LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - "The two main hubs are Kufra and Sabha in Libya," Emmanuel Gignac, head of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Libya says. "All West African migrants are going through Sabha via Chad or Niger, and those originating from the Horn of Africa are going through Sudan to Kufra. then either directly to Tripoli or Benghazi. Those are roughly the routes."

Migrants continue to arrive at this lucrative smuggling point for people, weapons, drugs and fuel. Both tribes are said to have benefited from the trade.

In the isolated Saharan town Kufra, guards order a few hundred migrants lined up at a detention center to chant "Libya free, Chadians out", before they kneel down for evening prayers.

"Kufra is safer than Benghazi," volunteers Moussa Habib Mohammed, 30, a Chadian prisoner says. As little as a month ago he was caught in the coastal city without a passport, and sent back to Kufra.

Many dark-skinned Africans are suspected of having been mercenary fighters for Gaddafi during last year's conflict. They risk imprisonment by Libyan militias and possible torture.

The conflict is uniquely local in Kufra. Members of the predominant Arab Zwai tribe accuse many of the marginalized, dark-skinned Tabu, who joined the uprising against Gaddafi of being from Chad and intent on establishing a regional homeland and resource monopoly.

In a 2009 report by Human Rights Watch, 'Pushed Back, Pushed Around', sub-Saharan migrants interviewed in Malta and Italy most frequently cited Kufra as a place of detention in Libya, during entry or deportation.

The report states that most migrants were convinced that the police and smugglers worked together. Migrants who were being deported "would be released from Kufra prison - often directly into the hands of smugglers who would take them into custody, demand more money from their families, and take them once again to the cities along the coast.

"All fear being dumped in the desert."

Human Rights Watch advisor Fred Abrahams told IPS: "The government is overwhelmed and incapable of dealing with the migrant flow. The government doesn't have control of its borders and the detention system. In this chaotic post-conflict environment, militias and armed groups are filling the void.

"Some militias are doing the right thing," he says. "Others have been very problematic, with reported cases of abuse and forced labor. There are worrying trends of hiring out migrant detainees to local businesses and farmers. Generally the migrants get paid but in some cases they have not been, which is happening increasingly."
 
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