We ask you, humbly: don't scroll away.
Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! It's a little awkward to ask, but we need your help. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Thank you.Help Now >
Volume J in the Catholic Encyclopedia
Free World Class Education
FREE Catholic Classes
FREE Catholic Classes
Jáuregui, Juan de
A Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; ...Jíbaro Indians
Jíbaro (Spanish orthography) "forest man", i.e. native. An important tribal group of ...Jörg, Joseph Edmund
Historian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901. ...Jaén
(GIENNENSIS) Diocese in Southern Spain. The city of Jaén, capital of the province of ...Jaca, Diocese of
( Also JACCA; Latin JACCENSIS). Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief ...Jackson, Henry Moore
Knight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908. The youngest son of the Anglican ...Jacob
The son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ...Jacob of Jüterbogk
(In the world BENEDICT STOLZENHAGEN). Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near ...Jacobus de Teramo
(AB ANCHARANO), belonging to the family of Palladini, canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at ...Jacopo de Voragine, Blessed
( Also DI VIRAGGIO). Archbishop of Genoa and medieval hagiologist, born at Viraggio (now ...
Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! It's a little awkward to ask, but we need your help. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Thank you. Help Now >
Jacopone da Todi
(Properly called JACOPO BENEDICTI or BENEDETTI). Franciscan poet, born at Todi in the first ...Jacotot, Joseph
French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840. He studied in the college ...Jacques de Vitry
Historian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, ...Jacquier, François
French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 ...Jaenbert
(Jaenberht, Janbriht, Janibert, Jambert, Lambert, Lanbriht, Genegberht.) Thirteenth ...Jaffa
A titular see in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The city of Jaffa is very ancient. Even before ...Jaffna, Diocese of
(JAFFNENSIS.) Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and ...Jainism
A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in ...Jamaica
The largest of the British West Indian islands, is situated in the Caribbean Sea, between latitude ...Jamay, Denis
Franciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important ...James of Brescia
Theologian of the fifteenth century. He entered the Dominican Order at Brescia, his native ...James of Edessa
A celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708. He was a native of the ...James of Sarugh
A writer of the Syrian Church "the flute of the Holy Spirit and the harp of the believing ...James of the Marches, Saint
Franciscan, b. of a poor family named Gangala, at Monteprandone, Italy, 1391; d. at Naples, 28 ...James Primadicci
(Or Primadizzi.) Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460. As early as the year 1426 he ...James the Greater, Saint
( Hebrew Yakob ; Septuagint Iakob ; N.T. Greek Iakobos ; a favourite name among the later ...James the Less, Saint
THE IDENTITY OF JAMES The name "James" in the New Testament is borne by several: James, the ...James Thompson, Blessed
(Also known as James Hudson). Martyr, born in or near York; having nearly all his life in that ...James, Epistle of Saint
The questions concerning this epistle are treated in the following order: I. Author and ...Janauschek, Leopold
Cistercian, born at Brünn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near ...Jandel, Alexandre Vincent
General of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, ...Jane Frances de Chantal, Saint
Born at Dijon, France, 28 January, 1572; died at the Visitation Convent Moulins, 13 December, ...Janner, Ferdinand
Theologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, ...Janow, Matthew of
A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia ; died at ...Jansen, Cornelius
( Also Jansens, Janssen, Janssenius or Jansenius Gandaviensis). Exegete, born at Hulst, ...Jansenius and Jansenism
Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres ( Cornelius Jansenius Yprensis ), from whom Jansenism derives ...Janssen, Arnold
Founder and first superior-general of the Society of the Divine Word, b. at Goch in the Rhine ...Janssen, Johann
Historian, born 10 April, 1829, at Kanten, Germany ; died 24 December, 1891, at ...Janssens, Abraham
Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631. He is also ...Janssens, Johann Hermann
Catholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853. After ...Januarius, Saint
Martyr, Bishop of Beneventum. St. Januarius is believed to have suffered in the ...Japan
AREA AND POPULATION Japan, called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the ...Japanese Martyrs
There is not in the whole history of the Church a single people who can offer to the ...Jarcke, Karl Ernst
Born 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia ; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a ...Jaricot, Pauline-Marie
Foundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living ...Jarlath, Saint
Patron of the Archdiocese of Tuam , born in Connaught about 445; died 26 December, ( al. , 11 ...Jaro
Diocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebú, was made a ...Jarric, Pierre de
Missionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617. He entered the ...Jason
A Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old ...Jassus
A titular see of Caria, and suffragan of Aphrodisias. The city was founded by colonists from ...Jassy
(Jassiensis). Diocese in Rumania. The town of Jassy stands in a very fertile plain on the ...Javouhey, Venerable Anne-Marie
Foundress of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, born at Chamblanc, Diocese of Dijon, 11 ...Jealousy
Jealousy is here taken to be synonymous with envy. It is defined to be a sorrow which one ...Jean de La Bruyère
Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of ...Jean Eudes, Blessed
French missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; ...Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, Saint
Curé of Ars, born at Dardilly, near Lyons, France, on 8 May, 1786; died at Ars, 4 ...Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, Blessed
Missionary and martyr, born at Puech, Diocese of Cahors, France, 6 January, 1802; martyred at ...Jeanne de Valois, Saint
Queen and foundress of the Order of the Annonciades, b. 1464; d. at Bourges, 4 Feb., 1505. ...Jeaurat, Edmond
(EDME JEAURAT) French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738. He ...Jedburgh
(Eighty-two different spellings of the name are given in the "Origines Parochiales Scotiæ"). ...Jehoshaphat
( Hebrew for " Yahweh hath judged"; Septuagint 'Iosaphát ). Fourth King of Juda ...Jehoshaphat, Valley of
(JEHOSHAPHAT). Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible ( Joel 3 -- Hebrew text, 4). In ...Jehovah
The proper name of God in the Old Testament ; hence the Jews called it the name by ...Jehu
The derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated " Yahweh is he". I. J EHU ...Jemez Pueblo
An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles ...Jeningen, Venerable Philipp
Born at Eichstätt, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the ...Jenks, Silvester
Theologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714. He was educated at Douai ...Jennings, Sir Patrick Alfred
An Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897. He received his education, ...Jephte
One of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book ...Jeremias
[Hebrew Irmeyah; often in the paragogic form Irmeyahu, especially in the Book of ...We ask you, humbly: don't scroll away.
Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! It's a little awkward to ask, but we need your help. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Thank you.Help Now >
Jeremias the Prophet
( THE P ROPHET .) Jeremias lived at the close of the seventh and in the first part of the ...Jericho
Three cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhood. I. A ...Jeroboam
(Septuagint `Ieroboám ), name of two Israelitish kings. (1) J EROBOAM I was the ...Jerome Emiliani, Saint
Founder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 ...Jerome, Saint
Born at Stridon, a town on the confines of Dalmatia and Pannonia, about the year 340-2; died at ...Jerusalem (71-1099)
I. TO THE TIME OF CONSTANTINE (71-312) When Titus took Jerusalem (April-September, A.D. 70) he ...Jerusalem (After 1291)
(1) Political History The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, ...Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)
This article treats of the "City of God", the political and religious centre of the People of ...Jerusalem, Assizes of
The signification of the word assizes in this connection is derived from the French verb ...Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291)
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed ...Jerusalem, Liturgy of
The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch. That is to say, the Liturgy that became famous as ...Jesi
(ÆSINA) Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy ...Jesu Dulcis Memoria
A poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts ), to form the three ...Jesuit Apologetic
The accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and ...Jesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression
(1) St. Ignatius Loyola (19 April 1541-31 July, 1556). The society spread rapidly, and at the ...Jesuit's Bark
(C HINA B ARK ; C INCHONA ; C ORTEX C HINÆ ; P ERUVIAN B ARK ). Jesuit's ...Jesuits, Distinguished
Saints Ignatius Loyola ; Francis Xavier ; Francis Borgia ; Stanislaus Kostka; Alfonso ...Jesuits, History of the (1773-1814)
The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was ...Jesuits, History of the (1814-1912)
Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France ; and after his ...Jesuits, History of the (pre-1750)
Italy The history of the Jesuits in Italy was generally very peaceful. The only serious ...Jesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773)
The Suppression is the most difficult part of the history of the Society. Having enjoyed very high ...Jesuits, The
(Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ...Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood of
(1) A congregation founded in 1835 in the Diocese of Fréjus, for the education of girls ...Jesus Christ
Origin of the Name of Jesus In this article, we shall consider the two words -- "Jesus" and ...Jesus Christ, Character of
The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most ...Jesus Christ, Chronology of the Life of
In the following paragraphs we shall endeavour to establish the absolute and relative chronology ...Jesus Christ, Devotion to the Heart of
The treatment of this subject is divided into two parts: I. Doctrinal Explanations;II. Historical ...Jesus Christ, Early Historical Documents on
The historical documents referring to Christ's life and work may be divided into three classes: ...Jesus Christ, Genealogy of
It is granted on all sides that the Biblical genealogy of Christ implies a number of exegetical ...Jesus Christ, Holy Name of
We give honour to the Name of Jesus, not because we believe that there is any intrinsic power ...Jesus Christ, Knowledge of
" Knowledge of Jesus Christ," as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know ...Jesus Christ, Origin of the Name of
In this article, we shall consider the two words which compose the Sacred Name. JESUS The word ...Jesus Christ, Resurrection of
Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. In this article, we shall ...Jesus Mary, Religious of
The Congregation of the Religious of Jesus Mary was founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by ...Jesus, Daughters of
Founded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes , France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, ...Jesus, The Society of
(Company of Jesus, Jesuits) See also DISTINGUISHED JESUITS , JESUIT APOLOGETIC, EARLY JESUIT ...Jewish Calendar
Days From the remotest time to the present the Israelites have computed the day ( yôm ...Jewish Tribe
( Phyle, tribus .) The earlier Hebrew term rendered in our English versions by the word ...Jews (as a Religion)
At the present day, the term designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of ...Jews, History of the
( Yehúd`m; Ioudaismos ). Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism , the former denotes ...Jezabel
( Septuagint, 'Iezabél, ). Wife of Achab, King of Israel. She was the daughter of ...Joachim of Flora
Cistercian abbot and mystic; b. at Celico, near Cosenza, Italy, c. 1132; d. at San Giovanni in ...Joachim, Saint
Joachim (whose name means Yahweh prepares ), was the father of the Blessed Virgin Mary. If we ...Joan of Arc, Saint
In French Jeanne d'Arc ; by her contemporaries commonly known as la Pucelle (the Maid). ...Joan, Popess
The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed ...Joanna of Portugal, Blessed
Born at Lisbon, 16 February, 1452; died at Aveiro, 12 may, 1490; the daughter of Alfonso V, King ...Joannes de Sacrobosco
(John Holywood), a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as ...Job
One of the books of the Old Testament , and the chief personage in it. In this article it is ...Jocelin
Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow ; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199. On 22 April, 1170, ...Jocelin de Brakelond
An English chronicler, of the late twelfth century. He was the monk of Bury St. Edmund's ...Jocelin of Wells
(Or JOSCELINE) Bishop of Bath and Wells (JOCELINUS THOTEMAN), d. 19 Nov., 1242. He was ...Joel
The son of Phatuel, and second in the list of the twelve Minor Prophets. Nothing is known of his ...Joest, Jan
(V AN K ALKAR ). Otherwise JAN JOOST VAN CALCKER. Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or ...Jogues, Saint Isaac
French missionary, born at Orléans, France, 10 January, 1607; martyred at Ossernenon, ...John and Cyrus, Saints
Celebrated martyrs of the Coptic Church, surnamed thaumatourgoi anargyroi because they healed ...John and Paul, Saints
Martyred at Rome on 26 June. The year of their martyrdom is uncertain according to their ...John Baptist de la Salle, Saint
Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools , educational reformer, and ...John Baptist de Rossi, Saint
(De Rubeis). Born at Voltaggio in the Diocese of Genoa, 22 February, 1698; died at Rome, 23 ...John Beche, Blessed
( Alias THOMAS MARSHALL). English Benedictine abbot and martyr ; date of birth unknown; ...John Berchmans, Saint
Born at Diest in Brabant, 13 March, 1599; died at Rome, 13 August, 1621. His parents watched ...John Bosco, Saint
( Or St. John Bosco; Don Bosco.) Founder of the Salesian Society. Born of poor parents in ...John Boste, Saint
(Or JOHN BOAST.) Priest and martyr, b. of good Catholic family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, ...John Britton, Venerable
(Or Bretton). A layman and martyr, of all ancient family of Bretton near Barnsley in ...John Buckley, Venerable
( Alias John Jones; alias John Griffith; in religion, Godfrey Maurice). Priest and martyr, ...John Cantius, Saint
Born at Kenty, near Oswiecim, Diocese of Krakow, Poland, 1412 (or 1403); died at Krakow, 1473, ...John Capistran, Saint
Born at Capistrano, in the Diocese of Sulmona, Italy, 1385; died 23 October, 1456. His father had ...John Chrysostom, Saint
( Chrysostomos , "golden-mouthed" so called on account of his eloquence). Doctor of the ...John Climacus, Saint
Also surnamed SCHOLASTICUS, and THE SINAITA, b. doubtlessly in Syria, about 525; d. on Mount ...John Colombini, Blessed
Founder of the Congregation of Jesuati; b. at Siena, Upper Italy, about 1300; d. on the way to ...John Cornelius and Companions, Venerable
John Cornelius (called also Mohun) was born of Irish parents at Bodmin, in Cornwall, on the ...John Damascene, Saint
Born at Damascus, about 676; died some time between 754 and 787. The only extant life of the ...John de Britto, Blessed
Martyr ; born in Lisbon, 1 March, 1647, and was brought up in court; martyred in India 11 ...John Felton, Blessed
Martyr, date and place of birth unknown, was executed in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, 8 ...John Fisher, Saint
Cardinal, Bishop of Rochester, and martyr ; born at Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 1459 ...John Forest, Blessed
Born in 1471, presumably at Oxford, where his surname was then not unknown; suffered 22 May, ...John Francis Regis, Saint
Born 31 January, 1597, in the village of Fontcouverte (department of Aude); died at la Louvesc, 30 ...John Hambley, Venerable
English martyr (suffered 1587), born and educated in Cornwall, and converted by reading one ...John I, Pope Saint
Died at Ravenna on 18 or 19 May (according to the most popular calculation), 526. A Tuscan by ...John II, Pope
(533-535). The date of the birth of this pope is not known. He was a Roman and the son of ...John III, Pope
(561-574). A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574. He was of a distinguished family, ...John Ingram, Venerable
English martyr, born at Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, in 1565; executed at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 ...John IV, Pope
(640-642). A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. The ...John IX, Pope
(898-900). Not only is the date of John's birth unknown, but the date of his election as ...John Joseph of the Cross, Saint
Born on the Island of Ischia, Southern Italy, 1654; d. 5 March, 1739. From his earliest years ...John Larke, Blessed
English martyr ; died at Tyburn, 7 March, 1543-4. He was rector of St. Ethelburga's ...John Malalas
A Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century, born at Antioch where he spent most if ...John Nelson, Blessed
English Jesuit martyr, b. at Skelton, four miles from York, in 1534; d. at Tyburn, 3 February, ...John Nepomucene, Saint
Born at Nepomuk about 1340; died 20 March, 1393. The controversy concerning the identity of John ...John of Antioch
There are four persons commonly known by this name. I John, Patriarch of Antioch ...John of Avila, Blessed
Apostolic preacher of Andalusia and author, b. at Almodóvar del Campo, a small town in ...John of Beverley, Saint
Bishop of Hexham and afterwards of York; b. at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire; d. at ...John of Biclaro
(Johannes Biclariensis.) Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth ...John of Cornwall
(JOHANNES CORNUBIENSIS, JOHANNES DE SANCTO GERMANO). John of Cornwall lived about 1176. He was ...John of Ephesus
(Also known as JOHN OF ASIA). The earliest, and a very famous, Syriac historian. He was born ...John of Fécamp
(Also known as JEANNELIN on account of his diminutive stature). Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna ...John of Falkenberg
Author, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy &151; ...John of Fermo, Blessed
More often called JOHN OF LA VERNA, from his long sojourn on that holy mountain, b. at Fermo ...John of Genoa
(Often called Balbi, or de Balbis.) Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there ...John of God, Saint
Born at Montemor o Novo, Portugal, 8 March, 1495, of devout Christian parents ; died at ...John of Hauteville
Moralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184). Little is known of his ...John of Janduno
An Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century. John of ...John of Montecorvino
A Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern ...John of Montesono
Theologian and controversialist, born at Monzón, Spain ; dates of birth and death ...John of Nikiû
An Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century. The little we ...John of Paris
( Called also Quidort and de Soardis). Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, ...John of Parma, Blessed
Minister General of the Friars Minor (1247-1257), b. at Parma about 1209; d. at Camerino 19 ...John of Ragusa
(Sometimes confounded with John of Segovia ). A Dominican theologian, president of the ...John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa)
Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362. After pursuing the ...John of Rupella
Franciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century; d. ...John of Sahagun, Saint
Hermit, b. 1419, at Sahagún (or San Fagondez) in the Kingdom of Leon, in Spain ; d. 11 ...John of Saint Thomas
(Family name John Poinsot), theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 ...John of Salisbury
(JOHANNES DE SARESBERIA, surnamed PARVUS). Born about 1115; died 1180; a distinguished ...John of Segovia
A Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in ...John of the Cross, Saint
Founder (with St. Teresa) of the Discalced Carmelites, doctor of mystic theology, b. at ...John of Victring
(JOHANNES VICTORENSIS or DE VICTORIA). Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at ...John of Winterthur
(Johannes Vitoduranus.) Historian, born about 1300 at Winterthur (Switzerland); died ...John Parvus
Called in his day, JEHAN PETIT or LE PETIT. A French theologian and professor in the ...John Payne, Blessed
Born in the Diocese of Peterborough ; died at Chelmsford, 2 April, 1582. He went to Douai in ...John Rigby, Saint
English martyr ; b. about 1570 at Harrocks Hall, Eccleston, Lancashire; executed at St. Thomas ...John Roberts, Saint
First Prior of St. Gregory's, Douai (now Downside Abbey ), b. 1575-6; martyred 10 ...We ask you, humbly: don't scroll away.
Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! It's a little awkward to ask, but we need your help. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. We're not salespeople, but we depend on donations averaging $14.76 and fewer than 1% of readers give. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Thank you.Help Now >