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Jean Astruc

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Born At Sauves, 19 March, 1684; died At Paris, 5 May, 1766. He was the son of a converted Protestant minister. After he had taught medicine at Montpellier, he became a member of the Medical Faculty at Paris. His medical writings, however numerous, are now forgotten, but a work published by him anonymously has secured for him a permanent reputation. This book was entitled: "Conjectures sure les memories originauz dont il paroit que Moyse s'est servi pour composer le livre de la Génèse. Avec des remarques qui appuient ou qui éclairscissent ses conjectures" (Brussels). Astruc himself did not intend to deny the Mosaic authorship of Genesis ; but his work created an era in Biblical inquiry, occasioning the modern critical theories.

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Jáuregui, Juan de Juan de Jauregui A Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; ...
Jíbaro Indians Jibaro Indians Jíbaro (Spanish orthography) "forest man", i.e. native. An important tribal group of ...
Jörg, Joseph Edmund Joseph Edmund Jorg Historian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901. ...
Jaén Jaen (GIENNENSIS) Diocese in Southern Spain. The city of Jaén, capital of the province of ...
Jaca, Diocese of Jaca ( Also JACCA; Latin JACCENSIS). Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief ...
Jackson, Henry Moore Henry Moore Jackson Knight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908. The youngest son of the Anglican ...
Jacob Jacob The son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ...
Jacob of Jüterbogk Jacob of Juterbogk (In the world BENEDICT STOLZENHAGEN). Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near ...
Jacobus de Teramo Jacobus de Teramo (AB ANCHARANO), belonging to the family of Palladini, canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at ...
Jacopo de Voragine, Blessed Bl. Jacopo de Voragine (Di Viraggio) ( Also DI VIRAGGIO). Archbishop of Genoa and medieval hagiologist, born at Viraggio (now ...
Jacopone da Todi Jacopone Da Todi (Properly called JACOPO BENEDICTI or BENEDETTI). Franciscan poet, born at Todi in the first ...
Jacotot, Joseph Joseph Jacotot French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840. He studied in the college ...
Jacques de Vitry Jacques de Vitry Historian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, ...
Jacquier, François Francois Jacquier French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 ...
Jaenbert Jaenbert (Jaenberht, Janbriht, Janibert, Jambert, Lambert, Lanbriht, Genegberht.) Thirteenth ...
Jaffa Jaffa A titular see in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The city of Jaffa is very ancient. Even before ...
Jaffna, Diocese of Jaffna (JAFFNENSIS.) Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and ...
Jainism Jainism A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in ...
Jamaica Jamaica The largest of the British West Indian islands, is situated in the Caribbean Sea, between latitude ...
Jamay, Denis Denis Jamay Franciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important ...
James of Brescia James of Brescia Theologian of the fifteenth century. He entered the Dominican Order at Brescia, his native ...
James of Edessa James of Edessa A celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708. He was a native of the ...
James of Sarugh James of Sarugh A writer of the Syrian Church "the flute of the Holy Spirit and the harp of the believing ...
James of the Marches, Saint St. James of the Marches Franciscan, b. of a poor family named Gangala, at Monteprandone, Italy, 1391; d. at Naples, 28 ...
James Primadicci James Primadicci (Or Primadizzi.) Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460. As early as the year 1426 he ...
James the Greater, Saint St. James the Greater ( Hebrew Yakob ; Septuagint Iakob ; N.T. Greek Iakobos ; a favourite name among the later ...
James the Less, Saint St. James the Less THE IDENTITY OF JAMES The name "James" in the New Testament is borne by several: James, the ...
James Thompson, Blessed Bl. James Thompson (Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ...
James, Epistle of Saint Epistle of St. James The questions concerning this epistle are treated in the following order: I. Author and ...
Janauschek, Leopold Leopold Janauschek Cistercian, born at Brünn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near ...
Jandel, Alexandre Vincent Alexandre Vincent Jandel General of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, ...
Jane Frances de Chantal, Saint St. Jane Frances de Chantal Born at Dijon, France, 28 January, 1572; died at the Visitation Convent Moulins, 13 December, ...
Janner, Ferdinand Ferdinand Janner Theologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, ...
Janow, Matthew of Matthew of Janow A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia ; died at ...
Jansen, Cornelius Cornelius Jansen, the Elder ( Also Jansens, Janssen, Janssenius or Jansenius Gandaviensis). Exegete, born at Hulst, ...
Jansenius and Jansenism Jansenius and Jansenism Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres ( Cornelius Jansenius Yprensis ), from whom Jansenism derives ...
Janssen, Arnold Arnold Janssen Founder and first superior-general of the Society of the Divine Word, b. at Goch in the Rhine ...
Janssen, Johann Johann Janssen Historian, born 10 April, 1829, at Kanten, Germany ; died 24 December, 1891, at ...
Janssens, Abraham Abraham Janssens Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631. He is also ...
Janssens, Johann Hermann Johann Hermann Catholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853. After ...
Januarius, Saint St. Januarius Martyr, Bishop of Beneventum. St. Januarius is believed to have suffered in the ...
Japan Japan AREA AND POPULATION Japan, called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the ...
Japanese Martyrs Japanese Martyrs There is not in the whole history of the Church a single people who can offer to the ...
Jarcke, Karl Ernst Karl Ernst Jarcke Born 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia ; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a ...
Jaricot, Pauline-Marie Pauline-Marie Jaricot Foundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living ...
Jarlath, Saint St. Jarlath Patron of the Archdiocese of Tuam , born in Connaught about 445; died 26 December, ( al. , 11 ...
Jaro Jaro Diocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebú, was made a ...
Jarric, Pierre de Pierre de Jarric Missionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617. He entered the ...
Jason Jason A Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old ...
Jassus Jassus A titular see of Caria, and suffragan of Aphrodisias. The city was founded by colonists from ...
Jassy Jassy (Jassiensis). Diocese in Rumania. The town of Jassy stands in a very fertile plain on the ...
Javouhey, Venerable Anne-Marie Ven. Anne-Marie Javouhey Foundress of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, born at Chamblanc, Diocese of Dijon, 11 ...
Jealousy Jealousy Jealousy is here taken to be synonymous with envy. It is defined to be a sorrow which one ...
Jean de La Bruyère Jean de la Bruyere Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of ...
Jean Eudes, Blessed Blessed Jean Eudes French missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; ...
Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, Saint St. John Vianney Curé of Ars, born at Dardilly, near Lyons, France, on 8 May, 1786; died at Ars, 4 ...
Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, Blessed St. Jean-Gabriel Perboyre Missionary and martyr, born at Puech, Diocese of Cahors, France, 6 January, 1802; martyred at ...
Jeanne de Valois, Saint St. Jeanne de Valois Queen and foundress of the Order of the Annonciades, b. 1464; d. at Bourges, 4 Feb., 1505. ...
Jeaurat, Edmond Edmond Jeaurat (EDME JEAURAT) French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738. He ...
Jedburgh Jedburgh (Eighty-two different spellings of the name are given in the "Origines Parochiales Scotiæ"). ...
Jehoshaphat Josaphat ( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ...
Jehoshaphat, Valley of Valley of Josaphat (JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ...
Jehovah Jehovah (Yahweh) The proper name of God in the Old Testament ; hence the Jews called it the name by ...
Jehu Jehu The derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated " Yahweh is he". I. J EHU ...
Jemez Pueblo Jemez Pueblo An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles ...
Jeningen, Venerable Philipp Ven. Philipp Jeningen Born at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the ...
Jenks, Silvester Silvester Jenks Theologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714. He was educated at Douai ...
Jennings, Sir Patrick Alfred Sir Patrick Alfred Jennings An Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897. He received his education, ...
Jephte Jephte One of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book ...
Jeremias Jeremias [Hebrew Irmeyah; often in the paragogic form Irmeyahu, especially in the Book of ...
Jeremias the Prophet Jeremias ( THE P ROPHET .) Jeremias lived at the close of the seventh and in the first part of the ...
Jericho Jericho Three cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhood. I. A ...
Jeroboam Jeroboam (Septuagint `Ieroboám ), name of two Israelitish kings. (1) J EROBOAM I was the ...
Jerome Emiliani, Saint St. Jerome Emiliani Founder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 ...
Jerome, Saint St. Jerome Born at Stridon, a town on the confines of Dalmatia and Pannonia, about the year 340-2; died at ...
Jerusalem (71-1099) Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099) I. TO THE TIME OF CONSTANTINE (71-312) When Titus took Jerusalem (April-September, A.D. 70) he ...
Jerusalem (After 1291) Jerusalem (After 1291) (1) Political History The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, ...
Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71) Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71) This article treats of the "City of God", the political and religious centre of the People of ...
Jerusalem, Assizes of Assizes of Jerusalem The signification of the word assizes in this connection is derived from the French verb ...
Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291) Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed ...
Jerusalem, Liturgy of Liturgy of Jerusalem The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch. That is to say, the Liturgy that became famous as ...
Jesi Jesi (ÆSINA) Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy ...
Jesu Dulcis Memoria Jesu Dulcis Memoria A poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts ), to form the three ...
Jesuit Apologetic Jesuit Apologetic The accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and ...
Jesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression Jesuit Generals Prior To the Suppression (1541-1773) (1) St. Ignatius Loyola (19 April 1541-31 July, 1556). The society spread rapidly, and at the ...
Jesuit's Bark Jesuit's Bark (C HINA B ARK ; C INCHONA ; C ORTEX C HINÆ ; P ERUVIAN B ARK ). Jesuit's ...
Jesuits, Distinguished Distinguished Jesuits Saints Ignatius Loyola ; Francis Xavier ; Francis Borgia ; Stanislaus Kostka; Alfonso ...
Jesuits, History of the (1773-1814) History of the Jesuits (1773-1814) The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was ...
Jesuits, History of the (1814-1912) The Restored Jesuits (1814-1912) Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France ; and after his ...
Jesuits, History of the (pre-1750) Pre-1773 History of the Jesuits Italy The history of the Jesuits in Italy was generally very peaceful. The only serious ...
Jesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773) The Suppression of the Jesuits (1770-1773) The Suppression is the most difficult part of the history of the Society. Having enjoyed very high ...
Jesuits, The The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) (Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ...
Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood of Sisters of the Holy Childhood of Jesus and Mary (1) A congregation founded in 1835 in the Diocese of Fréjus, for the education of girls ...
Jesus Christ Jesus Christ Origin of the Name of Jesus In this article, we shall consider the two words -- "Jesus" and ...
Jesus Christ, Character of Character of Jesus Christ The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most ...
Jesus Christ, Chronology of the Life of Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ In the following paragraphs we shall endeavour to establish the absolute and relative chronology ...
Jesus Christ, Devotion to the Heart of Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus The treatment of this subject is divided into two parts: I. Doctrinal Explanations;II. Historical ...
Jesus Christ, Early Historical Documents on Early Historical Documents On Jesus Christ The historical documents referring to Christ's life and work may be divided into three classes: ...
Jesus Christ, Genealogy of Genealogy of Christ It is granted on all sides that the Biblical genealogy of Christ implies a number of exegetical ...
Jesus Christ, Holy Name of Holy Name of Jesus We give honour to the Name of Jesus, not because we believe that there is any intrinsic power ...
Jesus Christ, Knowledge of Knowledge of Jesus Christ " Knowledge of Jesus Christ," as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know ...
Jesus Christ, Origin of the Name of The Name of Jesus Christ In this article, we shall consider the two words which compose the Sacred Name. JESUS The word ...
Jesus Christ, Resurrection of Resurrection of Jesus Christ Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall ...
Jesus Mary, Religious of Religious of Jesus Mary The Congregation of the Religious of Jesus Mary was founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by ...
Jesus, Daughters of Daughters of Jesus Founded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes , France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, ...
Jesus, The Society of The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) (Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ...
Jewish Calendar Jewish Calendar Days From the remotest time to the present the Israelites have computed the day ( yôm ...
Jewish Tribe Jewish Tribe ( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ...
Jews (as a Religion) Judaism At the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ...
Jews, History of the History of the Jews ( Yehúd`m; Ioudaismos ). Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism , the former denotes ...
Jezabel Jezabel ( Septuagint, 'Iezabél, ). Wife of Achab, King of Israel. She was the daughter of ...
Joachim of Flora Joachim of Flora Cistercian abbot and mystic; b. at Celico, near Cosenza, Italy, c. 1132; d. at San Giovanni in ...
Joachim, Saint St. Joachim Joachim (whose name means Yahweh prepares ), was the father of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If we ...
Joan of Arc, Saint St. Joan of Arc In French Jeanne d'Arc ; by her contemporaries commonly known as la Pucelle (the Maid). ...
Joan, Popess Pope Joan The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed ...
Joanna of Portugal, Blessed Bl. Joanna of Portugal Born at Lisbon, 16 February, 1452; died at Aveiro, 12 may, 1490; the daughter of Alfonso V, King ...
Joannes de Sacrobosco Joannes de Sacrobosco (John Holywood), a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as ...
Job Job One of the books of the Old Testament , and the chief personage in it. In this article it is ...
Jocelin Jocelin Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow ; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. On 22 April, 1170, ...
Jocelin de Brakelond Jocelin de Brakelond An English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. He was the monk of Bury St. Edmund's ...
Jocelin of Wells Jocelin of Wells (Or JOSCELINE) Bishop of Bath and Wells (JOCELINUS THOTEMAN), d. 19 Nov., 1242. He was ...
Joel Joel The son of Phatuel, and second in the list of the twelve Minor Prophets. Nothing is known of his ...
Joest, Jan Jan Joest (V AN K ALKAR ). Otherwise JAN JOOST VAN CALCKER. Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or ...
Jogues, Saint Isaac St. Isaac Jogues French missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, ...
John and Cyrus, Saints Sts. Cyrus and John Celebrated martyrs of the Coptic Church, surnamed thaumatourgoi anargyroi because they healed ...
John and Paul, Saints Sts. John and Paul Martyred at Rome on 26 June. The year of their martyrdom is uncertain according to their ...
John Baptist de la Salle, Saint St. John Baptist de la Salle Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ...
John Baptist de Rossi, Saint John Baptist de Rossi (De Rubeis). Born at Voltaggio in the Diocese of Genoa, 22 February, 1698; died at Rome, 23 ...
John Beche, Blessed John Beche ( Alias THOMAS MARSHALL). English Benedictine abbot and martyr ; date of birth unknown; ...
John Berchmans, Saint St. John Berchmans Born at Diest in Brabant, 13 March, 1599; died at Rome, 13 August, 1621. His parents watched ...
John Bosco, Saint St. John Bosco (Don Bosco) ( Or St. John Bosco; Don Bosco.) Founder of the Salesian Society. Born of poor parents in ...
John Boste, Saint St. John Boste (Or JOHN BOAST.) Priest and martyr, b. of good Catholic family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, ...
John Britton, Venerable Ven. John Britton (Or Bretton). A layman and martyr, of all ancient family of Bretton near Barnsley in ...
John Buckley, Venerable Ven. John Buckley ( Alias John Jones; alias John Griffith; in religion, Godfrey Maurice). Priest and martyr, ...
John Cantius, Saint St. John Cantius Born at Kenty, near Oswiecim, Diocese of Krakow, Poland, 1412 (or 1403); died at Krakow, 1473, ...
John Capistran, Saint St. John Capistran Born at Capistrano, in the Diocese of Sulmona, Italy, 1385; died 23 October, 1456. His father had ...
John Chrysostom, Saint St. John Chrysostom ( Chrysostomos , "golden-mouthed" so called on account of his eloquence). Doctor of the ...
John Climacus, Saint St. John Climacus Also surnamed SCHOLASTICUS, and THE SINAITA, b. doubtlessly in Syria, about 525; d. on Mount ...
John Colombini, Blessed Bl. John Colombini Founder of the Congregation of Jesuati; b. at Siena, Upper Italy, about 1300; d. on the way to ...
John Cornelius and Companions, Venerable Ven. John Cornelius and Companions John Cornelius (called also Mohun) was born of Irish parents at Bodmin, in Cornwall, on the ...
John Damascene, Saint Saint John Damascene Born at Damascus, about 676; died some time between 754 and 787. The only extant life of the ...
John de Britto, Blessed St. John de Britto Martyr ; born in Lisbon, 1 March, 1647, and was brought up in court; martyred in India 11 ...
John Felton, Blessed Bl. John Felton Martyr, date and place of birth unknown, was executed in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, 8 ...
John Fisher, Saint St. John Fisher Cardinal, Bishop of Rochester, and martyr ; born at Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 1459 ...
John Forest, Blessed Bl. John Forest Born in 1471, presumably at Oxford, where his surname was then not unknown; suffered 22 May, ...
John Francis Regis, Saint St. John Francis Regis Born 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ...
John Hambley, Venerable Ven. John Hambley English martyr (suffered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and converted by reading one ...
John I, Pope Saint Pope St. John I Died at Ravenna on 18 or 19 May (according to the most popular calculation), 526. A Tuscan by ...
John II, Pope Pope John II (533-535). The date of the birth of this pope is not known. He was a Roman and the son of ...
John III, Pope Pope John III (561-574). A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574. He was of a distinguished family, ...
John Ingram, Venerable Ven. John Ingram English martyr, born at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, in 1565; executed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 ...
John IV, Pope Pope John IV (640-642). A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. The ...
John IX, Pope Pope John IX (898-900). Not only is the date of John's birth unknown, but the date of his election as ...
John Joseph of the Cross, Saint St. John Joseph of the Cross Born on the Island of Ischia, Southern Italy, 1654; d. 5 March, 1739. From his earliest years ...
John Larke, Blessed Bl. John Larke English martyr ; died at Tyburn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethelburga's ...
John Malalas John Malalas A Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century, born at Antioch where he spent most if ...
John Nelson, Blessed Blessed John Nelson English Jesuit martyr, b. at Skelton, four miles from York, in 1534; d. at Tyburn, 3 February, ...
John Nepomucene, Saint St. John Nepomucene Born at Nepomuk about 1340; died 20 March, 1393. The controversy concerning the identity of John ...
John of Antioch John of Antioch There are four persons commonly known by this name. I John, Patriarch of Antioch ...
John of Avila, Blessed Bl. John of Avila Apostolic preacher of Andalusia and author, b. at Almodóvar del Campo, a small town in ...
John of Beverley, Saint Saint John of Beverley Bishop of Hexham and afterwards of York; b. at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire; d. at ...
John of Biclaro John of Biclaro (Johannes Biclariensis.) Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth ...
John of Cornwall John of Cornwall (JOHANNES CORNUBIENSIS, JOHANNES DE SANCTO GERMANO). John of Cornwall lived about 1176. He was ...
John of Ephesus John of Ephesus (Also known as JOHN OF ASIA). The earliest, and a very famous, Syriac historian. He was born ...
John of Fécamp John of Fecamp (Also known as JEANNELIN on account of his diminutive stature). Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna ...
John of Falkenberg John of Falkenberg Author, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy &151; ...
John of Fermo, Blessed Blessed John of Fermo More often called JOHN OF LA VERNA, from his long sojourn on that holy mountain, b. at Fermo ...
John of Genoa John of Genoa (Often called Balbi, or de Balbis.) Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there ...
John of God, Saint St. John of God Born at Montemor o Novo, Portugal, 8 March, 1495, of devout Christian parents ; died at ...
John of Hauteville John of Hauteville Moralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184). Little is known of his ...
John of Janduno John of Janduno An Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century. John of ...
John of Montecorvino John of Montecorvino A Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern ...
John of Montesono John of Montesono Theologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain ; dates of birth and death ...
John of Nikiû John of Nikiu An Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century. The little we ...
John of Paris John of Paris ( Called also Quidort and de Soardis). Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, ...
John of Parma, Blessed Blessed John of Parma Minister General of the Friars Minor (1247-1257), b. at Parma about 1209; d. at Camerino 19 ...
John of Ragusa John of Ragusa (Sometimes confounded with John of Segovia ). A Dominican theologian, president of the ...
John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa) John of Roquetaillade (De Rupescissa) Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362. After pursuing the ...
John of Rupella John of Rupella Franciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century; d. ...
John of Sahagun, Saint Saint John of Sahagun Hermit, b. 1419, at Sahagún (or San Fagondez) in the Kingdom of Leon, in Spain ; d. 11 ...
John of Saint Thomas John of St. Thomas (Family name John Poinsot), theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 ...
John of Salisbury John of Salisbury (JOHANNES DE SARESBERIA, surnamed PARVUS). Born about 1115; died 1180; a distinguished ...
John of Segovia John of Segovia A Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in ...
John of the Cross, Saint St. John of the Cross Founder (with St. Teresa) of the Discalced Carmelites, doctor of mystic theology, b. at ...
John of Victring John of Victring (JOHANNES VICTORENSIS or DE VICTORIA). Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at ...
John of Winterthur John of Winterthur (Johannes Vitoduranus.) Historian, born about 1300 at Winterthur (Switzerland); died ...
John Parvus John Parvus Called in his day, JEHAN PETIT or LE PETIT. A French theologian and professor in the ...
John Payne, Blessed Bl. John Payne Born in the Diocese of Peterborough ; died at Chelmsford, 2 April, 1582. He went to Douai in ...
John Rigby, Saint St. John Rigby English martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ...
John Roberts, Saint St. John Roberts First Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ...
John Rochester, Blessed Bl. John Rochester Priest and martyr, born probably at Terling, Essex, England, about 1498; died at York, 11 May, ...
John Sarkander, Blessed Bl. John Sarkander Martyr of the seal of confession, born at Skotschau in Austrian Silesia, 20 Dec., 1576; died at ...
John Scholasticus John Scholasticus ( ho Scholastikos ; also called J OHN OF A NTIOCH ) Patriarch of Constantinople (J OHN ...
John Shert, Blessed Bl. John Shert A native of Cheshire; took the degree of B.A. at Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1566. Successively ...
John Stone, Blessed Bl. John Stone English martyr, executed at the Dane-John, Canterbury, probably in December, 1539, for denying ...
John Story, Blessed Bl. John Story ( Or Storey.) Martyr ; born 1504; died at Tyburn, 1 June, 1571. He was educated at ...
John Talaia John Talaia Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troubles. He had ...
John the Almsgiver, Saint St. John the Almsgiver (JOANNES ELEEMOSYNARIUS; JOANNES MISERICORS). Patriarch of Alexandria (606-16), b. at Amathus ...
John the Baptist, Saint St. John the Baptist The principal sources of information concerning the life and ministry of St. John the Baptist are ...
John the Deacon John the Deacon (J OHANNES D IACONUS ). Among the writers of the Middle Ages who bear this name, four ...
John the Evangelist, Saint St. John the Evangelist I. New Testament Accounts II. The Alleged Presbyter John III. The Later Accounts of John IV. Feasts ...
John the Faster John the Faster ( ‘o nesteutés, jejunator ) Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), ...
John the Silent, Saint John the Silent (Hesychastes, Silentiarius). Bishop of Colonia, in Armenia, b. at Nicopolis, Armenia, 8 ...
John Twenge, Saint St. John Twenge Last English saint canonized, canon regular, Prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington, b. near the ...
John V, Pope Pope John V (685-686). A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 ...
John VI, Pope Pope John VI (701-705). A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705. He ascended the ...
John VII, Pope Pope John VII (705-707). The year of his birth is unknown; d. 18 October, 707. Few particulars of his life ...
John VIII, Pope Pope John VIII (Reigned 872-82) A Roman and the son of Gundus. He seems to have been born in the first ...
John X, Pope Pope John X Born at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928. First a deacon, he became ...
John XI, Pope Pope John XI Date of birth unknown, became pope in 931; d. 936. He was the son of Marozia by her first ...
John XII, Pope Pope John XII Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64. The younger Alberic, after the downfall of his mother, ...
John XIII, Pope Pope John XIII Date of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972. After the death of John XII ...
John XIV, Pope Pope John XIV Date of birth unknown; d. 984. After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, ...
John XIX (XX), Pope Pope John XIX (XX) Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032. After the death of the last patricius of the House of Crescentius, ...
John XV (XVI), Pope Pope John XV (XVI) Enthroned 985; d. April, 996. After John XIV had been removed by force, the usurper, Boniface ...
John XVI (XVII) Antipope John XVI (XVII) Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013. After the death of John XV, Bruno, a relative of Otto ...
John XVII (XVIII), Pope Pope John XVII (XVIII) Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003. When Sylvester II died on 12 May, 1003, there was no ...
John XVIII (XIX), Pope Pope John XVIII (XIX) Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009. He was the son of a Roman ...
John XXI (XX), Pope Pope John XXI (XX) Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277. The son ...
John XXII, Pope Pope John XXII (JACQUES D'EUSE) Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 ...
John XXIII Antipope John XXIII Antipope of the Pisan party (1400-15), b. about 1370; d. 22 November, 1419. Cardinal Baldassare ...
John, Epistles of Epistles of Saint John Three canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. John. The subject will ...
John, Gospel of Gospel of Saint John This subject will be considered under the following heads: I. Contents and Scheme of the ...
Johnson, Blessed Robert Bl. Robert Johnson Born in Shropshire, entered the German College, Rome, 1 October, 1571. Ordained priest at ...
Johnson, Blessed Thomas Bl. Thomas Johnson Carthusian martyr, died in Newgate gaol, London, 20 September, 1537. On 18 May, 1537, the twenty ...
Johnson, Lionel Pigot Lionel Pigot Johnson Born at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902. He was the youngest ...
Johnston, Richard Malcolm Richard Malcolm Johnston Educator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 ...
Joinville, Jean, Sire de Jean, Sire de Joinville Seneschal of Champagne, historian, b. in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317. His family held an ...
Joliet, Louis Louis Joliet (Or JOLLIET). Louis Joliet, a discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, ...
Joliette Joliette (JOLIETTENSIS). Diocese created by Pius X , 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese ...
Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von Philipp Johann Gustav von Jolly German physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884. His ...
Jonas Jonah The fifth of the Minor Prophets. The name is usually taken to mean "dove", but in view of the ...
Jonas of Bobbio Jonas of Bobbio (Or Jonas of Susa ) Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at ...
Jonas of Orléans Jonas of Orleans Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844. From 818, when he ...
Jonathan Jonathan (Hebrew, " Yahweh hath given", cf. Theodore; Septuagint 'Ionáthan .) Name of several ...
Jones, Inigo Inigo Jones A famous English architect, b. 15 July, 1573, in London ; d. 21 June, 1652, and was buried in ...
Jones, Venerable Edward Ven. Edward Jones Priest and martyr, b. in the Diocese of St. Asaph, Wales, date unknown; d. in London, 6 May ...
Jordan, The The Jordan (In Hebrew Yâdên, from the root Yârâd, to descend). The difference ...
Jordanis Jordanis (Jornandes) Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ...
Jordanus of Giano Jordanus of Giano (DE JANO). Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262. ...
Jornandes Jordanis (Jornandes) Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire. His family ...
Josaphat Josaphat ( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ...
Josaphat and Barlaam Barlaam and Josaphat The principal characters of a legend of Christian antiquity, which was a favourite subject of ...
Josaphat Kuncevyc, Saint St. Josaphat Kuncevyc Martyr, born in the little town of Volodymyr in Lithuania (Volyn) in 1580 or -- according to ...
Josaphat, Valley of Valley of Josaphat (JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ...
Joseph Joseph The eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes ...
Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of Saint Pious Workers of St. Joseph Calasanctius Founded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, ...
Joseph Calasanctius, Saint St. Joseph Calasanctius Called in religion "a Matre Dei", founder of the Piarists, b. 11 Sept., 1556, at the castle of ...
Joseph II Joseph II (1741-90). German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and ...
Joseph of Arimathea Joseph of Arimathea All that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical Gospels. He was born ...
Joseph of Cupertino, Saint St. Joseph of Cupertino Mystic, born 17 June, 1603; died at Osimo 18 September, 1663; feast, 18 September. Joseph ...
Joseph of Exeter Joseph of Exeter (JOSEPHUS ISCANUS.) A twelfth-century Latin poet; b. at Exeter, England. About 1180 he went ...
Joseph of Issachar Joseph of Issachar A man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses ...
Joseph of Leonessa, Saint St. Joseph of Leonessa In the world named Eufranio Desiderio; born in 1556 at Leonessa in Umbria; died 4 February, ...
Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, Saint St. Joseph's Society For Colored Missions This organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in ...
Joseph's Society for Foreign Missions, Saint St. Joseph's Society For Foreign Missions (Mill Hill, London, N.W.) A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for ...
Joseph, Saint St. Joseph Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus Christ . LIFE Sources ...
Joseph, Sisters of Saint Sisters of Saint Joseph CONGREGATION OF THE SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. ...
Josephites Josephites (Sons of St. Joseph) A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in ...
Josephus, Flavius Flavius Josephus Jewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem ; died about 101. He belonged to a distinguished ...
Joshua Josue (Joshua) The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ...
Josias Josias (J OSIAH – Hebrew for " Yahweh supports"; Septuagint 'Iosías ). A pious ...
Josue Josue (Joshua) The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books. ( ...
Joubert, Joseph Joseph Joubert French philosopher ; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 ...
Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée de Claude-Francois-Dorothee de Jouffroy M ARQUIS d' A BBANS . Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besançon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. ...
Jouffroy, Jean de Jean de Jouffroy French prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comté) about 1412; d. at the priory ...
Jouin, Louis Louis Jouin Linguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899. He ...
Jouvancy, Joseph de Joseph de Jouvancy (JOSEPHUS JUVENCIUS). Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, ...
Jouvenet, Jean Jean Jouvenet Surnamed T HE G REAT . French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717. ...
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (Also written JOVE-LLANOS). Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., ...
Jovianus, Flavius Claudius Flavius Claudius Jovianus Roman Emperor, 363-4. After the death of Julian the Apostate (26 June, 363), the army making ...
Jovinianus Jovianus An opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390). Our ...
Jovius, Paulus Paulus Jovius (GIOVIO). Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552. Having ...
Joyeuse, Henri, Duc de Henri, Duc de Joyeuse Born in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the "Biographic Michaud ", in 1567; died at ...
Juan Bautista de Toledo Juan Bautista de Toledo An eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, ...
Jubilate Sunday Jubilate Sunday The third Sunday after Easter, being so named from the first word of the Introit at Mass ...
Jubilee, Holy Year of Holy Year of Jubilee The ultimate derivation of the word jubilee is disputed, but it is most probable that the ...
Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew) Year of Jubilee (Hebrew) According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that ...
Jubilees, Book of Book of Jubilees ( ta Iobelaia ). An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and ...
Juda Juda The name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the ...
Judaism Judaism At the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ...
Judaizers Judaizers (From Greek Ioudaizo , to adopt Jewish customs -- Esther 8:17 ; Galatians 2:14 ). A ...
Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot The Apostle who betrayed his Divine Master . The name Judas ( Ioudas ) is the Greek form of ...
Judas Machabeus Judas Machabeus Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the ...
Judde, Claude Claude Judde French preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, ...
Jude, Epistle of Saint Epistle of Saint Jude The present subject will be treated under the following heads: I. The Author and the ...
Judea Judea Like the adjective Ioudaios , the noun Ioudaia comes from the Aramæan Iehûdai ...
Judge, Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical Judge (J UDEX E CCLESIASTICUS ) An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical ...
Judges, The Book of Judges The seventh book of the Old Testament , second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canon. I. ...
Judgment, Divine Divine Judgment This subject will be treated under two heads: I. Divine Judgment Subjectively and Objectively ...
Judgment, General General Judgment (Last Judgment) (Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ...
Judgment, Last General Judgment (Last Judgment) (Judicium Universale, Last Judgment). I. EXISTENCE OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT 1 Few truths are ...
Judgment, Particular Particular Judgment A. Dogma of Particular Judgment The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that ...
Judica Sunday Judica Sunday Name given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of ...
Judith, Book of Book of Judith HISTORY Nabuchodonosor, King of Nineveh, sends his general Holofernes to subdue the Jews. The ...
Julia Billiart, Saint Saint Julie Billiart ( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ...
Julian and Basilissa, Saints Saints Julian and Basilissa Husband and wife; died at Antioch or, more probably, at Antinoe, in the reign of Diocletian, ...
Julian of Eclanum Julian of Eclanum Born about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian ...
Julian of Speyer Julian of Speyer Often called J ULIANUS T EUTONICUS . A famous composer, poet, and historian of the ...
Julian the Apostate Julian the Apostate (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS). Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, ...
Juliana Falconieri, Saint St. Juliana Falconieri Born in 1270; died 12 June, 1341. Juliana belonged to the noble Florentine family of Falconieri. ...
Juliana of Liège, Saint St. Juliana of Liege Nun, b. at Retinnes, near Liège, Belgium, 1193; d. at Fosses, 5 April, 1258. At the age ...
Juliana of Norwich Juliana of Norwich English mystic of the fourteenth century, author or recipient of the vision contained in the book ...
Juliana, Saint St. Juliana Suffered martyrdom during the Diocletian persecution. Both the Latin and Greek Churches mention ...
Julie Billiart, Saint Saint Julie Billiart ( Also Julia). Foundress, and first superior-general of the Congregation of the Sisters of ...
Juliopolis Juliopolis Titular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicaea. The city was founded under ...
Julitta and Quiricus Sts. Quiricus and Julitta Martyred under Diocletian. The names of these two martyrs, who in the early Church enjoyed a ...
Julius Africanus Julius Africanus (c. 160-c. 240; the full name is Sextus Iulius Africanus, Greek Sextos Ioulios Aphrikanos ). ...
Julius I, Pope Saint Pope Saint Julius I (337-352). The immediate successor of Pope Silvester, Arcus, ruled the Roman Church for ...
Julius II, Pope Pope Julius II (GIULIANO DELLA ROVERE). Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 ...
Julius III, Pope Julius III (GIAMMARIA CIOCCHI DEL MONTE). Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555. ...
Jumièges, Abbey of Benedictine Abbey of Jumieges Jumièges, situated on the north bank of the Seine, between Duclair and Caudebec, in ...
Junípero Serra Junipero Serra Born at Petra, Island of Majorca, 24 November, 1713; died at Monterey, California, 28 August, ...
Jungmann, Bernard Bernard Jungmann A dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Münster in Westphalia, 1 ...
Jungmann, Josef Josef Jungmann Born 12 Nov., 1830, at Münster, Westphalia ; died at Innsbruck, 25 Nov., 1885. In 1850 he ...
Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction The right to guide and rule the Church of God. The subject is here treated under the following ...
Jus Spolii Jus Spolii (RIGHT OF SPOIL; also called JUS EXUVIARUM and RAPITE CAPITE) Jus Spolii, a claim, exercised in ...
Jussieu, De De Jussieu Name of five French botanists. (1) ANTOINE DE JUSSIEU, physician and botanist, b. at Lyons, ...
Juste Juste The name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, ...
Justice Justice Justice is here taken in its ordinary and proper sense to signify the most important of the ...
Justification Justification (Latin justificatio ; Greek dikaiosis .) A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the ...
Justin de Jacobis, Blessed Blessed Justin de Jacobis Vicar Apostolic of Abyssinia and titular Bishop of Nilopolis, h. at San Fele, Province of ...
Justin Martyr, Saint St. Justin Martyr Christian apologist, born at Flavia Neapolis, about A.D. 100, converted to Christianity about ...
Justina and Cyprian, Saints Sts. Cyprian and Justina Christians of Antioch who suffered martyrdom during the persecution of Diocletian at ...
Justinian I Justinian I Roman Emperor (527-65) Flavius Anicius Julianus Justinianus was born about 483 at Tauresium ...
Justiniani, Benedetto Benedetto Justiniani (GIUSTINIANI). Theological and Biblical writer, born at Genoa, about the year 1550; died at ...
Justiniani, Nicholas Nicholas Justiniani Date of birth unknown, became monk in the Benedictine monastery of San Niccoló del Lido ...
Justinianopolis Justinianopolis A titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste. This see is better known in history ...
Justus, Saint St. Justus Fourth Archbishop of Canterbury ; died 627 (?). For the particulars of his life we are almost ...
Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus Juvencus Christian Latin poet of the fourth century. Of his life we know only what St. Jerome tells us ...
Juvenile Courts Juvenile Courts Tribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences. The maximum age is usually ...

Gaudete Sunday: We Rejoice Because the Lord is Always Near

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