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Edmond Reusens
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Archeologist and historian, b. at Wijneghem (Antwerp), 25 April, 1831; d. at Louvain, 25 Dec., 1903. Sent to the University of Louvain immediately after his ordination to the priesthood (1854), he soon became head librarian of the university (1859-1896). He collaborated with his rector, Mgr de Ram, in his works on the religious history of Belgium, and in 1864 they founded the review, "Analectes pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique", which Reusens continued to direct until his death. With the same teacher, he became interested in the history of the University of Louvain , to which he devoted almost exclusively the last years of his life. Through his historical studies he acquired a knowledge of palaeography and diplomacy and became professor of a course in these branches (1881-1903) which was the first of its kind in Belgium. In 1900 he was appointed member of the Royal Commission of History (Brussels). After teaching theology for two years he had charge of a new course in Christian archaeology from 1864-1900. In this department he soon acquired great distinction, as is evidenced by the success of his manual, his appointment (1884) to the Royal Commission of Monuments (Brussels), his participation in the exposition of ancient art, and his share in the renovation of religious art in Belgium. His principal works are: "Eléments d'archéologie chrétienne" (Louvain, 1871-5); "Eléments de paléographie" (Louvain, 1899); "Documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'université de Louvain" (Louvain, 1881-1903).
More Volume: E 411
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Ea 11
Ea 11
Eadmer
Precentor of Canterbury and historian, born 1064 (?); died 1124 (?). Brought up at Christ ...Eanbald I
The first Archbishop of York by that name (not to be confused with Eanbald II ). Date of birth ...Eanbald II
Date of birth unknown; died 810 or 812. He received his education in the famous School of York ...East Indies, Patriarchate of the
In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886, ...Easter
The English term, according to the Ven. Bede (De temporum ratione, I, v), relates to Estre, a ...Easter Controversy
Ecclesiastical history preserves the memory of three distinct phases of the dispute regarding ...Eastern Churches
I. DEFINITION OF AN EASTERN CHURCH An accident of political development has made it possible to ...Eastern Schism
From the time of Diotrephes ( 3 John 1:9-10 ) there have been continual schisms, of which the ...Easterwine
(Or Eosterwini). Abbot of Wearmouth, was the nephew of St. Benedict Biscop ; born 650, died ...Easton, Adam
Cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk; died at Rome, 15 September (according to others, 20 ...Eata, Saint
Second Bishop of Hexham ; date of birth unknown; died 26 October, 686. Whether this ...Eb 7
Eb 7
Ebbo
(EBO) Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851. Though ...Ebendorfer, Thomas
German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria ...Eberhard of Ratisbon
(Or Salzburg; also called Eberhardus Altahensis). A German chronicler who flourished about the ...Eberhard, Matthias
Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876. After ...Ebermann, Veit
(Or Ebermann). Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in ...Ebionites
By this name were designated one or more early Christian sects infected with Judaistic errors. ...Ebner
The name of two German mystics, whom historical research has shown to have been in no wise ...Ec 27
Ec 27
Ecclesiastes
(Septuagint èkklesiastés , in St. Jerome also C ONCIONATOR, "Preacher"). ...Ecclesiastical Addresses
It is from Italy that we derive rules as to what is fitting and customary in the matter of ...Ecclesiastical Architecture
The best definition of architecture that has ever been given is likewise the shortest. It is "the ...Ecclesiastical Archives
Ecclesiastical archives may be described as a collection of documents, records, muniments, and ...Ecclesiastical Art
Before speaking in detail of the developments of Christian art from the beginning down to the ...Ecclesiastical Buildings
This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever ...Ecclesiastical Forum
That the Church of Christ has judicial and coercive power is plain from the constitution given ...Ecclesiasticus
(Abbrev. Ecclus.; also known as the Book of Sirach.) The longest of the deuterocanonical books ...Eccleston, Samuel
Fifth Archbishop of Baltimore, U.S.A. born near Chestertown, Maryland, 27 June, 1801; died at ...Eccleston, Thomas of
Thirteenth-century Friar Minor and chronicler, dates of birth and death unknown. He styles ...Echard, Jacques
Historian of the Dominicans, born at Rouen, France, 22 September, 1644; died at Paris, 15 ...Echave, Baltasar de
Painter, born at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; died in ...Echinus
A titular see of Thessaly, Greece. Echinus, ( Echinos , also Echinous ) was situated on the ...Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius
Prince- Bishop of Würzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart ...Echternach, Abbey of
(Also EPTERNACH, Latin EPTERNACENSIS). A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in ...Eck, Johann
Theologian and principal adversary of Luther, b. 15 Nov., 1486, at Eck in Swabia; d. 10 Feb., ...Eckart, Anselm
Missionary, born at Bingen, Germany, 4 August, 1721; died at the College of Polstok, Polish ...Eckebert
(Ekbert, Egbert) Abbot of Schönau, born in the early part of the twelfth century of a ...Eckhart, Johann Georg von
(Called Eccard before he was ennobled) German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of ...Eckhart, Meister
( Also spelled Eckard, Eccard. Meister means "the Master"). Dominican preacher, theologian ...Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius
German numismatist, b. 13 January, 1737, at Enzesfeld near Pottenstein, in Lower Austria, where ...Eclecticism
(Greek ek, legein ; Latin eligere , to select) A philosophical term meaning either a ...Economics
S CIENCE OF P OLITICAL E CONOMY (E CONOMICS ). I. DEFINITIONS Political economy (Greek, ...Ecstasy
Supernatural ecstasy may be defined as a state which, while it lasts, includes two elements: ...Ecuador
R EPUBLIC OF E CUADOR (L A R EPÚBLICA DEL E CUADOR ). An independent state of ...Ecumenical Councils
This subject will be treated under the following heads: Definition Classification ...Ecumenism
The Catholic Church is by far the largest, the most widespread, and the most ancient of ...Ed 23
Ed 23
Edda
A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder Edda" ...Edelinck
The family name of four engravers. Gerard Edelinck Born in Antwerp c. 1640; died in ...Eden, Garden of
( paradeisos , Paradisus ). The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the ...Edesius and Frumentius
Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into ...Edessa
A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene. The name ...Edgeworth, Henry Essex
Better known as L' ABBÉ E DGEWORTH DE F IRMONT Confessor of Louis XVI, and ...Edinburgh
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, though not its largest city, derives its name from the time ...Editions of the Bible
In the present article we understand by editions of the Bible the printed reproductions of its ...Edmund Arrowsmith, Venerable
English martyr, born in 1585 at Haddock; executed at Lancaster, 23 August, 1628. He is of great ...Edmund Campion, Saint
English Jesuit and martyr ; he was the son and namesake of a Catholic bookseller, and was born ...Edmund Rich, Saint
Archbishop of Canterbury, England, born 20 November, c. 1180, at Abingdon, six miles from ...Edmund the Martyr, Saint
King of East Anglia, born about 840; died at Hoxne, Suffolk, 20 November, 870. The earliest and ...Edmund, Congregation of Saint
Founded in 1843, by Jean-Baptiste Muard, at Pontigny, France, for the work of popular missions. ...Education
IN GENERAL In the broadest sense, education includes all those experiences by which intelligence ...Education of the Blind
Although the education of the blind as a class dates back no further than the year 1784, ...Education of the Deaf
Education essentially includes the process of encouraging, strengthening, and guiding the ...Educational Association, The Catholic
The Catholic Educational Association is a voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators ...Edward III
King of England (1312-77), eldest son of Edward II and Isabella, daughter of Philip IV of ...Edward Powell, Blessed
With Blessed Thomas Abel there suffered Edward Powell, priest and martyr, b. in Wales about ...Edward the Confessor, Saint
King of England, born in 1003; died 5 January, 1066. He was the son of Ethelred II and Emma, ...Edward the Martyr, Saint
King of England, son to Edgar the Peaceful, and uncle to St. Edward the Confessor ; b. about ...Edwin, Saint
(Æduini.) The first Christian King of Northumbria, born about 585, son of Ælla, ...Edwy
(Or Eadwig.) King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, born about 940; died ...Eg 15
Eg 15
Egan, Boetius
Archbishop of Tuam, born near Tuam, Ireland, 1734; died near Tuam, 1798. He belonged to a ...Egan, Michael
First bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A. b. in Ireland, most probably in Galway, in 1761; d. at ...Egbert
(ECGBERHT or ECGBRYHT) Frequently though incorrectly called "First King of England ", died ...Egbert, Archbishop of Trier
Died 8 or 9 December, 993. He belonged to the family of the Counts of Holland. His parents, ...Egbert, Archbishop of York
Archbishop of York, England, son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin ...Egbert, Saint
A Northumbrian monk, born of noble parentage c. 639; d. 729. In his youth he went for the sake ...Egfrid
(Also known as ECFRID, ECHGFRID, EGFERD). King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685. He ascended the ...Eginhard
(Less correctly EGINHARD), historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the ...Egloffstein, Frederick W. von
Born at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 18 May, 1824; died in New York, 1885. He served in the ...Egmont, Lamoral, Count of
Born at the Château de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 ...Egoism
( Latin ego, I, self), the designation given to those ethical systems which hold self-love to ...Eguiara y Eguren, Juan José
Born in Mexico towards the close of the seventeenth century; died 29 January, 1763. He received ...Egwin, Saint
Third Bishop of Worcester ; date of birth unknown; d. (according to Mabillon ) 20 December, ...Egypt
This subject will be treated under the following main divisions: I. General Description; II. ...Egyptian Church Ordinance
The Egyptian Church Ordinance is an early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ...Ei 8
Ei 8
Eichendorff, Josef Karl Benedikt
JOSEF KARL BENEDIKT, FREIHERR VON EICHENDORFF. "The last champion of romanticism", b. 10 March, ...Eichstätt
DIOCESE OF EICHSTÄTT (EYSTADIUM) [EYSTETTENSIS or AYSTETTENSIS] The Diocese of ...Eimhin, Saint
Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin ( Ireland ), probably in the sixth century. He came of the ...Einhard
(Less correctly EGINHARD), historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the ...Einsiedeln, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the ...Eisengrein, Martin
A learned Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 ...Eithene, Saint
Styled "daughter of Baite", with her sister Sodelbia; commemorated in the Irish calendars under ...Eithne, Saint
St. Eithne, styled "of the golden hair", is commemorated in the Irish martyrologies under the 11th ...Ek 2
Ek 2
Ekkehard
Name of five monks of the (Swiss) Abbey of St. Gall from the tenth to the thirteenth century. ...Ekkehard of Aura
(URAUGIENSIS) Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125. Very little is ...El 46
El 46
El Cid
(Rodrigo, or Ruy, Diaz, Count of Bivar). The great popular hero of the chivalrous age of ...El Greco
One of the most remarkable Spanish artists, b. in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; d. at Toledo, 7 ...Elaea
A titular see of Asia Minor. Elaea, said to have been founded by Menestheus, was situated at a ...Elba
Elba, the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago, is today a part of the Italian province of ...Elbel, Benjamin
A first-class authority in moral theology , b. at Friedberg, Bavaria, in 1690; d. at ...Elcesaites
(Or H ELKESAITES ). A sect of Gnostic Ebionites, whose religion was a wild medley of ...Elder, George
Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown. His parents, ...Elder, William Henry
Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A. and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in ...Eleazar
( Hebrew al‘wr , God's help). 1. Eleazar, son of Aaron Elizabeth, daughter of Aminadab ...Elect
Denotes in general one chosen or taken by preference from among two or more; as a theological ...Election
( Latin electio , from eligere , to choose from) This subject will be treated under the ...Election, Papal
For current procedures regarding the election of the pope, see Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic ...Eleutherius, Pope Saint
Pope (c. 174-189). The Liber Pontificalis says that he was a native of Nicopolis, Greece. From ...Eleutherius, Saint
( French ELEUTHERE). Bishop of Tournai at the beginning of the sixth century. Historically ...Eleutheropolis
A titular see in Palaestina Prima. The former name of this city seems to have been Beth Gabra, ...Elevation, The
What we now know as par excellence the Elevation of the Mass is a rite of comparatively ...Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto de
A distinguished mineralogist and chemist, born at Logroño, Castile, 11 October, 1755; ...Eli
Heli the Judge and High Priest Heli (Heb. ELI, Gr. HELI) was both judge and high-priest, whose ...Elias
Elias (Hebrew 'Eliahu , "Yahveh is God "; also called Elijah). The loftiest and most ...Elias of Cortona
Minister General of the Friars Minor , b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at ...Elias of Jerusalem
Died 518; one of the two Catholic bishops (with Flavian of Antioch) who resisted the attempt of ...Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Léonce
Geologist, b. at Canon (Dép. Calvados), near Caen, France, 25 Sept., 1798; d. at Canon, 21 ...Eligius, Saint
( French Eloi). Bishop of Noyon-Tournai, born at Chaptelat near Limoges, France, c. 590, of ...Elijah
Elias (Hebrew 'Eliahu , "Yahveh is God "; also called Elijah). The loftiest and most ...Elined, Saint
Virgin and martyr, flourished c. 490. According to Bishop Challoner (Britannia Saneta, London, ...Eliseus
(E LISHA ; Hebrew ’lysh‘, God is salvation ). A Prophet of Israel. After ...Elishé
A famous Armenian historian of the fifth century, place and date of birth unknown, d. 480. ...Elisha
(E LISHA ; Hebrew ’lysh‘, God is salvation ). A Prophet of Israel. After ...Eliud, Saint
(Eliud.) "Archbishop" of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at ...Elizabeth
(" God is an oath " -- Exodus 6:23 ). Zachary's wife and John the Baptist's mother; was ...Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint
Foundress and first superior of the Sisters of Charity in the United States ; born in New York ...Elizabeth Associations
( Elisabethenvereine .) Charitable associations of women in Germany which aim for the ...Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint
Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia, born in Hungary, probably at Pressburg, 1207; died at ...Elizabeth of Portugal, Saint
Queen (sometimes known as the PEACEMAKER); born in 1271; died in 1336. She was named after her ...Elizabeth of Reute, Saint
Member of the Third Order of St. Francis, born 25 November, 1386, at Waldsee in Swabia, of John ...Elizabeth of Schönau, Saint
Born about 1129; d. 18 June, 1165.-Feast 18 June. She was born of an obscure family, entered the ...Elizabeth, Sisters of Saint
Generally styled "Grey Nuns ". They sprang from an association of young ladies established by ...Ellis, Philip Michael
First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, ...Ellwangen Abbey
The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the ...Elohim
See also GOD. ( Septuagint, theos ; Vulgate, Deus ). Elohim is the common name for ...Elphege, Saint
(Or ALPHEGE). Born 954; died 1012; also called Godwine, martyred Archbishop of Canterbury, ...Elphin
D IOCESE OF E LPHIN (E LPHINIUM ) Suffragan of Tuam, Ireland, a see founded by St. ...Elusa
A titular see of Palaestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra. This city is called Chellous in the ...Elvira, Council of
Held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far ...Ely
ANCIENT DIOCESE OF ELY (ELIENSIS; ELIA OR ELYS). Ancient diocese in England. The earliest ...Elzéar of Sabran
Baron of Ansouis, Count of Ariano, born in the castle of Saint-Jean de Robians, in Provence, ...Em 19
Em 19
Emanationism
The doctrine that emanation (Latin emanare , "to flow from") is the mode by which all things ...Emancipation, Ecclesiastical
In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the ...Ember Days
Ember days (corruption from Lat. Quatuor Tempora , four times) are the days at the beginning of ...Embolism
(Greek: embolismos , from the verb, emballein , "to throw in") Embolism is an insertion, ...Embroidery
ECCLESIASTICAL EMBROIDERY That in Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ...Emerentiana, Saint
Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century. The old Itineraries to the graves of the ...Emery, Jacques-André
Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution , b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; ...Emesa
A titular see of Phœnicia Secunda, suffragan of Damascus, and the seat of two Uniat ...Emigrant Aid Societies
Records of the early immigration to the North American colonies are indefinite and ...Emiliana and Trasilla, Saints
Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century, given in the Roman Martyrology, ...Emiliani, Saint Jerome
Founder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 ...Emmanuel
Emmanual ( Septuagint Emmanouel ; A.V., Immanuel ) signifies " God with us" ( Matthew 1:23 ), ...Emmaus
A titular see in Pa1æstina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea. It is mentioned for the ...Emmeram, Saint
Bishop of Poitiers and missionary to Bavaria, b. at Poitiers in the first half of the seventh ...Emmeram, Saint, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery at Ratisbon (Regensburg), named after its traditional founder, the ...Emmerich, Anne Catherine
An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near ...Empiricism
(Lat. empirismus, the standpoint of a system based on experience). Primarily, and in its ...Ems, Congress of
The Congress of Ems was a meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich ...Emser, Hieronymus
The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477; ...En 34
En 34
Encina, Juan de la
(JUAN DE LA ENZINA). Spanish dramatic poet, called by Ticknor the father of the Spanish ...Enciso, Diego Ximenez de
Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown. All trace of him is lost ...Enciso, Martín Fernández de
Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville. It ...Encolpion
(Greek egkolpion , that which is worn on the breast). The name given in early Christian ...Encratites
[ ’Egkrateîs (Irenæus) ’Egkratetai (Clement of Alexandria, ...Encyclical
( Latin Litterœ Encyclicœ ) According to its etymology, an encyclical (from the ...Encyclopedia
An abridgment of human knowledge in general or a considerable department thereof, treated from a ...Encyclopedists
(1) The writers of the eighteenth century who edited or contributed articles to the ...Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus
Austrian botanist (botanical abbreviation, Endl. ), linguist, and historian, b. at Pressburg, ...Endowment
( German Stiftung , French fondation , Italian fondazione , Latin fundatio ) An ...Energy, The Law of Conservation of
Amongst the gravest objections raised by the progress of modern science against Theism, the ...Engaddi
( Septuagint usually ’Eggadí ; Hebrew ‘En Gédhi, "Fountain of the ...Engel, Ludwig
Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria ; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694. He became a ...Engelberg, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance, but now in that ...Engelbert
Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf ...Engelbert of Cologne, Saint
Archbishop of that city (1216-1225); b. at Berg, about 1185; d. near Schwelm, 7 November, 1225. ...Engelbrechtsen, Cornelis
(Also called ENGELBERTS and ENGELBRECHT, and now more usually spelt ENGELBRECHTSZ). Dutch ...England (1066-1558)
This term England is here restricted to one constituent, the largest and most populous, of the ...England (After 1558)
The Protestant Reformation is the great dividing line in the history of England, as of Europe ...England (Before 1066)
I. ANGLO-SAXON OCCUPATION OF BRITAIN The word Anglo-Saxon is used as a collective name for ...England, John
First Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A.; b. 23 September, 1786, in Cork, Ireland ...Englefield, Sir Henry Charles, Bart.
Antiquary and scientist, b. 1752; d. 21 March, 1822. He was the eldest son of Sir Henry ...English College, The, in Rome
I. FOUNDATION Some historians (e.g., Dodd, II, 168, following Polydore Vergil, Harpsfield, ...English Confessors and Martyrs (1534-1729)
Though the resistance of the English as a people to the Reformation compares very badly with the ...English Hierarchy, Reorganization of the
On 29 September, 1850, by the Bull "Universalis Ecclesiae", Pius IX restored the Catholic ...English Literature
It is not unfitting to compare English Literature to a great tree whose far spreading and ever ...English Revolution of 1688
James II, having reached the climax of his power after the successful suppression of Monmouth's ...Ennodius, Magnus Felix
Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17 ...Enoch
(Greek Enoch ). The name of the son of Cain ( Genesis 4:17, 18 ), of a nephew of Abraham ...Enoch, Book of
The antediluvian patriarch Henoch according to Genesis "walked with God and was seen no more, ...Ensingen, Ulrich
(ULRICH ENSINGER) Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, ...Entablature
A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture. It is divided ...Enthronization
(From Greek ’enthronízein , to place on a throne). This word has been employed ...Envy
Jealousy is here taken to be synonymous with envy. It is defined to be a sorrow which one ...Eo 1
Eo 1
Eoghan, Saints
(1) EOGHAN OF ARDSTRAW was a native of Leinster, and, after presiding over the Abbey of ...Ep 26
Ep 26
Epée, Charles-Michel de l'
A philanthropic priest and inventor of the sign alphabet for the instruction of the deaf and ...Epact
(Greek épaktai hemérai; Latin dies adjecti ). The surplus days of the ...Eparchy
( eparchia ). Originally the name of one of the divisions of the Roman Empire. Diocletian ...Eperies
DIOCESE OF EPERIES (EPERIENSIS RUTHENORUM). Diocese of the Greek Ruthenian Rite, suffragan to ...Ephesians, Epistle to the
This article will be treated under the following heads: I. Analysis of the Epistle; II. ...Ephesus
A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century ...Ephesus, Council of
The third ecumenical council, held in 431. THE OCCASION AND PREPARATION FOR THE COUNCIL The ...Ephesus, Robber Council of
(L ATROCINIUM ). The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of ...Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of
The story is one of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after ...Ephod
( Hebrew aphwd or aphd ; Greek ’ís, ’ephód, ...Ephraem, Saint
(EPHREM, EPHRAIM). Born at Nisibis, then under Roman rule, early in the fourth century; died ...Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex
(Symbol C). The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, ...Ephraim of Antioch
( Ephraimios ). One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the ...Epicureanism
This term has two distinct, though cognate, meanings. In its popular sense, the word stands for a ...Epiklesis
Epiklesis ( Latin invocatio ) is the name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies ...Epimachus and Gordianus, Saints
Martyrs, suffered under Julian the Apostate , 362, commemorated on 10 May. Gordianus was a judge ...Epiphania
A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, in Asia Minor, suffragan of Anazarbus. This city is ...Epiphanius
Surnamed SCHOLASTICUS, or in modern terms, THE PHILOLOGIST, a translator of various Greek works in ...Epiphanius of Constantinople
Died 535. Epiphanius succeeded John II (518-20) as Patriarch of Constantinople. It was the time ...Epiphanius of Salamis
Born at Besanduk, near Eleutheropolis, in Judea, after 310; died in 403. While very young he ...Epiphany
Known also under the following names: (1) ta epiphania , or he epiphanios , sc. hemera ...Episcopal Subsidies
( Latin subsidia , tribute, pecuniary aid, subvention) Since the faithful are obliged to ...Episcopalians
The history of this religious organization divides itself naturally into two portions: the period ...Epistemology
( Epistéme , knowledge, science, and lógos , speech, thought, discourse). ...Epistle (in Scripture)
Lat. epistola ; Greek ’epistolé ; in Hebrew, at first only the general term ...Epping, Joseph
German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; ...Er 24
Er 24
Erasmus, Desiderius
The most brilliant and most important leader of German humanism, b. at Rotterdam, Holland, 28 ...Erastus and Erastianism
The name "Erastianism" is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue subservience ...Erbermann, Veit
(Or Ebermann). Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in ...Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de
Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid, 7 August, 1533; died in the same city, 29 November, ...Erconwald, Saint
Bishop of London, died about 690. He belonged to the princely family of the East Anglian Offa, ...Erdeswicke, Sampson
Antiquarian, date of birth unknown; died 1603. He was born at Sandon in Staffordshire, his ...Erdington Abbey
Erdington Abbey, situated in a suburb of Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, belongs to the ...Erhard of Ratisbon, Saint
Bishop of that city in the seventh century, probably identical with an Abbot Erhard of ...Erie
DIOCESE OF ERIE (ERIENSIS). Established 1853; it embraces the thirteen counties of ...Erin, The Twelve Apostles of
By this designation are meant twelve holy Irishmen of the sixth century who went to study at the ...Eriugena, John Scotus
An Irish teacher, theologian, philosopher, and poet, who lived in the ninth century. NAME ...Ermland
Ermland, or Ermeland (Varmiensis, Warmia), a district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. ...Ernakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of
In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin ...Ernan, Saints
Name of four Irish saints. O'Hanlon enumerates twenty-five saints bearing the name Ernan, ...Ernst of Hesse-Rheinfels
Landgrave, b. 9 Dec., 1623, at Cassel; d. 12 May, 1693, at Cologne. He was the sixth son of ...Ernulf
Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124. He studied under Lanfranc at the monastery ...Errington, William
Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768. He was son of ...Error
Error, reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides ...Erskine, Charles
Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811. He was the son of Colin ...Erthal, Franz Ludwig von
Prince- Bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at ...Erthal, Friedrich Karl Joseph, Freiherr von
Last Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, b. 3 Jan., 1719, at Mainz ; d. 25 July, 1802, at ...Erwin of Steinbach
One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17 ...Erythrae
A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete. ...Erzerum (Theodosiopolis)
DIOCESE OF ERZERUM (ERZERUMIENSIS ARMENIORUM). The native name, Garin (Gr. Karenitis ; ...Es 11
Es 11
Esau
( ‘sw , hairy). The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob. The ...Esch, Nicolaus van
(ESCHIUS) A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), ...Eschatology
That branch of systematic theology which deals with the doctrines of the last things ( ta ...Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio
Born at Valladolid in 1589; died there, 4 July, 1669. In his sixteenth year he entered the ...Escobar, Marina de
Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 ...Escorial, The
A remarkable building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about ...Esdras
(Or EZRA.) I. ESDRAS THE MAN Esdras is a famous priest and scribe connected with Israel's ...Esglis, Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'
Eighth Bishop of Quebec, Canada ; born Quebec, 24 April, 1710; died 7 June, 1788. After ...Eskil
Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden ; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181; ...Eskimo
A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook ...Esnambuc, Pierre Belain, Sieur d'
Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St. ...ES 1
Es 14
Es 14
Espejo, Antonio
A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New ...Espen, Zeger Bernhard van
(also called ESPENIUS) A Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at ...Espence, Claude D'
(ESPENCÆUS) A French theologian, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., ...Espinel, Vincent
Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634. He studied at ...Espinosa, Alonso De
Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century. Little is known of his early life. He is ...Espousals
An Espousal is a contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby ...Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary
(DESPONSATIO BEATÆ MARIÆ VIRGINIS) A feast of the Latin Church. It is certain ...Essence and Existence
( Latin essentia, existentia ) Since they are transcendentals, it is not possible to put ...Essenes
One of three leading Jewish sects mentioned by Josephus as flourishing in the second century ...Est, Willem Hessels van
(ESTIUS.) A famous commentator on the Pauline epistles, born at Gorcum, Holland, in 1542; ...Establishment, The
(Or ESTABLISHED CHURCH) The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive ...Estaing, Comte d'
JEAN-BAPTISTE-CHARLES-HENRI-HECTOR, COMTE D'ESTAING (MARQUIS DE SAILLANS). A French admiral, ...Esther
(From the Hebrew meaning star, happiness ); Queen of Persia and wife of Assuerus, who is ...Estiennot de la Serre, Claude
Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, b. at Varennes, France, 1639; d. at Rome, 1699. ...Et 11
Et 11
Eternity
( aeternum , originally aeviternum, aionion, aeon -- long). Eternity is defined by ...Ethelbert
Archbishop of York, England, date of birth uncertain; d. 8 Nov., 781 or 782. The name also ...Ethelbert, Saint
Date of birth unknown; d. 794; King of the East Angles, was, according to the "Speculum ...Ethelbert, Saint
King of Kent; b. 552; d. 24 February, 616; son of Eormenric, through whom he was descended from ...Etheldreda, Saint
Queen of Northumbria; born (probably) about 630; died at Ely, 23 June, 679. While still very young ...Ethelwold, Saint
St. Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, was born there of good parentage in the early years of the ...Etherianus, Hugh and Leo
Brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I ...Ethethard
(ÆTHELHEARD, ETHELREARD) The fourteenth Archbishop of Canterbury, England, date of ...Ethics
I. Definition Many writers regard ethics (Gr. ethike ) as any scientific treatment of the ...Ethiopia
The name of this region has been derived, through the Greek form, aithiopia , from the two ...Etschmiadzin
A famous Armenian monastery, since 1441 the ecclesiastical capital of the schismatic Armenians, ...Eu 66
Eu 66
Euaria
A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda or Libanensis, in Palestine. The true name of this city ...Eucarpia
A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor. Eucarpia ( Eukarpia ), mentioned by Strabo ...Eucharist, as a Sacrament
Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the ...Eucharist, as a Sacrifice
The word Mass ( missa ) first established itself as the general designation for the ...Eucharist, Early Symbols of the
Among the symbols employed by the Christians of the first ages in decorating their tombs, those ...Eucharist, Introduction to the
See also EUCHARIST AS SACRIFICE , EUCHARIST AS SACRAMENT , and REAL PRESENCE . (Greek ...Eucharist, Real Presence of Christ in
In this article we shall consider: the fact of the Real Presence , which is, indeed, the central ...Eucharistic Congresses
Eucharistic Congresses are gatherings of ecclesiastics and laymen for the purpose of ...Eucharistic Prayer
This article will be divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of ...Eucharius, Saint
First Bishop of Trier (Treves) in the second half of the third century. According to an ...Eucherius, Saint
Bishop of Lyons, theologian, born in the latter half of the fourth century; died about 449. On ...Euchologion
The name of one of the chief Service-books of the Byzantine Church ; it corresponds more or less ...Eudes, Blessed Jean
French missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; ...Eudists
(Society of Jesus and Mary) An ecclesiastical society instituted at Caen, France, 25 March, ...Eudocia
(E UDOKIA ). Ælia Eudocia, sometimes wrongly called Eudoxia, was the wife of ...Eudoxias
A titular see of Galatia Secunda in Asia Minor, suffragan of Pessinus. Eudoxias is mentioned ...Eugendus, Saint
(AUGENDUS; French OYAND, OYAN) Fourth Abbot of Condat (Jura), b. about 449, at Izernore, ...Eugene I, Saint, Pope
Eugene I was elected 10 Aug., 654, and died at Rome, 2 June, 657. Because he would not submit to ...Eugene II, Pope
Elected 6 June, 824; died 27 Aug., 827. On the death of Pascal I (Feb.-May, 824) there took place ...Eugene III, Pope
Bernardo Pignatelli, born in the neighbourhood of Pisa, elected 15 Feb., 1145; d. at Tivoli, 8 ...Eugene IV, Pope
Gabriello Condulmaro, or Condulmerio, b. at Venice, 1388; elected 4 March, 1431; d. at Rome, 23 ...Eugenics
Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under social ...Eugenius I
Archbishop of Toledo, successor in 636 of Justus in that see ; d. 647. Like his predecessor he ...Eugenius II (the Younger)
Archbishop of Toledo from 647 to 13 Nov., 657, the date of his death. He was the son of a Goth ...Eugenius of Carthage, Saint
Unanimously elected Bishop of Carthage in 480 to succeed Deogratias (d. 456); d. 13 July, 505. ...Eulalia of Barcelona, Saint
A Spanish martyr in the persecution of Diocletian (12 February, 304), patron of the ...Eulogia
(Greek eulogia , "a blessing"). The term has been applied in ecclesiastical usage to the ...Eulogius of Alexandria, Saint
Patriarch of that see from 580 to 607. He was a successful combatant of the heretical errors ...Eulogius of Cordova, Saint
Spanish martyr and writer who flourished during the reigns of the Cordovan Caliphs, Abd-er-Rahman ...Eumenia
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis. It was founded ...Eunan, Saint
(Or Eunan). Abbot of Iona, born at Drumhome, County Donegal, Ireland, c. 624; died at the ...Eunomianism
A phase of extreme Arianism prevalent amongst a section of Eastern churchmen from about 350 ...Euphemius of Constantinople
Euphemius of Constantinople (490-496) succeeded as patriarch Flavitas (or Fravitas, 489-490), who ...Euphrasia, Saint
Virgin, b. in 380; d. after 410. She was the daughter of Antigonus, a senator of Constantinople, ...Euphrosyne, Saint
Died about 470. Her story belongs to that group of legends which relate how Christian virgins, in ...Euroea
A titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis. Euroea is mentioned by ...Europe
NAME The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and ...Europus
A titular see in Provincis Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis. The former name of this city ...Eusebius Bruno
Bishop of Angers, b. in the early part of the eleventh century; d. at Angers, 29 August, 1081. ...Eusebius of Alexandria
Ecclesiastical writer and author of a number of homilies well known in the sixth and seventh ...Eusebius of Cæsarea
Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, the "Father of Church History "; b. ...Eusebius of Dorylæum
Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylæum in Asia Minor, was the prime mover on behalf of Catholic ...Eusebius of Laodicea
An Alexandrian deacon who had some fame as a confessor and became bishop of Laodicea in ...Eusebius of Nicomedia
Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the ...Eusebius, Chronicle of
Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the "Chronograph" or ...Eusebius, Saint
Bishop of Vercelli, b. in Sardinia c. 283; d. at Vercelli, Piedmont, 1 August, 371. He was ...Eusebius, Saint
Bishop of Samosata (now Samsat) in Syria ; date of birth unknown: d. in 379 or 380. History ...Eusebius, Saint
A presbyter at Rome ; date of birth unknown; d. 357(?). He was a Roman patrician and ...Eusebius, Saint, Pope
Successor of Marcellus, 309 or 310. His reign was short. The Liberian Catalogue gives its duration ...Eustace, John Chetwode
Antiquary, b. in Ireland, c. 1762; d. at Naples, Italy, 1 Aug., 1815. His family was English, ...Eustace, Maurice
Eldest son of Sir John Eustace, Castlemartin, County Kildars, Ireland, martyred for the Faith, ...Eustace, Saint
Date of birth unknown; died 29 March, 625. He was second abbot of the Irish monastery of ...Eustachius and Companions, Saints
Martyrs under the Emperor Hadrian, in the year 188. Feast in the West, 20 September; in the East, 2 ...Eustachius, Bartolomeo
A distinguished anatomist of the Renaissance period — "one of the greatest anatomists ...Eustathius of Sebaste
Born about 300; died about 377. He was one of the chief founders of monasticism in Asia Minor, ...Eustathius, Saint
Bishop of Antioch, b. at Side in Pamphylia, c. 270; d. in exile at Trajanopolis in Thrace , ...Eustochium Julia, Saint
Virgin, born at Rome c. 368; died at Bethlehem, 28 September, 419 or 420. She was the third of ...Euthalius
( ) A deacon of Alexandria and later Bishop of Sulca. He lived towards the middle of ...Euthanasia
(From Greek eu , well, and thanatos , death), easy, painless death. This is here considered ...Euthymius, Saint
(Styled THE GREAT). Abbot in Palestine; b. in Melitene in Lesser Armenia, A.D. 377; d. A.D. ...Eutropius of Valencia
A Spanish bishop ; d. about 610. He was originally a monk in the Monasterium Servitanum , ...Eutyches
An heresiarch of the fifth century, who has given his name to an opinion to which his teaching and ...Eutychianism
Eutychianism and Monophysitism are usually identified as a single heresy. But as some ...Eutychianus, Saint, Pope
He succeeded Pope Felix I a few days after the latter's death, and governed the Church from ...Eutychius
Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria, author of a history of the world, b. 876, at Fustat (Cairo); ...Eutychius I
Patriarch of Constantinople, b. about 512, in Phrygia; d. Easter Day , 5 April, 582. He became ...Ev 18
Ev 18
Evagrius
Ecclesiastical historian and last of the continuators of Eusebius of Caesarea, b. in 536 at ...Evagrius
Born about 345, in Ibora, a small town on the shores of the Black Sea; died 399. He is numbered ...Evangeliaria
Liturgical books containing those portions of the Gospels which are read during Mass or in the ...Evangelical Alliance, The
An association of Protestants belonging to various denominations founded in 1846, whose object, ...Evangelical Church
(IN PRUSSIA) The sixteenth-century Reformers accused the Catholic Church of having ...Evangelical Counsels
( Or COUNSELS OF PERFECTION). Christ in the Gospels laid down certain rules of life and ...Evangelist
In the New Testament this word, in its substantive form, occurs only three times: Acts, xxi, 8; ...Evaristus, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; died about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In ...Eve
( Hebrew hawwah ). The name of the first woman, the wife of Adam, the mother of Cain, Abel, ...Eve of a Feast
(Or VIGIL; Latin Vigilia ; Greek pannychis ). In the first ages, during the night before ...Evesham Abbey
Founded by St. Egwin, third Bishop of Worcester, about 701, in Worcestershire, England, and ...Evil
Evil, in a large sense, may be described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to ...Evin, Saint
St. Abban of New Ross -- also known as St. Ewin, Abhan, or Evin, but whose name has been locally ...Evodius
The first Bishop of Antioch after St. Peter. Eusebius mentions him thus in his "History": ...Evolution, Catholics and
One of the most important questions for every educated Catholic of today is: What is to be ...Evolution, History and Scientific Foundation of
The world of organisms comprises a great system of individual forms generally classified ...Evora
Located in Portugal, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as ...Evreux
DIOCESE OF EVREUX (EBROICENSIS) Diocese in the Department of Eure, France ; suffragan of the ...Ew 3
Ew 3
Ewald, Saints
(Or HEWALD) Martyrs in Old Saxony about 695. They were two priests and natives of ...Ewin, Saint
St. Abban of New Ross -- also known as St. Ewin, Abhan, or Evin, but whose name has been locally ...Ewing, Thomas
Jurist and statesman, b. in West Liberty, Virginia (now West Virginia ), U.S.A. 28 December, ...Ex 31
Ex 31
Ex Cathedra
Literally "from the chair", a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and is ...Examination
A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry. ...Examination of Conscience
By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ...Examiners, Apostolic
So called because appointed by the Apostolic See for service in Rome. In 1570 Pius V ...Examiners, Synodal
So called because chosen in a diocesan synod. The Council of Trent prescribes at least six ...Exarch
(Greek Exarchos ). A title used in various senses both civilly and ecclesiastically. In ...Excardination and Incardination
(Latin cardo, a pivot, socket, or hinge--hence, incardinare, to hang on a hinge, or fix; ...Exclusion, Right of
(Latin Jus Exclusivæ . The alleged competence of the more important Catholic ...Excommunication
This subject will be treated under the following heads: I. General Notions and Historical ...Executor, Apostolic
A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order ...Exedra
A semicircular stone or marble seat; a rectangular or semicircular recess; the portico of the ...Exegesis, Biblical
Exegesis is the branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of Sacred ...Exemption
Exemption is the whole or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or ...Exequatur
(Synonymous with REGIUM PLACET) Exequatur, as the Jansenist Van Espen defines it, is a ...Exeter, Ancient Diocese of
(EXONIA, ISCA DAMNONIORUM, CAER WISE, EXANCEASTER; EXONIENSIS). English see, chosen by Leofric, ...Exmew, Blessed William
Carthusian monk and martyr ; suffered at Tyburn, 19 June, 1535. He studied at Christ's ...Exodus ( See Pentateuch)
Pentateuch , in Greek pentateuchos , is the name of the first five books of the Old ...Exorcism
( See also DEMONOLOGY, DEMONIACS, EXORCIST, POSSESSION.) Exorcism is (1) the act of driving ...Exorcist
( See also DEMONOLOGY, DEMONIACS, EXORCISM, POSSESSION.) (1) In general, any one who ...Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
( Exspectatio Partus B.V.M. ) Celebrated on 18 December by nearly the entire Latin Church. ...Expectative
(From the Latin expectare , to expect or wait for.) An expectative, or an expectative grace, ...Expeditors, Apostolic
(Latin Expeditionarius literarum apostolicarum, Datariae Apostolicae sollicitator atque ...Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament
Exposition is a manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing It, with proper solemnity, to ...Extension
(From Latin ex-tendere , to spread out.) That material substance is not perfectly ...Extension Society, The Catholic Church
IN THE UNITED STATES The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society ...Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP)
( tele , far, and pathein , to experience) A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to ...Extravagantes
( Extra , outside; vagari , to wander.) This word is employed to designate some papal ...Extreme Unction
A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect ...Exul Hibernicus
The name given to an Irish stranger on the Continent of Europe in the time of Charles the ...Exultet
The hymn in praise of the paschal candle sung by the deacon, in the liturgy of Holy ...Exuperius, Saint
(Also spelled Exsuperius). Bishop of Toulouse in the beginning of the fifth century; place ...Ey 7
Ey 7
Eyb, Albrecht von
One of the earliest German humanists, born in 1420 near Anabach in Franconia; died in 1475. After ...Eyck, Hubert and Jan van
Brothers, Flemish illuminators and painters, founders of the school of Bruges and ...Eycken, Jean Baptiste van
Painter, born at Brussels, Belgium, 16 September, 1809; died at Schaerbeek, 19 December, 1853. ...Eymard, Venerable Pierre-Julien
Founder of the Society of the Blessed Sacrament , and of the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament, ...Eymeric, Nicolas
Theologian and inquisitor, born at Gerona, in Catalonia, Spain, c. 1320; died there 4 January, ...Eyre, Thomas
First president of Ushaw College ; born at Glossop, Derbyshire; in 1748; died at Ushaw, 8 May, ...Eyston, Charles
Antiquary, born 1667; died 5 November, 1721; he was a member of the ancient family of Eyston, ...Ez 6
Ez 6
Ezechias
Ezechias (Hebrew = "The Lord strengtheneth"; Septuagint Ezekias ; in the cuneiform inscriptions ...Ezekiel
Ezekiel, whose name, Yehézq'el signifies "strong is God ", or "whom God makes strong" ...Ezion-geber
More properly Ezion-geber, a city of Idumea, situated on the northern extremity of the ...Eznik
A writer of the fifth century, born at Golp, in the province of Taikh, a tributary valley of the ...Ezra
(Or EZRA.) I. ESDRAS THE MAN Esdras is a famous priest and scribe connected with Israel's ...
Novena for Workers, the Unemployed and Underemployed Classes 
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