With Few Children, What Are Countries to Do?

MADRID, Spain, MAY 21, 2006 (Zenit) - Finding an effective strategy to help European families is not proving easy. This month the Madrid-based Institute for Family Policies published a study titled, "Report on the Evolution of the Family in Europe 2006." The report noted a growing awareness of the need to protect the family and family life. Yet in spite of this concern, the family is under increasing pressure.

The first sections of the report look at the problem of a declining birthrate and an aging population. It then considers how marriage is faring. During 1980-2004, the number of marriages in the 25-member countries of the European Union dropped by more than 663,600, even as the population grew by 31.1 million. In 2003 the average age at marriage for men was 30, and for women, 27.7. The respective figures for 1980 were 26 and 23.3.

Another trend is the increasing numbers of children being born outside of marriage. A strict comparison here for the current 25 EU member countries is not possible due to the recent entry of 10 nations. But in the 15 older EU member countries, in 1980, only 9.6% of children were born to single women or unmarried couples. By 2004 this skyrocketed to 32.8%. The 2004 figure for all 25 EU countries is 31.6%.

The overall average conceals wide variations among countries, however. Sweden's proportion of out-of-wedlock births stands at 55.4%; Denmark's at 45.4%; France's, 45.2%; and the United Kingdom's, 42.3%. Greece and Italy, at 4.9% and 14.9%, respectively, have relatively low levels.

Divorce rates, meanwhile, increased by about half over the last couple of decades. From 1990 to 2004, more than 10 million marriages broke up in the 15 EU nations, affecting more than 16 million children.

To face these changes governments are paying more attention to family needs, the report said. But the resources devoted to helping families are still limited. On average European governments spend 28% of gross national product on the social sector, but only 2.2% of GNP is spent on the family.

Again there are wide variations. A family with two children could receive €611 ($785 at current exchange rates) a month in assistance in Luxembourg. In Germany this goes down to €308, and in the United Kingdom to €270. Among the 15 EU countries the governments of Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece spent the least on helping families. A family with two children in Spain receives only €49. The newer EU states have low levels too. A couple with two children would receive only €38 in the Czech Republic, and €22 in Poland.

Parenthood policies

The institute's report is not alone in highlighting problems with family policy in Europe. In March the BBC published a series of articles on the issue.

A March 27 article noted that if current forecasts of birthrates prove correct, then the United States, which now has 160 million fewer people than the European Union, will have equaled it by 2050. Many European countries already have policies in place, the BBC added, but how successful these incentives will be remains unclear.

Norway in one country has taken serious steps to help couples. Norwegian mothers are entitled to 12 months off work with 80% pay, or 10 months with full pay, the BBC reported March 28. Husbands are also entitled to leave, and must take at least four weeks off from work after the birth of a child.

Yet, Norway's fertility rate of 1.8 children per woman, though high for Europe, falls short of the level needed to ensure generational replacement. Likewise, Sweden, whose family welfare policies are just as generous, has a fertility rate of around 1.5 children per woman.

Even Poland, where Catholic values still prevail and around two-thirds of its people go to Mass on Sundays, is going through a crisis in family life. On March 29 the BBC commented that the Polish birthrate, at 1.23 children per woman, is among the lowest in Europe. In fact, the population has fallen by a half-million in the last six years.

Only part of the change is due to economic pressures, according to the BBC. Instead of marrying young, more women are going to university and planning to get a job before starting their own families.

According to the March 31 installment in the series of BBC articles, up to 10% of women in many European countries are childless when they reach the age of 45. Many of these have made a deliberate choice to forgo starting a family, commented Catherine Hakim, a sociologist at the London School of Economics.

She expects that the number of childless women will double in many countries to around 20%, and up to 30% in some cases, such as Germany. "Very consciously," added Hakim, "people are more confident in saying they have a different lifestyle."

Proposals

To address ...