devoted to ...Lourdes, Notre-Dame de
Notre-Dame de Lourdes, in the Department of Hautes Pyrenées, France, is far-famed for the ...Louvain, University of
In order to restore the splendour of Louvain, capital of his Duchy of Brabant, John IV of the ...Love, Theological Virtue of
The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul ( 1 Corinthians 13:13 ), ...Low Church
The name given to one of the three parties or doctrinal tendencies that prevail in the ...Low Sunday
The first Sunday after Easter. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it is apparently ...Lower California, Vicariate Apostolic of
Includes the territory of that name in Mexico (Sp. Baja or Vieja California ), a peninsula ...Lower Criticism
The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work ...Loyola University (Chicago)
Loyola University is the outgrowth of St. Ignatius College, founded by the Jesuits in 1869 for ...Loyola University (New Orleans)
Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, is (1912) the only Catholic university in what is ...Loyola, Saint Ignatius
Youngest son of Don Beltrán Yañez de Oñez y Loyola and Marina Saenz de Lieona ...Lu 49
Lu 49
Luçon
Diocese of Luçon (Lucionensis). Embraces the Department of La Vendée. It was ...Lublin
DIOCESE OF LUBLIN (LUBLINENSIS). The city of Lublin is in Russian Poland, capital of the ...Luca, Giovanni Battista de
A Cardinal and Italian canonist of the seventeenth century, b. at Venusia, Southern Italy, in ...Lucas, Frederick
A member of Parliament and journalist, b. in Westminster, 30 March, 1812, d. at Staines, ...Lucca
ARCHDIOCESE OF LUCCA (LUCENSIS). Lucca, the capital of the like named province in Tuscany, ...Lucera
DIOCESE OF LUCERA (LUCERINENSIS). Lucera is a very ancient city in the province of Foggia in ...Lucerne
Chief town of the Canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The beginnings of the town, as well as the ...Lucian of Antioch
A priest of the Church of Antioch who suffered martyrdom (7 January, 312), during the reign ...Lucic, John
(Or LUCIUS) Croatian historian, b. early in the seventeenth century, at Trojir, or Tragurion, ...Lucifer
( Hebrew helel ; Septuagint heosphoros , Vulgate lucifer ) The name Lucifer ...Lucifer of Cagliari
(LUCIFER CALARITANUS) A bishop, who must have been born in the early years of the fourth ...Lucina, Crypt of
The traditional title of the most ancient section of the catacomb of St. Callistus. According to ...Lucius I, Pope Saint
Reigned 253-254; died at Rome, 5 March, 254. After the death of St. Cornelius , who died in ...Lucius II, Pope
(Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso) Born at Bologna, unknown date, died at Rome, 15 February, ...Lucius III, Pope
(Ubaldo Allucingoli) Born at Lucca, unknown date ; died at Verona, 25 Notaember, 1185. ...Lucy, Saint
A virgin and martyr of Syracuse in Sicily, whose feast is celebrated by Latins and ...Ludger, Saint
(Lüdiger or Liudger) Missionary among the Frisians and Saxons, first Bishop of Munster ...Ludmilla, Saint
Wife of Boriwoi, the first Christian Duke of Bohemia, b. at Mielnik, c. 860; d. at Tetin, near ...Ludolph of Saxony
(Ludolph the Carthusian ). An ecclesiastical writer of the fourteenth century, date of ...Ludovicus a S. Carolo
(LUDOVICUS JACOB) Carmelite writer, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne (according to some at ...Lueger, Karl
A burgomaster of Vienna, Austrian political leader and municipal reformer, born at Vienna, 24 ...Lugo
DIOCESE OF LUGO (LUCENSIS) Diocese in Galicia, Spain, a suffragan of Santiago, said to have ...Lugo, Francisco de
Jesuit theologian, b. at Madrid, 1580; d. at Valladolid, 17 September, 1652. he was the elder ...Lugo, John de
Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal, one of the most eminent theologians of modern times, b. at ...Lugos
Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Fogaras and Alba Julia of the Uniat-Rumanian Rite, was ...Luini, Bernardino
Milanese painter, b. between 1470 and 1480; d. after 1530. The actual facts known respecting the ...Luke, Gospel of Saint
The subject will be treated under the following heads: I. Biography of Saint Luke ...Lulé Indians
A name which has given rise to considerable confusion and dispute in Argentine ethnology, owing ...Lully, Jean-Baptiste
Composer, b. near Florence in 1633; d. at Paris, 22 March, 1687. He was brought to France when ...Lully, Raymond
(RAMON LULL) "Doctor Illuminatus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, ...Lumen Christi
The versicle chanted by the deacon on Holy Saturday as he lights the triple candle. After ...Luminare
(A word which gives in the plural luminaria and has hence been incorrectly written in the ...Lummi Indians
(Abbreviated from Nuglummi , about equivalent to "people", the name used by themselves). ...Lumper, Gottfried
Benedictine patristic writer, born 6 Feb., 1747, at Füssen in Bavaria ; died 8 March, ...Luna, Pedro de
Antipope under the name of Benedict XIII, b. at Illueca, Aragon, 1328; d. at the ...Lund
[LUNDA; LONDUNUM (LONDINUM) GOTHORUM (SCANORUM, SCANDINORUM, or DANORUM)]. In the Län of ...Lunette
The lunette, known in Germany as the lunula and also as the melchisedech, is a crescent-shaped ...Luni-Sarzana-Brugnato
Diocese in the province of Genoa. Luni (originally Luna) was an Etruscan city, but was seized by ...Lupus
(SERVATUS LUPUS, LOUP) Abbot of Ferrières, French Benedictine writer, b. in the ...Lupus, Christian
(WOLF) Historian, b. at Ypres (Flanders), 23 July, 1612; d. at Louvain, 10 July, 1681. He ...Luscinius, Ottmar
(NACHTGALL) An Alsatian Humanist, b. at Strasburg, 1487; d. at Freiburg, 1537. After ...Lusignan, Jean-Baptiste-Alphonse
French-Canadian writer, b. at St-Denis on the Richelieu, P.Q., 27 September, 1843; d. 5 January, ...Lussy, Melchior
Statesman, b. at Stans, Canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, 1529; d. there 14 Nov., 1606. Even in ...Lust
The inordinate craving for, or indulgence of, the carnal pleasure which is experienced in the ...Luther, Martin
Leader of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century in Germany ; born at Eisleben, 10 ...Lutheranism
The religious belief held by the oldest and in Europe the most numerous of the Protestant ...Lutzk, Zhitomir, and Kamenetz, Diocese of
(LUCEORIENSIS, ZYTOMIRIENSIS, ET CAMENECENSIS). Diocese located in Little Russia. Its present ...Luxemburg
The small remnant of the old duchy of this name and since 11 May, 1867, an independent neutral ...Luxeuil Abbey
Situated in the Department of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté, in the Diocese of ...Ly 13
Ly 13
Lycopolis
A titular see in Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoë. As Siout or Siaout it played a ...Lydda
A titular see of Palestina Prima in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The town was formerly ...Lydgate, John
Born at Lydgate, Suffolk, about 1370; d. probably about 1450. He entered the Benedictine abbey ...Lying
Lying, as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas , is a statement at variance with the mind . This ...Lynch, John
Historian, b. at Galway, Ireland, 1599; d. in France, 1673; was the son of Alexander Lynch, who ...Lyndwood, William
Bishop of St. David's and the greatest of English canonists, b. about 1375; d. in 1446. He had ...Lyons, Archdiocese of
The Archdiocese of Lyons (Lugdunensis) comprises the Department of the Rhône (except the ...Lyons, Councils of (Introduction)
Previous to 1313 the Abbé Martin counts no less than twenty-eight synods or councils held ...Lyons, First Council of
Innocent IV, threatened by Emperor Frederick II, arrived at Lyons 2 December, 1244, and early in ...Lyons, Second Council of
The Second Council of Lyons was one of the most largely attended of conciliar assemblies, there ...Lyrba
A titular see of Pamphylia Prima, known by its coins and the mention made of it by Dionysius, ...Lysias
A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, mentioned by Strabo, XII, 576, Pliny, V, 29, Ptolemy, V, 2, ...Latest
by Catholic Online
- Amid political uncertainty, Haitian bishops announce year of prayer
- Prayer Requests Live for Monday, July 15th 2019 HD Video
- Daily Readings for Tuesday, July 16, 2019
- St. Carmen: Saint of the Day for Tuesday, July 16, 2019
- Vatican draws attention to sacrifice of seafarers, requests prayers
- San Francisco auxiliary bishop, seminary rector, dies age 70
- Daily Reading for Thursday, July 18th, 2019 HD Video
Most Popular
Latest Videos
on YouTube
Daily Readings
Daily Reading for Tuesday July 16, 2019
Reading 1, Exodus 2:1-15
Psalm, Psalms 69:3, 14, 30-31, 33-34
Gospel, Matthew 11:20-24
Saint of the Day
St. Carmen
July 16: According to my resources, the name Carmen is a ... Read More
FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything
Information
Learn about Catholic world
Catholic Online
Inform - Inspire - Ignite
Catholic Online Saints
Your saints explained
Catholic Online Prayers
Prayers for every need
Catholic Online Bible
Complete bible online
Catholic Online News
Your news Catholic eye
Daily Reading
Today's bible reading
Lent / Easter
Death & resurrection of Jesus
Advent / Christmas
Birth of Jesus
Rest of Catholic Online
All Catholic world we offer
Services
Products and services we offer
Catholic Online Shopping
Catholic medals, gifts & books
Advertise on Catholic Online
Your ads on catholic.org
Catholic Online Email
Email with Catholic feel
Education
Learn the Catholic way
Catholic Online School
Free Catholic education for all
Student Classes
K-12 & Adult Education Classes
Support Free Education
Tax deductible support Free education
Socials
Connect with us online
Catholic Online on Facebook
Catholic social network
Catholic Online on Twitter
Catholic Tweets
Catholic Online on YouTube
Enjoy our videos
Catholic Online on Instagram
Shared Catholic moments
Catholic Online on Pinterest
Catholic ideas style inspiration
Copyright 2019 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2019 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited.
Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.
